Therapists in Black Mountain Ranch, San Diego, CA

Photo of Mariela Castro, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, AMFT
Mariela Castro
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, AMFT
Black Mountain Ranch, San Diego, CA 92127
Sometimes, life feels heavy whether you are going through a big change, carrying past pain, or just trying to make sense of who you are. If you're feeling stuck, overwhelmed, or unsure of where to turn, you're not alone. I’m Mariela Castro, an Associate Marriage and Family Therapist, and I’m here to offer a safe, supportive space where you can feel heard, valued, and understood. I work with children, teens, and adults from all walks of life, and I’m especially passionate about supporting individuals from diverse cultural backgrounds on their journey toward healing and self-discovery.
Sometimes, life feels heavy whether you are going through a big change, carrying past pain, or just trying to make sense of who you are. If you're feeling stuck, overwhelmed, or unsure of where to turn, you're not alone. I’m Mariela Castro, an Associate Marriage and Family Therapist, and I’m here to offer a safe, supportive space where you can feel heard, valued, and understood. I work with children, teens, and adults from all walks of life, and I’m especially passionate about supporting individuals from diverse cultural backgrounds on their journey toward healing and self-discovery.
(858) 519-8002 View (858) 519-8002
Photo of Kimberly Israel, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MPH, PPSC
Kimberly Israel
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MPH, PPSC
Black Mountain Ranch, San Diego, CA 92127
Services offered in-office, at home, at school, or via telehealth. As a Licensed Clinical Social Worker, credentialed School Social Worker, public health specialist, and former K-12 educator and student services coordinator, I bring a rare blend of clinical expertise and real world understanding of how mental health, learning, and well-being intersect across home and school. My passion is serving as a thoughtful, compassionate partner for youth, parents, and educators in navigating through stress, change, and growth.
Services offered in-office, at home, at school, or via telehealth. As a Licensed Clinical Social Worker, credentialed School Social Worker, public health specialist, and former K-12 educator and student services coordinator, I bring a rare blend of clinical expertise and real world understanding of how mental health, learning, and well-being intersect across home and school. My passion is serving as a thoughtful, compassionate partner for youth, parents, and educators in navigating through stress, change, and growth.
(619) 320-8222 View (619) 320-8222
Photo of Ron W Reichard - Reichard Christian Therapy, Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Reichard Christian Therapy
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Serves Area
Welcome. I am Ron Reichard, licensed marriage and family therapist. I have 25 years experience providing individual and couples therapy that reflects Christian values and morals. For those seeking individual therapy, focus areas are stress management, adapting to life changes, depression, anxiety, trauma, addiction and self confidence. Individual treatment typically ranges from 3 to 15 sessions. The primary topics and issues addressed in couples therapy are communication, conflict management, emotional connection, and relationship recovery when trust and loyalty are broken. Couples treatment usually ranges from 3 to 20 sessions.
Welcome. I am Ron Reichard, licensed marriage and family therapist. I have 25 years experience providing individual and couples therapy that reflects Christian values and morals. For those seeking individual therapy, focus areas are stress management, adapting to life changes, depression, anxiety, trauma, addiction and self confidence. Individual treatment typically ranges from 3 to 15 sessions. The primary topics and issues addressed in couples therapy are communication, conflict management, emotional connection, and relationship recovery when trust and loyalty are broken. Couples treatment usually ranges from 3 to 20 sessions.
(619) 954-1329 View (619) 954-1329
Photo of Jon Steele, Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Jon Steele
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
You feel the pressure to be perfect all the time…with your sport, relationships, career or self. I get that as a former collegiate athlete! Maybe you’re anxiety is causing you stress about daily decisions. Maybe trauma is tearing you apart every time you mess up. At this point, maybe it’s hard to even remember a time you didn’t feel like this. But one thing is for sure: you’re ready for some relief. You’re ready to show up to your sport, career or relationship without panicking. You’re ready to find joy in the day-to-day again. Most of all, you’re ready to heal your relationship with your body and yourself.
You feel the pressure to be perfect all the time…with your sport, relationships, career or self. I get that as a former collegiate athlete! Maybe you’re anxiety is causing you stress about daily decisions. Maybe trauma is tearing you apart every time you mess up. At this point, maybe it’s hard to even remember a time you didn’t feel like this. But one thing is for sure: you’re ready for some relief. You’re ready to show up to your sport, career or relationship without panicking. You’re ready to find joy in the day-to-day again. Most of all, you’re ready to heal your relationship with your body and yourself.
(619) 494-3583 View (619) 494-3583
Photo of Chang Liu - Haven On the Rock Family Therapy, Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Haven On the Rock Family Therapy
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
1 Endorsed
Online Only
Waitlist for new clients
It is a privilege to walk beside you with compassion, respect, and steady support. Whether you are seeking relief from a difficult situation or ready to embrace meaningful change, we are honored to partner with you on your journey toward healing and growth.
It is a privilege to walk beside you with compassion, respect, and steady support. Whether you are seeking relief from a difficult situation or ready to embrace meaningful change, we are honored to partner with you on your journey toward healing and growth.
(858) 302-4143 View (858) 302-4143
Photo of Shaina Dyas-Garcia, Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Shaina Dyas-Garcia
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Online Only
Not accepting new clients
I’m an LMFT who works with LGBTQIA+ and POC clients experiencing depression and anxiety. I offer an affirming, collaborative space informed by my experience working with trauma, substance use, and severe mental health across the lifespan. My goal is to help you feel supported, grounded, and understood. My communication style is warm and direct, with a balance of compassion and honesty. My goal is for you to feel understood, supported, and safe being your full self. If you’re feeling overwhelmed, disconnected, or exhausted from carrying too much, therapy with me offers an affirming space to heal and regain balance.
I’m an LMFT who works with LGBTQIA+ and POC clients experiencing depression and anxiety. I offer an affirming, collaborative space informed by my experience working with trauma, substance use, and severe mental health across the lifespan. My goal is to help you feel supported, grounded, and understood. My communication style is warm and direct, with a balance of compassion and honesty. My goal is for you to feel understood, supported, and safe being your full self. If you’re feeling overwhelmed, disconnected, or exhausted from carrying too much, therapy with me offers an affirming space to heal and regain balance.
(858) 434-8093 View (858) 434-8093
Photo of Jeffrey Ly Quitting Porn Specialization - Porn Recovery & Relationships | Jeffrey Ly, LPHA, MA, AMFT
Porn Recovery & Relationships | Jeffrey Ly
Verified Verified
Online Only
Porn addiction can slowly wear down the trust in a relationship, leaving one partner feeling deeply hurt and inadequate, and the other trapped in guilt, secrecy, and broken promises no matter how hard they try to stop. With time, many couples notice increasing distance or even a sense of betrayal. If this feels familiar, you are not alone. What may start as ordinary screen time or scrolling social media can gradually shift into porn sites, cam sites, or OnlyFans and turn into a pattern that feels very hard to control, even for men who are highly disciplined in other areas of their lives.
Porn addiction can slowly wear down the trust in a relationship, leaving one partner feeling deeply hurt and inadequate, and the other trapped in guilt, secrecy, and broken promises no matter how hard they try to stop. With time, many couples notice increasing distance or even a sense of betrayal. If this feels familiar, you are not alone. What may start as ordinary screen time or scrolling social media can gradually shift into porn sites, cam sites, or OnlyFans and turn into a pattern that feels very hard to control, even for men who are highly disciplined in other areas of their lives.
(619) 632-4268 View (619) 632-4268
Photo of Shindana Perryman-Ingle, Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, LPCC
Shindana Perryman-Ingle
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, LPCC
1 Endorsed
Online Only
I’m a licensed professional clinical counselor based in Southern California. My therapy approach focuses on helping clients reconnect with their authentic selves and navigate life’s challenges in a way that aligns with their true values and goals. I support individuals in personal growth, relationship dynamics, life transitions, and overcoming obstacles that keep them from living their ideal lives.I have experience working with a diverse range of clients, including young adults, couples, parents, families, and individuals from first-generation, LGBTQIA+, and BIPOC communities who are ready to embrace personal growth and healing.
I’m a licensed professional clinical counselor based in Southern California. My therapy approach focuses on helping clients reconnect with their authentic selves and navigate life’s challenges in a way that aligns with their true values and goals. I support individuals in personal growth, relationship dynamics, life transitions, and overcoming obstacles that keep them from living their ideal lives.I have experience working with a diverse range of clients, including young adults, couples, parents, families, and individuals from first-generation, LGBTQIA+, and BIPOC communities who are ready to embrace personal growth and healing.
(949) 776-9192 View (949) 776-9192
Photo of Ahlam Helen Axelrod, Marriage & Family Therapist, Ahlam , Axelrod, LMFT
Ahlam Helen Axelrod
Marriage & Family Therapist, Ahlam , Axelrod, LMFT
Online Only
Life can be challenging and overwhelming at times. If you are experiencing cultural diversity issues, interpersonal, intimate, women issues, or marital relationship problems, this can lead to questioning your self-worth or your place in this world, I am here to help. It can feel like you are stuck and alone. When these thoughts and feelings persist, it can lead to self-doubt, lack of motivation, feeling anxious and depressed, and dissatisfied in your relationships with self and others. I am here to support you in working through these times and help guide you in developing the life you deserve and want to live.
Life can be challenging and overwhelming at times. If you are experiencing cultural diversity issues, interpersonal, intimate, women issues, or marital relationship problems, this can lead to questioning your self-worth or your place in this world, I am here to help. It can feel like you are stuck and alone. When these thoughts and feelings persist, it can lead to self-doubt, lack of motivation, feeling anxious and depressed, and dissatisfied in your relationships with self and others. I am here to support you in working through these times and help guide you in developing the life you deserve and want to live.
(858) 544-0145 x760680 View (858) 544-0145 x760680
Photo of Palak Kothari, Psychologist, PhD
Palak Kothari
Psychologist, PhD
Online Only
You may be experiencing emotional, physical, or spiritual difficulties that feel overwhelming. These challenges often originate from identifiable patterns such as fears, avoidance, irritability, and pervasive fatigue or exhaustion. Developing awareness around these underlying processes can foster a deeper, more compassionate understanding of your experience. Approaching yourself with curiosity can foster growth, resilience, and self-efficacy; and, engender sense of calm, stability, and clarity, empowering you to navigate life’s challenges. Ultimately, you'll be feeling increased strength, confidence, and a stronger sense of agency.
You may be experiencing emotional, physical, or spiritual difficulties that feel overwhelming. These challenges often originate from identifiable patterns such as fears, avoidance, irritability, and pervasive fatigue or exhaustion. Developing awareness around these underlying processes can foster a deeper, more compassionate understanding of your experience. Approaching yourself with curiosity can foster growth, resilience, and self-efficacy; and, engender sense of calm, stability, and clarity, empowering you to navigate life’s challenges. Ultimately, you'll be feeling increased strength, confidence, and a stronger sense of agency.
(650) 694-9873 View (650) 694-9873
Photo of Shaina Dyas-Garcia, Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Shaina Dyas-Garcia
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Online Only
I’m an LMFT who works with QT-BIPOC clients experiencing depression and anxiety. I offer an affirming, collaborative space informed by experience with trauma, substance use, and severe mental health across the lifespan. My goal is to help you feel supported, grounded, and understood.
I’m an LMFT who works with QT-BIPOC clients experiencing depression and anxiety. I offer an affirming, collaborative space informed by experience with trauma, substance use, and severe mental health across the lifespan. My goal is to help you feel supported, grounded, and understood.
(858) 304-2716 View (858) 304-2716
Photo of Nicole Otis, Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT, CSAT
Nicole Otis
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT, CSAT
Online Only
Are you struggling with pornography or sexual compulsivity? Is secrecy, broken trust or loss of intimacy hurting your relationship? Or maybe you’re not in crisis, but you know your marriage could be stronger, more connected, more alive? You’re not alone–we have been through these issues personally and know what it’s like. I’m a Certified Sex Addiction Therapist (CSAT), and Hunter is a Certified Mentor Coach in long-term recovery. Together, we help men break free (porn, sexting, affairs, prostitution, etc) and we help couples rebuild trust and real intimacy.
Are you struggling with pornography or sexual compulsivity? Is secrecy, broken trust or loss of intimacy hurting your relationship? Or maybe you’re not in crisis, but you know your marriage could be stronger, more connected, more alive? You’re not alone–we have been through these issues personally and know what it’s like. I’m a Certified Sex Addiction Therapist (CSAT), and Hunter is a Certified Mentor Coach in long-term recovery. Together, we help men break free (porn, sexting, affairs, prostitution, etc) and we help couples rebuild trust and real intimacy.
(208) 944-1121 View (208) 944-1121
Photo of Scott Barrett, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPCC
Scott Barrett
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPCC
1 Endorsed
Online Only
Clients often describe me as warm, approachable, and easy to talk to. I create a supportive space where you can feel safe to be open while still feeling at ease. Curiosity is at the core of my approach, and I focus on understanding the “why” behind your thoughts, emotions, and patterns. Together, we look beyond immediate challenges to explore deeper themes, life transitions, and the experiences shaping you. I bring a wide range of personal and professional experience working with diverse individuals, allowing me to meet you with flexibility, insight, and genuine care.
Clients often describe me as warm, approachable, and easy to talk to. I create a supportive space where you can feel safe to be open while still feeling at ease. Curiosity is at the core of my approach, and I focus on understanding the “why” behind your thoughts, emotions, and patterns. Together, we look beyond immediate challenges to explore deeper themes, life transitions, and the experiences shaping you. I bring a wide range of personal and professional experience working with diverse individuals, allowing me to meet you with flexibility, insight, and genuine care.
(858) 943-6475 View (858) 943-6475
Photo of Sarah Walton, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Sarah Walton
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
1 Endorsed
Online Only
Waitlist for new clients
We will work together in a warm, safe, nonjudgmental environment to focus on the issues at hand. I am passionate about supporting clients as they learn tools to help them navigate life's obstacles, release trauma through EMDR, and strengthen their connection to their own values. My goal is to provide a confidential and supportive space where clients feel genuinely heard, respected, and empowered to effectively overcome life's challenges.
We will work together in a warm, safe, nonjudgmental environment to focus on the issues at hand. I am passionate about supporting clients as they learn tools to help them navigate life's obstacles, release trauma through EMDR, and strengthen their connection to their own values. My goal is to provide a confidential and supportive space where clients feel genuinely heard, respected, and empowered to effectively overcome life's challenges.
(619) 736-1977 View (619) 736-1977
Photo of Chelsea Weeks - Minder Memory Center, PhD
Minder Memory Center
Verified Verified
Online Only
Minder Memory is the only nationwide telehealth neuropsychology company qualified to accept major insurance, and we see patients in 1-2 weeks (unlike typical wait times of 9-12 months). We are available in 42 states and growing and accept Aetna, BCBS, United, Medicare, and more.
Minder Memory is the only nationwide telehealth neuropsychology company qualified to accept major insurance, and we see patients in 1-2 weeks (unlike typical wait times of 9-12 months). We are available in 42 states and growing and accept Aetna, BCBS, United, Medicare, and more.
(858) 758-3269 View (858) 758-3269
Photo of Trang Phan, Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Trang Phan
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
1 Endorsed
Online Only
Finding the right therapist can feel overwhelming—especially when you've spent years carrying so much on your own. Many of my clients are high-achieving adults navigating anxiety, burnout, relationship challenges, cultural expectations, parenthood, or the pressure to be everything for everyone. My work integrates EMDR, somatic therapy, nervous system regulation, and depth-oriented psychotherapy to help you heal patterns that no longer serve you, reconnect with your authentic self, and create a life that feels more grounded and meaningful.
Finding the right therapist can feel overwhelming—especially when you've spent years carrying so much on your own. Many of my clients are high-achieving adults navigating anxiety, burnout, relationship challenges, cultural expectations, parenthood, or the pressure to be everything for everyone. My work integrates EMDR, somatic therapy, nervous system regulation, and depth-oriented psychotherapy to help you heal patterns that no longer serve you, reconnect with your authentic self, and create a life that feels more grounded and meaningful.
(858) 758-7513 View (858) 758-7513
Photo of Jill Pomerantz, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Jill Pomerantz
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Online Only
A cancer diagnosis touches every part of life—emotional, physical, relational, and psychological. Grief, overwhelm, fear, and anger are just a few of the many emotions that may arise on this difficult and uncertain path. Reaching out for support is a courageous act—an important step toward not having to face this journey alone. As a clinician with deep understanding of the oncology experience, I offer a compassionate and grounded space where you can process what you’re going through, find moments of steadiness, and build tools to help navigate what lies ahead.
A cancer diagnosis touches every part of life—emotional, physical, relational, and psychological. Grief, overwhelm, fear, and anger are just a few of the many emotions that may arise on this difficult and uncertain path. Reaching out for support is a courageous act—an important step toward not having to face this journey alone. As a clinician with deep understanding of the oncology experience, I offer a compassionate and grounded space where you can process what you’re going through, find moments of steadiness, and build tools to help navigate what lies ahead.
(424) 235-5842 View (424) 235-5842
Photo of Dr. Paula A Lintin, Counselor, EdD, LMHC, LPCC
Dr. Paula A Lintin
Counselor, EdD, LMHC, LPCC
Online Only
Dr. Lintin understands how stepping into your truth may be frightening. There is no right way to uncover emotions that may be blocking you from living a fulfilled life. Everyone has stories to tell, unique, inspiring, challenging and sometimes devastating. The shocking thing is that many people walk through life without ever sharing these life events and so often with trauma, the guilt and shame can stop you from telling anyone causing difficulties in your relationships with others in both personal and professional life.
Dr. Lintin understands how stepping into your truth may be frightening. There is no right way to uncover emotions that may be blocking you from living a fulfilled life. Everyone has stories to tell, unique, inspiring, challenging and sometimes devastating. The shocking thing is that many people walk through life without ever sharing these life events and so often with trauma, the guilt and shame can stop you from telling anyone causing difficulties in your relationships with others in both personal and professional life.
(206) 687-4809 View (206) 687-4809
Photo of Cathy Himlin - Family Connections Therapy, Inc., LMFT, LPCC
Family Connections Therapy, Inc.
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Serves Area
Not accepting new clients
Does your child say, “You don’t understand” or completely ignores your requests? Do you feel powerless and frustrated that consequences don’t seem to work anymore on your child? We help to empower your family with new ways of communicating and relating, so harmony is restored. Kids need to feel heard and that what they think matters. Children often feel like no adult is listening, at school or at home. We help to give both children and parents a voice, which often calms the chaos. Children and teenagers need help learning how to express their needs in a way that their parents can hear them.
Does your child say, “You don’t understand” or completely ignores your requests? Do you feel powerless and frustrated that consequences don’t seem to work anymore on your child? We help to empower your family with new ways of communicating and relating, so harmony is restored. Kids need to feel heard and that what they think matters. Children often feel like no adult is listening, at school or at home. We help to give both children and parents a voice, which often calms the chaos. Children and teenagers need help learning how to express their needs in a way that their parents can hear them.
(858) 394-8372 View (858) 394-8372

Online Therapists

Photo of Ana Bernardino, Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Ana Bernardino
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
2 Endorsed
San Diego, CA 92128
Life can feel overwhelming at times, especially when you’re carrying anxiety, stress, relationship struggles, past hurt, or the pressure of trying to hold everything together on your own. Therapy offers a space to slow down, feel supported, and not have to navigate those challenges alone. My goal is to create an environment where you feel safe, understood, and comfortable showing up exactly as you are.
Life can feel overwhelming at times, especially when you’re carrying anxiety, stress, relationship struggles, past hurt, or the pressure of trying to hold everything together on your own. Therapy offers a space to slow down, feel supported, and not have to navigate those challenges alone. My goal is to create an environment where you feel safe, understood, and comfortable showing up exactly as you are.
(858) 252-0186 View (858) 252-0186

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Black Mountain Ranch, San Diego, CA

10+

Average cost per session

$200

Therapists in Black Mountain Ranch, San Diego, CA who prioritize treating:

95% Anxiety
95% Social Anxiety
95% Health Anxiety
95% Driving Anxiety
84% Depression
74% Stress
68% Relationship Issues

Average years in practice

13 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

90% Aetna
70% Cigna and Evernorth
70% Anthem

How Therapists in Black Mountain Ranch, San Diego, CA see their clients

74% Online Only
26% In Person and Online

Gender breakdown

63% Female
31% Male
6% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Black Mountain Ranch?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.