Therapists in Placentia, CA

Photo of Chelsea Proctor, Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Chelsea Proctor
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Placentia, CA 92870
Hi there! My name is Chelsea and I'm a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist in California. In the past, I've had the opportunity to work with a variety of clients of all ages and backgrounds. I believe my communication style is calm and gentle, while still being direct. I do my best to provide a nonjudgmental space wherein the clients I work with can feel comfortable sharing their concerns. I will also challenge clients when appropriate, to allow them to develop insight into ways they can change their thoughts or behaviors in a way that would be helpful for them.
Hi there! My name is Chelsea and I'm a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist in California. In the past, I've had the opportunity to work with a variety of clients of all ages and backgrounds. I believe my communication style is calm and gentle, while still being direct. I do my best to provide a nonjudgmental space wherein the clients I work with can feel comfortable sharing their concerns. I will also challenge clients when appropriate, to allow them to develop insight into ways they can change their thoughts or behaviors in a way that would be helpful for them.
(714) 617-7595 View (714) 617-7595
Photo of Huy Nguyen, Associate Clinical Social Worker, ASW
Huy Nguyen
Associate Clinical Social Worker, ASW
Placentia, CA 92870
You may be someone who has been carrying a lot for a long time. On the outside, you function well—capable, responsible, thoughtful—but inside you feel overwhelmed, stuck, disconnected, or worn down from holding it all together. You may be living with the effects of trauma, chronic stress, anxiety, emotional numbness, or relationship struggles, or simply a sense that something isn’t quite right. You’re not looking for quick fixes—you want space to slow down, feel understood, and create real, lasting change. I am currently under supervision of Victoria Brown 99266.
You may be someone who has been carrying a lot for a long time. On the outside, you function well—capable, responsible, thoughtful—but inside you feel overwhelmed, stuck, disconnected, or worn down from holding it all together. You may be living with the effects of trauma, chronic stress, anxiety, emotional numbness, or relationship struggles, or simply a sense that something isn’t quite right. You’re not looking for quick fixes—you want space to slow down, feel understood, and create real, lasting change. I am currently under supervision of Victoria Brown 99266.
(949) 593-5405 View (949) 593-5405
Photo of Verena Gabriel, Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verena Gabriel
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
1 Endorsed
Placentia, CA 92870
I specialize in working with people who are noticing how the negative events and memories of the past are affecting their present lives. This may present as addictions, relational strain, anxiety, stress, or depression. Together we will explore these past events in order for you to write a new story decreasing the intensity of emotions attached to those incidents. I connect with those who identify as Third Culture Children or Cross Cultural Individuals. I strongly empathize with those who identify with multiple cultural aspects. I find that developing your identity while processing through all the layers of life can be challenging.
I specialize in working with people who are noticing how the negative events and memories of the past are affecting their present lives. This may present as addictions, relational strain, anxiety, stress, or depression. Together we will explore these past events in order for you to write a new story decreasing the intensity of emotions attached to those incidents. I connect with those who identify as Third Culture Children or Cross Cultural Individuals. I strongly empathize with those who identify with multiple cultural aspects. I find that developing your identity while processing through all the layers of life can be challenging.
(714) 215-3393 View (714) 215-3393
Photo of Ashley Noelle, Marriage & Family Therapist, MA , LMFT
Ashley Noelle
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA , LMFT
Placentia, CA 92870
My ideal client is someone who is struggling with the negative effects from being apart of high-control religion. Religious trauma and harm can cause many issues like (c)PTSD, sexuality and intimacy issues, existential crisis, grief and loss, as well as significant disturbance to relationships and social support. A safe place to process and critically think about their experiences within religion, as well as receive support in establishing appropriate boundaries, and learning skills and techniques to be successful and meet ones own needs are some of the frequent goals my clients have identified.
My ideal client is someone who is struggling with the negative effects from being apart of high-control religion. Religious trauma and harm can cause many issues like (c)PTSD, sexuality and intimacy issues, existential crisis, grief and loss, as well as significant disturbance to relationships and social support. A safe place to process and critically think about their experiences within religion, as well as receive support in establishing appropriate boundaries, and learning skills and techniques to be successful and meet ones own needs are some of the frequent goals my clients have identified.
(714) 681-1724 View (714) 681-1724
Photo of Daisy J Pyun, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Daisy J Pyun
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Placentia, CA 92870
Waitlist for new clients
Do you look “put together” on the outside but feel overwhelmed, anxious, or weighed down by old wounds on the inside? I’m a trauma therapist who helps people carrying childhood wounds, relationship hurts, or chronic anxiety finally feel seen and understood.
Do you look “put together” on the outside but feel overwhelmed, anxious, or weighed down by old wounds on the inside? I’m a trauma therapist who helps people carrying childhood wounds, relationship hurts, or chronic anxiety finally feel seen and understood.
(657) 238-1628 View (657) 238-1628
Photo of Dr. Danny Nava, Marriage & Family Therapist, PhD, LMFT, CST
Dr. Danny Nava
Marriage & Family Therapist, PhD, LMFT, CST
9 Endorsed
Placentia, CA 92870
These are definitely some odd times we're living in and it's never been tougher to keep yourself relationally, emotionally, and mentally strong. Your relationship is falling apart. Your life isn't where you want it to be. You don't like who you see in the mirror. You’re feeling anxious, depressed, lost…maybe angry. Or perhaps confused because no matter what you do, things tend to stay the same. You should have the job, romance, and life you want. You’ve done everything you’re “supposed” to so what happened? Why are you still stuck?
These are definitely some odd times we're living in and it's never been tougher to keep yourself relationally, emotionally, and mentally strong. Your relationship is falling apart. Your life isn't where you want it to be. You don't like who you see in the mirror. You’re feeling anxious, depressed, lost…maybe angry. Or perhaps confused because no matter what you do, things tend to stay the same. You should have the job, romance, and life you want. You’ve done everything you’re “supposed” to so what happened? Why are you still stuck?
(562) 262-5760 View (562) 262-5760
Photo of Jennifer Treadway-Molle, Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, MA
Jennifer Treadway-Molle
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, MA
Placentia, CA 92870
I work with individuals, children, teens, and young adults seeking therapy. Many parents come to me concerned about their child’s anxiety, mood changes, emotional withdrawal, or behavior, while adults seek support for anxiety, depression, low self-esteem, and complex trauma. In addition I offer a supportive, psychodynamic and attachment-based approach integrating EMDR and trauma-informed care to individual who are stuck in old patterns and are seeking relief.
I work with individuals, children, teens, and young adults seeking therapy. Many parents come to me concerned about their child’s anxiety, mood changes, emotional withdrawal, or behavior, while adults seek support for anxiety, depression, low self-esteem, and complex trauma. In addition I offer a supportive, psychodynamic and attachment-based approach integrating EMDR and trauma-informed care to individual who are stuck in old patterns and are seeking relief.
(714) 646-1547 View (714) 646-1547
Photo of Betsy Gaines, Psychologist, PsyD
Betsy Gaines
Psychologist, PsyD
2 Endorsed
Placentia, CA 92870
Is your first waking thought one of tracking chronic pain in your body to see “how bad it is going to be today?” Do you immediately tense up thinking of how much pain you are in? Do you search for something to distract and numb? Have you been diagnosed with migraine, chronic back pain, IBS, fibromyalgia, or maybe more than one of these? Most of my clients have been in chronic pain for years and have visited doctor after doctor in search of solutions.
Is your first waking thought one of tracking chronic pain in your body to see “how bad it is going to be today?” Do you immediately tense up thinking of how much pain you are in? Do you search for something to distract and numb? Have you been diagnosed with migraine, chronic back pain, IBS, fibromyalgia, or maybe more than one of these? Most of my clients have been in chronic pain for years and have visited doctor after doctor in search of solutions.
(714) 844-1897 View (714) 844-1897
Photo of Chelsea Proctor, Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Chelsea Proctor
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Placentia, CA 92870
I'm a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist. In the past, I've had the opportunity to work with a variety of clients of all ages and backgrounds. When working with clients, I have an eclectic and collaborative approach to therapy; my goal is to choose therapeutic techniques and interventions that will be a good fit with the client I'm working with. I also aim to meet clients where they're at, to best address their top priority concerns in each session. In the past, I have integrated client-centered therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), solution-focused therapy, and mindfulness-based approaches in my work with clients.
I'm a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist. In the past, I've had the opportunity to work with a variety of clients of all ages and backgrounds. When working with clients, I have an eclectic and collaborative approach to therapy; my goal is to choose therapeutic techniques and interventions that will be a good fit with the client I'm working with. I also aim to meet clients where they're at, to best address their top priority concerns in each session. In the past, I have integrated client-centered therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), solution-focused therapy, and mindfulness-based approaches in my work with clients.
(818) 960-1492 View (818) 960-1492
Photo of Carly Santos, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA, AMFT
Carly Santos
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA, AMFT
3 Endorsed
Placentia, CA 92870
Trauma-informed therapy for healing, boundaries, and stronger relationships. Seeking therapy can feel like a big step—especially if you’re used to handling things on your own. I offer a supportive, grounded space to help you work through trauma, anxiety, and emotional overwhelm while building confidence and clarity. Therapy can help you feel more steady, understand your patterns, and move forward with practical tools that support real change in daily life.
Trauma-informed therapy for healing, boundaries, and stronger relationships. Seeking therapy can feel like a big step—especially if you’re used to handling things on your own. I offer a supportive, grounded space to help you work through trauma, anxiety, and emotional overwhelm while building confidence and clarity. Therapy can help you feel more steady, understand your patterns, and move forward with practical tools that support real change in daily life.
(657) 571-4238 x4 View (657) 571-4238 x4
Photo of Lori Karcher, Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Lori Karcher
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Placentia, CA 92870
I provide a safe, empathic and supportive environment as we work together to improve the quality of your life. My experience includes but is not limited to encouraging clients who are: suffering from trauma, grieving the loss of a loved one, challenged by anxiety and/or depression, working through divorce and/or blended family issues, and hoping to improve relationships. I also have experience facilitating general, parenting and sexual abuse support groups. "Owning our story and loving ourselves through that process is the bravest thing that we will ever do." Brené Brown
I provide a safe, empathic and supportive environment as we work together to improve the quality of your life. My experience includes but is not limited to encouraging clients who are: suffering from trauma, grieving the loss of a loved one, challenged by anxiety and/or depression, working through divorce and/or blended family issues, and hoping to improve relationships. I also have experience facilitating general, parenting and sexual abuse support groups. "Owning our story and loving ourselves through that process is the bravest thing that we will ever do." Brené Brown
(714) 312-1217 View (714) 312-1217
Photo of Dr. Kylen Kaminski, Psychological Associate, PsyD
Dr. Kylen Kaminski
Psychological Associate, PsyD
Placentia, CA 92870
As a therapist I am dedicated to providing thoughtful, client-centered care. My therapeutic approach emphasizes authenticity, openness, and respect, creating a space where you can feel safe to share your experiences without judgment. I believe that each client is the expert on their experiences, and I work to honor your individuality by tailoring therapy to your unique goals, values, and challenges. My role is to support you in exploring who you are, identifying what matters most, and building tools to move toward lasting change.
As a therapist I am dedicated to providing thoughtful, client-centered care. My therapeutic approach emphasizes authenticity, openness, and respect, creating a space where you can feel safe to share your experiences without judgment. I believe that each client is the expert on their experiences, and I work to honor your individuality by tailoring therapy to your unique goals, values, and challenges. My role is to support you in exploring who you are, identifying what matters most, and building tools to move toward lasting change.
(714) 312-1284 View (714) 312-1284
Photo of Elaine Herrera, Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Elaine Herrera
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Placentia, CA 92870
We are all looking to live a happy and fulfilled life! But, often, challenges come our way that prevent us from getting there. Life challenges have a way of forcing us to steer away from being happy. We start to look inward and question who we truly are. But when life challenges invite us to look inward, we can either face it or try to escape from it. However, there are many paths that we can take to reroute ourselves back to the right path, and Psychotherapy is one of those paths. We at Stillpoint Counseling Associates would like to help you get there.
We are all looking to live a happy and fulfilled life! But, often, challenges come our way that prevent us from getting there. Life challenges have a way of forcing us to steer away from being happy. We start to look inward and question who we truly are. But when life challenges invite us to look inward, we can either face it or try to escape from it. However, there are many paths that we can take to reroute ourselves back to the right path, and Psychotherapy is one of those paths. We at Stillpoint Counseling Associates would like to help you get there.
(714) 695-5658 View (714) 695-5658
Photo of Anna Babayan, Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Anna Babayan
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Online Only
My ideal client is someone ready to meet themselves more deeply, often during times of transition—separation, career changes, shifting relationships, or evolving family dynamics. Beneath it all, they seek a safe space to exhale, reflect, and be without judgment. They want grounding, listening, and guidance as they slow down and make sense of life. Their goals include peace in their own skin, trust in themselves, healthier relationships, and resilience in challenges. They come to therapy sensing something needs to shift, seeking tools, support, and gentle guidance toward an authentic, empowered, and grounded life.
My ideal client is someone ready to meet themselves more deeply, often during times of transition—separation, career changes, shifting relationships, or evolving family dynamics. Beneath it all, they seek a safe space to exhale, reflect, and be without judgment. They want grounding, listening, and guidance as they slow down and make sense of life. Their goals include peace in their own skin, trust in themselves, healthier relationships, and resilience in challenges. They come to therapy sensing something needs to shift, seeking tools, support, and gentle guidance toward an authentic, empowered, and grounded life.
(714) 559-3718 View (714) 559-3718
Photo of Katherine Wismer, Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Katherine Wismer
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Placentia, CA 92870
We all face difficult issues and need someone to help us through these challenging times. Struggling with a relationship, anxiety, depression, bipolar, addiction, substance abuse, co-occurring disorders, work/school issues, life changes, marital, domestic and family issues or any other issues we are here to help you. 12-Step meetings may not be enough to overcome the underlying issues that lead to substance use and other disorders. If you're looking for extra support and guidance, we look forward to helping you achieve your goals. We offer a safe and supportive environment with an empathic therapist who understands.
We all face difficult issues and need someone to help us through these challenging times. Struggling with a relationship, anxiety, depression, bipolar, addiction, substance abuse, co-occurring disorders, work/school issues, life changes, marital, domestic and family issues or any other issues we are here to help you. 12-Step meetings may not be enough to overcome the underlying issues that lead to substance use and other disorders. If you're looking for extra support and guidance, we look forward to helping you achieve your goals. We offer a safe and supportive environment with an empathic therapist who understands.
(909) 345-6301 View (909) 345-6301
Photo of Sennia Corbin, Psychological Associate, MS
Sennia Corbin
Psychological Associate, MS
Online Only
We sometimes face challenges that bring about change and uncertainty. You may find yourself facing new responsibilities, shifting roles, or evolving relationships, all while questioning who you are and where you're headed. These challenges can impact your motivation, ability to stay connected with others, and may leave you feeling stuck or disconnected from yourself. I enjoy helping individuals move through these complex seasons with greater clarity and confidence. Whether you're navigating relationship challenges, or trying to make sense of a demanding chapter in life, therapy can offer a grounded space for reflection and growth.
We sometimes face challenges that bring about change and uncertainty. You may find yourself facing new responsibilities, shifting roles, or evolving relationships, all while questioning who you are and where you're headed. These challenges can impact your motivation, ability to stay connected with others, and may leave you feeling stuck or disconnected from yourself. I enjoy helping individuals move through these complex seasons with greater clarity and confidence. Whether you're navigating relationship challenges, or trying to make sense of a demanding chapter in life, therapy can offer a grounded space for reflection and growth.
(714) 908-9617 View (714) 908-9617
Photo of Dana Miscia, Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor
Dana Miscia
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor
1 Endorsed
Online Only
I Specialize in supporting those who want to make a difference in their lives and assist with the motivation in reaching their goals. I specialize in trauma, depression, anxiety, relationship issues, self esteem, life transition, lgbt, motivation, goal setting, and other related concerns.
I Specialize in supporting those who want to make a difference in their lives and assist with the motivation in reaching their goals. I specialize in trauma, depression, anxiety, relationship issues, self esteem, life transition, lgbt, motivation, goal setting, and other related concerns.
(657) 500-3891 View (657) 500-3891
Photo of Kelsey Lullo - Kelsey Lullo, Pre-Licensed Professional, M.A., APCC
Kelsey Lullo
Pre-Licensed Professional, M.A., APCC
1 Endorsed
Placentia, CA 92870
Welcome! My name is Kelsey, and I'm so glad you're here! :) As a therapist, I believe every person has the capacity to grow and heal. I specialize in working with children and individuals facing anxiety, depression, life transitions, and behavioral or emotional challenges. My approach is warm, collaborative, and tailored to each client’s needs. Together, we’ll build insight, develop coping skills, and create meaningful change in a supportive and compassionate space.
Welcome! My name is Kelsey, and I'm so glad you're here! :) As a therapist, I believe every person has the capacity to grow and heal. I specialize in working with children and individuals facing anxiety, depression, life transitions, and behavioral or emotional challenges. My approach is warm, collaborative, and tailored to each client’s needs. Together, we’ll build insight, develop coping skills, and create meaningful change in a supportive and compassionate space.
(714) 459-5176 View (714) 459-5176
Photo of Emily Jewell, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA, AMFT
Emily Jewell
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA, AMFT
1 Endorsed
Placentia, CA 92870
Parenting isn’t easy. Especially when your child is struggling. Maybe they’re coming home anxious, melting down over little things, or having a hard time keeping friends. You’ve tried your best to help, but nothing seems to stick, and you’re left feeling exhausted and unsure what to do next. Sometimes it’s not only kids who need support, parents do too. If you’re feeling worn down, stressed, or stuck in patterns that aren’t working, therapy can give you space to process and find new ways forward.
Parenting isn’t easy. Especially when your child is struggling. Maybe they’re coming home anxious, melting down over little things, or having a hard time keeping friends. You’ve tried your best to help, but nothing seems to stick, and you’re left feeling exhausted and unsure what to do next. Sometimes it’s not only kids who need support, parents do too. If you’re feeling worn down, stressed, or stuck in patterns that aren’t working, therapy can give you space to process and find new ways forward.
(657) 425-0209 View (657) 425-0209
Photo of Susanne Sheffield, Marriage & Family Therapist, MS LMFT, EMDR II
Susanne Sheffield
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS LMFT, EMDR II
Placentia, CA 92870
Welcome! I’m SusAnne, a compassionate therapist committed to helping you navigate life’s challenges. I am dedicated to helping you reclaim your life, achieve emotional well-being, and build resilience. With a deep understanding of the mind-body, connection, and a trauma-informed approach, I work collaboratively with clients to uncover the root causes of emotional distress and provide the tools for long-lasting healing. Our work together will be a safe, non-judgmental space where you can explore your thoughts, feelings, and experiences at your own pace.
Welcome! I’m SusAnne, a compassionate therapist committed to helping you navigate life’s challenges. I am dedicated to helping you reclaim your life, achieve emotional well-being, and build resilience. With a deep understanding of the mind-body, connection, and a trauma-informed approach, I work collaboratively with clients to uncover the root causes of emotional distress and provide the tools for long-lasting healing. Our work together will be a safe, non-judgmental space where you can explore your thoughts, feelings, and experiences at your own pace.
(657) 571-3835 View (657) 571-3835

See more therapy options for Placentia

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Placentia, CA

100+

Average cost per session

$175

Therapists in Placentia, CA who prioritize treating:

96% Anxiety
90% Depression
73% Self Esteem
71% Relationship Issues
66% Grief
66% Trauma and PTSD
60% Family Conflict

Average years in practice

14 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

82% Aetna
78% Cigna and Evernorth
67% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Placentia, CA see their clients

59% In Person and Online
41% Online Only

Gender breakdown

76% Female
24% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Placentia?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.