Therapists in East Village, San Diego, CA

Photo of Rosalinda Rodriguez, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Rosalinda Rodriguez
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
East Village, San Diego, CA 92101  (Online Only)
Making the decision to seek mental health therapy is not easy. I am glad that you made the first step and are here! It has been my experience that clients know themselves better than anyone, they are their own best resource when it comes to engaging in treatment. I see therapy as a joint process in which the client’s own knowledge and skills are combined to create solutions. I believe that our wellness comes not just from physical health, but from spiritual health and mental health. It's important for me to help clients make that connection in their healing journey and learn new skills that will help create healthy relationships.
Making the decision to seek mental health therapy is not easy. I am glad that you made the first step and are here! It has been my experience that clients know themselves better than anyone, they are their own best resource when it comes to engaging in treatment. I see therapy as a joint process in which the client’s own knowledge and skills are combined to create solutions. I believe that our wellness comes not just from physical health, but from spiritual health and mental health. It's important for me to help clients make that connection in their healing journey and learn new skills that will help create healthy relationships.
(619) 333-5497 View (619) 333-5497
Photo of Lea Reyes | Relationships, LMFT, LPC, MS, Marriage & Family Therapist
Lea Reyes | Relationships
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, LPC, MS
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
East Village, San Diego, CA 92113  (Online Only)
Struggles in your relationship can be overwhelming and confusing where you're constantly arguing over small things and feel a growing distance as a couple. "How did things get to this point and how do I fix it?" I want you to know that I understand because I have been in your shoes. I know the pain and frustration that comes with feeling disconnected in a relationship.
Struggles in your relationship can be overwhelming and confusing where you're constantly arguing over small things and feel a growing distance as a couple. "How did things get to this point and how do I fix it?" I want you to know that I understand because I have been in your shoes. I know the pain and frustration that comes with feeling disconnected in a relationship.
(619) 932-5167 View (619) 932-5167
Photo of Tibebe Worku, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Tibebe Worku
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
East Village, San Diego, CA 92101  (Online Only)
My therapy style is warm and direct. I help clients understand and articulate the challenges they face in a way that is meaningful and useful so that they are better equipped to make real choices that are equally satisfying and sustainable. I provide a space where clients can be truly heard, some for the first time. I specialize in working with individuals, families, and couples who are negotiating complex issues around identity or life transitions, but can also help clients focus on and work through more specific relational challenges that have arisen in their lives. Let's work together to create lasting change.
My therapy style is warm and direct. I help clients understand and articulate the challenges they face in a way that is meaningful and useful so that they are better equipped to make real choices that are equally satisfying and sustainable. I provide a space where clients can be truly heard, some for the first time. I specialize in working with individuals, families, and couples who are negotiating complex issues around identity or life transitions, but can also help clients focus on and work through more specific relational challenges that have arisen in their lives. Let's work together to create lasting change.
(619) 344-9108 View (619) 344-9108
Photo of Alissa Young, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Alissa Young
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
East Village, San Diego, CA 92101  (Online Only)
I pride myself on being a comfortable and welcoming space for clients to express themselves and explore their future. My approach is soft and gentle when needed however, straight-forward and accountable when necessary. I often laugh with my clients when appropriate and this makes our sessions and rapport built GREAT! As a therapist who specializes in supporting those experiencing significant life transitions, I’ll work with you to reduce the anxiety and stress often associated with "adulting."
I pride myself on being a comfortable and welcoming space for clients to express themselves and explore their future. My approach is soft and gentle when needed however, straight-forward and accountable when necessary. I often laugh with my clients when appropriate and this makes our sessions and rapport built GREAT! As a therapist who specializes in supporting those experiencing significant life transitions, I’ll work with you to reduce the anxiety and stress often associated with "adulting."
(619) 304-1826 View (619) 304-1826
Photo of Misgana Teklai, PMHNP
Misgana Teklai
PMHNP
Verified Verified
East Village, San Diego, CA 92101  (Online Only)
My name is Missy Teklai. I am a Board-Certified Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner with over 15 years of healthcare experience. I specialize in medication management, anxiety, and depression. I believe psychiatry and therapy shouldn't be expensive or impossible to access. I’m passionate about destigmatizing mental healthcare. I’m on a mission to create a world where feelings are felt, respected, and cared for. I strive for a collaborative approach with my patients utilizing cognitive behavioral therapy and medication management. I specialize and have experience in medication management, anxiety, depression, and ADHD.
My name is Missy Teklai. I am a Board-Certified Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner with over 15 years of healthcare experience. I specialize in medication management, anxiety, and depression. I believe psychiatry and therapy shouldn't be expensive or impossible to access. I’m passionate about destigmatizing mental healthcare. I’m on a mission to create a world where feelings are felt, respected, and cared for. I strive for a collaborative approach with my patients utilizing cognitive behavioral therapy and medication management. I specialize and have experience in medication management, anxiety, depression, and ADHD.
(424) 424-8911 View (424) 424-8911
Photo of Rachel Ganz, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Rachel Ganz
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
East Village, San Diego, CA 92101  (Online Only)
I’m Rachel Ganz and I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with nearly a decade of experience working with youth, young adults, and families in the San Francisco Bay Area. I view the therapeutic process as grounded in a relationship between equals: you bring the expertise on yourself and your life experiences, while I bring expertise on how to create a safe space for you to be vulnerable, open, and able to learn concrete skills and strategies to move forward in ways that better serve you.
I’m Rachel Ganz and I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with nearly a decade of experience working with youth, young adults, and families in the San Francisco Bay Area. I view the therapeutic process as grounded in a relationship between equals: you bring the expertise on yourself and your life experiences, while I bring expertise on how to create a safe space for you to be vulnerable, open, and able to learn concrete skills and strategies to move forward in ways that better serve you.
(510) 650-0814 View (510) 650-0814
Photo of Crystal Dominique Brown - Theokratia Psychotherapy Professional Corporation, PSY, LMFT, MA, Dr , Marriage & Family Therapist
Theokratia Psychotherapy Professional Corporation
Marriage & Family Therapist, PSY, LMFT, MA, Dr
Verified Verified
East Village, San Diego, CA 92101
Our group of therapists treats all forms: individual, families, couples, etc. We enjoy working with couples (premarital couples, married couples, divorcing and divorced couples, co-parenting couples). Our client is the relationship and our goal is that you would experience new life in your relationship.
Our group of therapists treats all forms: individual, families, couples, etc. We enjoy working with couples (premarital couples, married couples, divorcing and divorced couples, co-parenting couples). Our client is the relationship and our goal is that you would experience new life in your relationship.
(858) 251-8152 View (858) 251-8152
Photo of Vivian Johnson, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Vivian Johnson
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
East Village, San Diego, CA 92101
My name is Vivian E. Johnson, and I am a Licensed Marriage and Family therapist. I predominately utilize the psychodynamic approach. I work with individuals, families, and couples experiencing anxiety, depression, disruptive behaviors, relationship challenges, self-esteem issues, and trauma. I help clients recognize their recurring unhelpful thought, emotional and behavioral patterns, and the defense mechanisms they've developed to avoid distress and cope with stress. This insight may allow them to begin changing those patterns and develop more helpful and healthier ways to cope with life stressors.
My name is Vivian E. Johnson, and I am a Licensed Marriage and Family therapist. I predominately utilize the psychodynamic approach. I work with individuals, families, and couples experiencing anxiety, depression, disruptive behaviors, relationship challenges, self-esteem issues, and trauma. I help clients recognize their recurring unhelpful thought, emotional and behavioral patterns, and the defense mechanisms they've developed to avoid distress and cope with stress. This insight may allow them to begin changing those patterns and develop more helpful and healthier ways to cope with life stressors.
(619) 815-7294 View (619) 815-7294
Photo of Angelica Marshall, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Angelica Marshall
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
East Village, San Diego, CA 92101  (Online Only)
I utilize body-based techniques with traditional talk therapy to approach emotional obstacles from multiple angles. I work in a collaborative, strengths-based approach where clients can explore all parts of themselves. I assist clients in accessing inner resilience and clarifying personal values to live a meaningful life. People of all genders, sexualities, and relationship types are celebrated here.
I utilize body-based techniques with traditional talk therapy to approach emotional obstacles from multiple angles. I work in a collaborative, strengths-based approach where clients can explore all parts of themselves. I assist clients in accessing inner resilience and clarifying personal values to live a meaningful life. People of all genders, sexualities, and relationship types are celebrated here.
(510) 200-0542 View (510) 200-0542
Photo of Alexander Walters, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Alexander Walters
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
East Village, San Diego, CA 92101  (Online Only)
My style is client-centered and focused on affirming the client's strengths, reframing negative or challenging thoughts, and guidance of the client towards goal achievement. My experience includes working with adult addicts for an outpatient treatment center, couples and families through the school-based and special education programs at a family services agency, and one-on-one therapeutic sessions with kids, teens, and adults utilizing both in-person and virtual modes of service.
My style is client-centered and focused on affirming the client's strengths, reframing negative or challenging thoughts, and guidance of the client towards goal achievement. My experience includes working with adult addicts for an outpatient treatment center, couples and families through the school-based and special education programs at a family services agency, and one-on-one therapeutic sessions with kids, teens, and adults utilizing both in-person and virtual modes of service.
(510) 871-8253 View (510) 871-8253
Photo of Domenique LaBeau, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Domenique LaBeau
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
East Village, San Diego, CA 92101  (Online Only)
I've spent years helping individuals, couples, and families achieve their goals with trauma-informed and multiculturally competent care. I use a mindfulness and attachment-based approach while providing tools to help in real-time. I have advanced knowledge and training in LGBTQIA-affirming care to provide a safe space for the diverse population I serve. I am also a certified Prepare/Enrich facilitator and can support couples in all stages of their relationship. This tool can help premarital couples, first time married couples, and remarried couples strengthen their relationship.
I've spent years helping individuals, couples, and families achieve their goals with trauma-informed and multiculturally competent care. I use a mindfulness and attachment-based approach while providing tools to help in real-time. I have advanced knowledge and training in LGBTQIA-affirming care to provide a safe space for the diverse population I serve. I am also a certified Prepare/Enrich facilitator and can support couples in all stages of their relationship. This tool can help premarital couples, first time married couples, and remarried couples strengthen their relationship.
(510) 338-4727 View (510) 338-4727
Photo of Janet Carrasco, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Janet Carrasco
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
East Village, San Diego, CA 92101  (Online Only)
I work with clients in helping them free themselves from their past, and into a healthy and productive present. I attain this by providing a neutral safe space, listening to your concerns, and customizing a treatment plan to fit your needs. I am a bilingual Licensed Clinical Social Worker with 17 years of experience. My clinical experience is working with adults and families. I use an eclectic therapy approach that incorporates a variety of therapeutic principles and philosophies. I tailor sessions to each individual's needs.
I work with clients in helping them free themselves from their past, and into a healthy and productive present. I attain this by providing a neutral safe space, listening to your concerns, and customizing a treatment plan to fit your needs. I am a bilingual Licensed Clinical Social Worker with 17 years of experience. My clinical experience is working with adults and families. I use an eclectic therapy approach that incorporates a variety of therapeutic principles and philosophies. I tailor sessions to each individual's needs.
(510) 288-2736 View (510) 288-2736
Photo of Yesenia Perez, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Yesenia Perez
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
East Village, San Diego, CA 92101  (Online Only)
When you work with me in therapy you might notice that you feel comfortable very quickly, in part, due to my friendliness. If you speak Spanish, we can speak Spanglish and use common sayings or "dichos." I can validate many of your experiences being of Latinx descent and normalize some of these things based on my background being a first-generation child of Mexican immigrants as well as my extensive experience working with people from different Latinx backgrounds. I am very open-minded and know you're the expert in your life. You can share as much as you feel comfortable sharing while we build trust and work through your traumas.
When you work with me in therapy you might notice that you feel comfortable very quickly, in part, due to my friendliness. If you speak Spanish, we can speak Spanglish and use common sayings or "dichos." I can validate many of your experiences being of Latinx descent and normalize some of these things based on my background being a first-generation child of Mexican immigrants as well as my extensive experience working with people from different Latinx backgrounds. I am very open-minded and know you're the expert in your life. You can share as much as you feel comfortable sharing while we build trust and work through your traumas.
(619) 789-6336 View (619) 789-6336
Photo of Ash Ziyar, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Ash Ziyar
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
East Village, San Diego, CA 92101  (Online Only)
I meet my clients where they are, empowering them in their autonomy to courageously overcome their challenges. It is my belief that the key to finding oneself is through the lenses of one’s circumstances. Using a warm, collaborative, client-centered approach, I strive to provide my clients the opportunity to improve their lives and relationships through awareness, self-discovery, and compassion. In co-creating a space for healing to occur, I invite my clients to discover their preferred vision for themselves and/or relationships and new ways of feeling better about life-altering experiences.
I meet my clients where they are, empowering them in their autonomy to courageously overcome their challenges. It is my belief that the key to finding oneself is through the lenses of one’s circumstances. Using a warm, collaborative, client-centered approach, I strive to provide my clients the opportunity to improve their lives and relationships through awareness, self-discovery, and compassion. In co-creating a space for healing to occur, I invite my clients to discover their preferred vision for themselves and/or relationships and new ways of feeling better about life-altering experiences.
(510) 988-5585 View (510) 988-5585
Photo of Amber Roper, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Amber Roper
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
East Village, San Diego, CA 92101  (Online Only)
I believe that my job as a therapist is to meet each individual where they are to get them to where they want to go. I am passionate about working with people who make the brave choice to enter into therapy and take the healing journey. I believe therapy is very personal, and should be individualized and tailored to the needs of the client. I have experience working with and adults with trauma, depression, anxiety, relationship, and marriage conflicts.
I believe that my job as a therapist is to meet each individual where they are to get them to where they want to go. I am passionate about working with people who make the brave choice to enter into therapy and take the healing journey. I believe therapy is very personal, and should be individualized and tailored to the needs of the client. I have experience working with and adults with trauma, depression, anxiety, relationship, and marriage conflicts.
(424) 799-2157 View (424) 799-2157
Photo of Debora Ramirez, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Debora Ramirez
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
East Village, San Diego, CA 92101  (Online Only)
For over 10 years, I have been in the field working with youth, families, and adults through various life challenges toward a more enriching and fulfilling life. I love facilitating the therapeutic process because I believe that everyone deserves to be acknowledged and to have their voice found and heard. In the therapeutic work, I take into account the many identities we embody and how society and culture impact our mental health. It brings me great satisfaction and humility to be in a role where my clinical knowledge, skills, and warm approach nourishes transformation from distress to confidence and contentment.
For over 10 years, I have been in the field working with youth, families, and adults through various life challenges toward a more enriching and fulfilling life. I love facilitating the therapeutic process because I believe that everyone deserves to be acknowledged and to have their voice found and heard. In the therapeutic work, I take into account the many identities we embody and how society and culture impact our mental health. It brings me great satisfaction and humility to be in a role where my clinical knowledge, skills, and warm approach nourishes transformation from distress to confidence and contentment.
(510) 930-1430 View (510) 930-1430
Photo of Jordan St Pierre, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Jordan St Pierre
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
East Village, San Diego, CA 92101  (Online Only)
My therapy style is warm and nonjudgmental as I want all of my clients to feel they are in a safe environment when working with me. I believe in treating everyone as an individual and meeting my clients where they are during sessions. I also work with my clients in identifying their individual goals and completing unique and specific treatment plans. During my years of practice, I have identified the benefits of focusing on one's self esteem in order to improve within themselves, specifically focusing on "the here and now".
My therapy style is warm and nonjudgmental as I want all of my clients to feel they are in a safe environment when working with me. I believe in treating everyone as an individual and meeting my clients where they are during sessions. I also work with my clients in identifying their individual goals and completing unique and specific treatment plans. During my years of practice, I have identified the benefits of focusing on one's self esteem in order to improve within themselves, specifically focusing on "the here and now".
(510) 345-1381 View (510) 345-1381
Photo of Alex Leduc, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Alex Leduc
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
East Village, San Diego, CA 92101  (Online Only)
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with a wealth of clinical experience working with families and adults. I work from a Cognitive Behavioral treatment lens, with a focus on practical and applicable steps to improve my clients’ mental health. I am a married mother of two young boys, one of whom has autism, and can relate firsthand to the unique challenges of marriage and raising a family in today’s society!
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with a wealth of clinical experience working with families and adults. I work from a Cognitive Behavioral treatment lens, with a focus on practical and applicable steps to improve my clients’ mental health. I am a married mother of two young boys, one of whom has autism, and can relate firsthand to the unique challenges of marriage and raising a family in today’s society!
(510) 822-7350 View (510) 822-7350
Photo of Leslie Davis, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Leslie Davis
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
East Village, San Diego, CA 92101
My name is Leslie Davis. I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) based in San Francisco, California and work with clients statewide via telehealth. My experience includes 20 years in the clinical psychotherapy and professional counseling arena, working with clients struggling with anxiety, depression, addiction, and complex trauma. I provide individual therapy to adults experiencing a wide range of concerns and mental health challenges, including anxiety, depression, ADHD, chronic pain, complex trauma/PTSD, grief/loss, self-esteem, substance abuse, and relationship issues.
My name is Leslie Davis. I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) based in San Francisco, California and work with clients statewide via telehealth. My experience includes 20 years in the clinical psychotherapy and professional counseling arena, working with clients struggling with anxiety, depression, addiction, and complex trauma. I provide individual therapy to adults experiencing a wide range of concerns and mental health challenges, including anxiety, depression, ADHD, chronic pain, complex trauma/PTSD, grief/loss, self-esteem, substance abuse, and relationship issues.
(858) 780-5325 View (858) 780-5325
Photo of Briana Perez, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Briana Perez
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
East Village, San Diego, CA 92101  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
I believe in getting to know my clients, building a relationship with them and earning their trust through the therapeutic process. I understand that everyone's healing journey is the not the same and I want to be able to meet clients where they are in their journey. I strive to provide my clients with a safe space to assist them with processing traumas, identifying triggers, and most importantly different techniques/interventions for coping in order to have a life worth living.
I believe in getting to know my clients, building a relationship with them and earning their trust through the therapeutic process. I understand that everyone's healing journey is the not the same and I want to be able to meet clients where they are in their journey. I strive to provide my clients with a safe space to assist them with processing traumas, identifying triggers, and most importantly different techniques/interventions for coping in order to have a life worth living.
(510) 257-9486 View (510) 257-9486
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How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in East Village, San Diego, CA

200+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in East Village, San Diego, CA who prioritize treating:

95% Anxiety
91% Depression
82% Coping Skills
60% Grief
59% Women's Issues
57% Trauma and PTSD
55% Self Esteem

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

86% Aetna
75% Cigna and Evernorth
69% Blue Shield

How Therapists in East Village, San Diego, CA see their clients

81% Online Only
19% In Person and Online

Gender breakdown

83% Female
14% Male
3% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in East Village, San Diego?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.