Therapists in San Bernardino, CA

View neighborhoods in San Bernardino
Photo of Alana Negroni, Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Alana Negroni
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
San Bernardino, CA 92408
I find myself to be relational and inquisitive of the client's experience before I begin to develop treatment thoughts or impressions of what is needed in therapy. I am a firm believer that every client is unique and every journey they find themselves on is special to them. I focus on meeting the client where they are and focus on their goals rather than my goals for them. It is not where I want them to be, but where they want themselves to be. I am more direct in my approach and have honest conversations about what I see and what I experience as I work with them.
I find myself to be relational and inquisitive of the client's experience before I begin to develop treatment thoughts or impressions of what is needed in therapy. I am a firm believer that every client is unique and every journey they find themselves on is special to them. I focus on meeting the client where they are and focus on their goals rather than my goals for them. It is not where I want them to be, but where they want themselves to be. I am more direct in my approach and have honest conversations about what I see and what I experience as I work with them.
(415) 842-1523 View (415) 842-1523
Photo of Monica Jauregui-Gomez - Mariposa Therapy, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Mariposa Therapy
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
1 Endorsed
San Bernardino, CA 92408
Waitlist for new clients
Life is forever changing. Managing these changes can be challenging. I often tell the clients I serve, “I wish I could stop the difficult things in life from happening, but I can’t.” What I can do, however is help to support you in managing and navigating the difficulties that life brings. Everyone has battles to fight and hurdles to overcome at some point. Whether you struggle with anxiety, depression, difficulties in establishing healthy boundaries in your relationships, or any other issue, there is support here, to support you in managing challenging feelings and circumstances in a healthy way.
Life is forever changing. Managing these changes can be challenging. I often tell the clients I serve, “I wish I could stop the difficult things in life from happening, but I can’t.” What I can do, however is help to support you in managing and navigating the difficulties that life brings. Everyone has battles to fight and hurdles to overcome at some point. Whether you struggle with anxiety, depression, difficulties in establishing healthy boundaries in your relationships, or any other issue, there is support here, to support you in managing challenging feelings and circumstances in a healthy way.
(909) 248-7340 View (909) 248-7340
Photo of Kenny Gallegos, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Kenny Gallegos
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Online Only
My name is Kenny Gallegos and I am a psychotherapist. As I a therapist, I enjoy helping people identify challenging aspects of their lives affecting their mental health and collaborating with them to achieve a more stable quality of life. I focus on utilizing a variety of approaches and techniques, ranging from CBT, DBT, trauma-informed, and STI to mindfulness, to serve a diverse population of ages and ethnic backgrounds while remaining client-centered. From the initiation of services, you can expect me as a clinician to practice warmth, acceptance, and unconditional positive regard.
My name is Kenny Gallegos and I am a psychotherapist. As I a therapist, I enjoy helping people identify challenging aspects of their lives affecting their mental health and collaborating with them to achieve a more stable quality of life. I focus on utilizing a variety of approaches and techniques, ranging from CBT, DBT, trauma-informed, and STI to mindfulness, to serve a diverse population of ages and ethnic backgrounds while remaining client-centered. From the initiation of services, you can expect me as a clinician to practice warmth, acceptance, and unconditional positive regard.
(760) 374-4508 View (760) 374-4508
Photo of Nadine Mejia - Nadine Mejia, LCSW, - Maternal Mental Health, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, PMH-C
Nadine Mejia, LCSW, - Maternal Mental Health
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, PMH-C
1 Endorsed
Online Only
Life’s biggest changes rarely happen one at a time. Whether you are navigating the highs and lows of pregnancy, struggling with the weight of postpartum depression, or grieving a miscarriage, it can feel like you are fighting an uphill battle alone. For those in the military community, these challenges often feel even more complex. As a veteran or a military spouse, you know that balancing family life with the demands of service is a unique kind of stress. Whether you are dealing with a difficult transition, the toll of infertility, or past trauma, the pressure can be exhausting.
Life’s biggest changes rarely happen one at a time. Whether you are navigating the highs and lows of pregnancy, struggling with the weight of postpartum depression, or grieving a miscarriage, it can feel like you are fighting an uphill battle alone. For those in the military community, these challenges often feel even more complex. As a veteran or a military spouse, you know that balancing family life with the demands of service is a unique kind of stress. Whether you are dealing with a difficult transition, the toll of infertility, or past trauma, the pressure can be exhausting.
(760) 280-5865 View (760) 280-5865
Photo of Melinda Haynes - All across California secure online, Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
All across California secure online
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
1 Endorsed
Online Only
When our children's hearts have been broken, our hearts break, too. Parents often struggle with knowing how to care for a hurting child. The child's behaviors can be challenging. A parent's own unhealed wounds get triggered. Then, there's the parenting guilt! It can be overwhelming. We understand and we are here to help.
When our children's hearts have been broken, our hearts break, too. Parents often struggle with knowing how to care for a hurting child. The child's behaviors can be challenging. A parent's own unhealed wounds get triggered. Then, there's the parenting guilt! It can be overwhelming. We understand and we are here to help.
(800) 430-4490 View (800) 430-4490
Photo of Ariel Mendoza, Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, LPCC
Ariel Mendoza
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, LPCC
1 Endorsed
Online Only
Are you overwhelmed with a variety of emotions that you just can't seem to shake off? Have you tried reaching for help from the people around you and they just don't seem to understand you? Does if feel as though there might be other ways to look at life that might make you feel more at ease?
Are you overwhelmed with a variety of emotions that you just can't seem to shake off? Have you tried reaching for help from the people around you and they just don't seem to understand you? Does if feel as though there might be other ways to look at life that might make you feel more at ease?
(909) 378-9920 View (909) 378-9920
Photo of Anna Teresa Mejia, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Anna Teresa Mejia
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Online Only
Hi! I'm Anna Mejia , a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in the greater Los Angeles Area practicing for 8 years. I use Cognitive based and Holistic Approaches in therapy while also applying Psycho Education throughout. I have worked with a wide range of needs. My experience ranges from Severe Mental Illness to people experiencing every day stressors such as Parental Stress and Organizational Skills. I am passionate and very comfortable working with Couples, Parents, Teenagers, Individuals with Relationship Stress, Sexual Abuse Trauma, Cultural Trauma, Work Stress, Depression and Anxiety and Attachments Issues/Impairments.
Hi! I'm Anna Mejia , a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in the greater Los Angeles Area practicing for 8 years. I use Cognitive based and Holistic Approaches in therapy while also applying Psycho Education throughout. I have worked with a wide range of needs. My experience ranges from Severe Mental Illness to people experiencing every day stressors such as Parental Stress and Organizational Skills. I am passionate and very comfortable working with Couples, Parents, Teenagers, Individuals with Relationship Stress, Sexual Abuse Trauma, Cultural Trauma, Work Stress, Depression and Anxiety and Attachments Issues/Impairments.
(559) 934-5567 View (559) 934-5567
Photo of Sylvia Ikerionwu, Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, MA, LMFT
Sylvia Ikerionwu
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, MA, LMFT
San Bernardino, CA 92401
I am Sylvia Ikerionwu, a Marriage and Family Therapist Licensed in the state of California. I have over ten years’ experience working as a Psychotherapist. I have worked with clients with a wide range of concerns, including depression, anxiety, relationship issues, anger management challenges, parenting problems, career challenges, life transitions and grief issues. I also have helped parents of children with behavioral issues.
I am Sylvia Ikerionwu, a Marriage and Family Therapist Licensed in the state of California. I have over ten years’ experience working as a Psychotherapist. I have worked with clients with a wide range of concerns, including depression, anxiety, relationship issues, anger management challenges, parenting problems, career challenges, life transitions and grief issues. I also have helped parents of children with behavioral issues.
(951) 904-3383 View (951) 904-3383
Photo of Gretchen Escobar, Counselor, LMHC
Gretchen Escobar
Counselor, LMHC
Online Only
An ideal client is the one who has identified the need to seek help. Has the willingness to work on those areas that need to be adjusted or changed. Understand that goals are placed to help and improve their life, work on them and is ready to practice and practice the skills being taught.
An ideal client is the one who has identified the need to seek help. Has the willingness to work on those areas that need to be adjusted or changed. Understand that goals are placed to help and improve their life, work on them and is ready to practice and practice the skills being taught.
(760) 239-5394 View (760) 239-5394
Photo of Courtney Roushion - Culture Collective Counseling , Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Culture Collective Counseling
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
San Bernardino, CA 92401
Culture Collective Counseling (CCC), LLC is a group practice which provides mental health services to disenfranchised communities through individual, family and group therapy. CCC’s goal is to normalize mental health services in communities that have historically been underserved and underrepresented in the areas of mental health. We are located in the city of San Bernardino, but serve the entire Inland Empire area. Our passion is to hold space for our clients to feel a sense of safety, provide psychoeducation, and inspire our clients to develop their personal strengths.
Culture Collective Counseling (CCC), LLC is a group practice which provides mental health services to disenfranchised communities through individual, family and group therapy. CCC’s goal is to normalize mental health services in communities that have historically been underserved and underrepresented in the areas of mental health. We are located in the city of San Bernardino, but serve the entire Inland Empire area. Our passion is to hold space for our clients to feel a sense of safety, provide psychoeducation, and inspire our clients to develop their personal strengths.
(909) 727-4558 View (909) 727-4558
Photo of Maria Luisa Favela Castro, Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Maria Luisa Favela Castro
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
1 Endorsed
San Bernardino, CA 92408
My ideal client is someone facing challenges such as trauma, anxiety, or significant life changes, ready to embark on a journey toward healing and personal growth. They may include individuals, families, or adolescents working through emotional difficulties, relationship issues, or adapting to new circumstances. Some may also require compassionate and detailed immigration evaluations, such as for hardship waivers or asylum cases. Through a trauma-informed approach incorporating EMDR and CBT, I provide tailored support to help clients feel understood, regain confidence, and achieve their goals for lasting meaningful change.
My ideal client is someone facing challenges such as trauma, anxiety, or significant life changes, ready to embark on a journey toward healing and personal growth. They may include individuals, families, or adolescents working through emotional difficulties, relationship issues, or adapting to new circumstances. Some may also require compassionate and detailed immigration evaluations, such as for hardship waivers or asylum cases. Through a trauma-informed approach incorporating EMDR and CBT, I provide tailored support to help clients feel understood, regain confidence, and achieve their goals for lasting meaningful change.
(909) 706-6596 View (909) 706-6596
Photo of Leslie Romero-Gallegos, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Leslie Romero-Gallegos
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Online Only
Hello, my name is Leslie and I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in California. I have my Bachelor's in Psychology from UCR and Master's in Social Work from CSUSB. I have experience working with individuals through all spans of life from childhood to end of life. I currently work with individual adults who are navigating depression, postpartum experiences, life transitions, work-related stress, and questions around spiritual well-being. I understand that even the most capable people can feel overwhelmed, disconnected, or unsure of their next steps in life- and reaching out for support is a meaningful first step toward change.
Hello, my name is Leslie and I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in California. I have my Bachelor's in Psychology from UCR and Master's in Social Work from CSUSB. I have experience working with individuals through all spans of life from childhood to end of life. I currently work with individual adults who are navigating depression, postpartum experiences, life transitions, work-related stress, and questions around spiritual well-being. I understand that even the most capable people can feel overwhelmed, disconnected, or unsure of their next steps in life- and reaching out for support is a meaningful first step toward change.
(760) 463-0146 View (760) 463-0146
Photo of Carina Demanigold - Thriveworks Counseling & Psychiatry San Bernardino, Counselor
At Thriveworks, we're dedicated to providing top-tier mental health services that are easily accessible to everyone. With over 340 locations nationwide and flexible online therapy options, our professional therapists are equipped to assist you through any stress, life transitions, or ongoing mental health concerns. We prioritize your convenience and needs by offering flexible scheduling, including evening and weekend appointments, ensuring that you can start your therapy journey as early as this week. Plus, we accept most major insurance plans, making your path to mental health support smoother and more affordable.
At Thriveworks, we're dedicated to providing top-tier mental health services that are easily accessible to everyone. With over 340 locations nationwide and flexible online therapy options, our professional therapists are equipped to assist you through any stress, life transitions, or ongoing mental health concerns. We prioritize your convenience and needs by offering flexible scheduling, including evening and weekend appointments, ensuring that you can start your therapy journey as early as this week. Plus, we accept most major insurance plans, making your path to mental health support smoother and more affordable.
(909) 787-2308 View (909) 787-2308
Photo of Christine Jimenez, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA, AMFT, APCC
Christine Jimenez
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA, AMFT, APCC
1 Endorsed
Online Only
Not accepting new clients
Welcome! And I congratulate you on taking the first steps to make a positive change in your life. I truly believe that you hold all the answers that you are seeking. My role in your life is to provide you the tools you need to discover those answers in your life that will create “ah ha” moments for you that provide hope and healing. I believe in you!
Welcome! And I congratulate you on taking the first steps to make a positive change in your life. I truly believe that you hold all the answers that you are seeking. My role in your life is to provide you the tools you need to discover those answers in your life that will create “ah ha” moments for you that provide hope and healing. I believe in you!
(909) 413-5266 View (909) 413-5266
Photo of Sienna Lynch, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Sienna Lynch
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Online Only
As a licensed clinical social worker, I am committed to providing person-centered, trauma-informed, and compassionate care to individuals of all ages. I specialize in adolescents facing behavioral challenges and mental health issues. I empower teens and adults to develop effective coping strategies, enhance their emotional well-being, and build resilience. Through collaborative therapeutic relationships, I aim to facilitate healing and growth, guiding clients on their journey toward a healthier, more fulfilling life.
As a licensed clinical social worker, I am committed to providing person-centered, trauma-informed, and compassionate care to individuals of all ages. I specialize in adolescents facing behavioral challenges and mental health issues. I empower teens and adults to develop effective coping strategies, enhance their emotional well-being, and build resilience. Through collaborative therapeutic relationships, I aim to facilitate healing and growth, guiding clients on their journey toward a healthier, more fulfilling life.
(341) 217-1370 View (341) 217-1370
Photo of Christal Avila - Renaissances Bilingual Counseling, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, 88330
Renaissances Bilingual Counseling
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, 88330
San Bernardino, CA 92408
Waitlist for new clients
Hello community! Hola querida comunidad! Are you looking for a space where you can receive guidance and support to treat and improve the way you feel about some aspect of your life? Life gets difficult for everyone at times. We can guide and support you manage emotional struggles. Whether it’s adjusting to life transitions, having difficulty managing anxious/stress feelings, relational difficulties at home or socially, experiencing depression, past trauma that gets on the way of your day to day. Together, we can help you live a happier and more fulfilling life. My modality includes in-person, and telehealth.
Hello community! Hola querida comunidad! Are you looking for a space where you can receive guidance and support to treat and improve the way you feel about some aspect of your life? Life gets difficult for everyone at times. We can guide and support you manage emotional struggles. Whether it’s adjusting to life transitions, having difficulty managing anxious/stress feelings, relational difficulties at home or socially, experiencing depression, past trauma that gets on the way of your day to day. Together, we can help you live a happier and more fulfilling life. My modality includes in-person, and telehealth.
(909) 310-7357 View (909) 310-7357
Photo of Chase Uribe, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Chase Uribe
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
3 Endorsed
San Bernardino, CA 92408
Hi! I provide individual psychotherapy for youth & adults experiencing depression, grief & loss, low self-esteem, suicidal thoughts, trauma, gender dysphoria, autism, borderline personality disorder and bipolar disorder as well as couples counseling in areas of communication, intimacy, conflict, finances, attachment, trust, values & love languages and premarital counseling. I work from diverse modalities/techniques including DBT, Strengths-Based, EMDR, Person-Centered, Solutions-Focused, Brief Solution Focused, Ecotherapy/Nature-Therapy, Somatic Therapy, Acceptance and Commitment, Gottman Method & more.
Hi! I provide individual psychotherapy for youth & adults experiencing depression, grief & loss, low self-esteem, suicidal thoughts, trauma, gender dysphoria, autism, borderline personality disorder and bipolar disorder as well as couples counseling in areas of communication, intimacy, conflict, finances, attachment, trust, values & love languages and premarital counseling. I work from diverse modalities/techniques including DBT, Strengths-Based, EMDR, Person-Centered, Solutions-Focused, Brief Solution Focused, Ecotherapy/Nature-Therapy, Somatic Therapy, Acceptance and Commitment, Gottman Method & more.
(909) 281-7619 View (909) 281-7619
Photo of Angelica Dominguez, Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Angelica Dominguez
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Online Only
When life gets overwhelming and far too busy, therapy is a space that allows for the mind to slow down and look inward. Therapy is a gentle reminder that taking time for oneself is not only necessary but an act of self-love. I hope to show you that even when doing the hard work to heal and grow, peace, fulfillment, and comfort can also be found.
When life gets overwhelming and far too busy, therapy is a space that allows for the mind to slow down and look inward. Therapy is a gentle reminder that taking time for oneself is not only necessary but an act of self-love. I hope to show you that even when doing the hard work to heal and grow, peace, fulfillment, and comfort can also be found.
(909) 316-5996 View (909) 316-5996
Photo of Laura Amezcua, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Laura Amezcua
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Online Only
My name is Laur Amezcua, and I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) based out of the Inland Empire. I have experience working with children, adults, and families specifically with those who experience traumatic stress, depression, anxiety, and behavioral issues. My style is a strengths-based and client-centered approach. I utilize a variety of therapeutic styles such as Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Solution-Focused, and Mindfulness techniques.
My name is Laur Amezcua, and I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) based out of the Inland Empire. I have experience working with children, adults, and families specifically with those who experience traumatic stress, depression, anxiety, and behavioral issues. My style is a strengths-based and client-centered approach. I utilize a variety of therapeutic styles such as Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Solution-Focused, and Mindfulness techniques.
(747) 269-0365 View (747) 269-0365
Photo of Nicole Skinner, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Nicole Skinner
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Online Only
I’m a licensed therapist dedicated to helping you feel grounded, confident, and connected. My approach is warm, collaborative, and empowering, creating a safe space to explore challenges, build insight, and make meaningful change toward a more balanced, fulfilling life. My approach is compassionate, collaborative, and tailored to your needs. I create a safe, supportive space to explore your experiences, build self-awareness, and develop practical tools for growth, healing, and lasting emotional well-being.
I’m a licensed therapist dedicated to helping you feel grounded, confident, and connected. My approach is warm, collaborative, and empowering, creating a safe space to explore challenges, build insight, and make meaningful change toward a more balanced, fulfilling life. My approach is compassionate, collaborative, and tailored to your needs. I create a safe, supportive space to explore your experiences, build self-awareness, and develop practical tools for growth, healing, and lasting emotional well-being.
(951) 724-4481 View (951) 724-4481

See more therapy options for San Bernardino

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in San Bernardino, CA

300+

Average cost per session

$145

Therapists in San Bernardino, CA who prioritize treating:

89% Anxiety
86% Depression
70% Self Esteem
69% Stress
68% Relationship Issues
66% Trauma and PTSD
61% Grief

Average years in practice

12 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

80% Aetna
72% Cigna and Evernorth
59% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in San Bernardino, CA see their clients

57% Online Only
43% In Person and Online

Gender breakdown

79% Female
18% Male
3% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in San Bernardino?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.