Therapists in Pasadena, CA

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Photo of Eva Rubin, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MPH
Eva Rubin
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MPH
Online Only
Making the decision to start therapy is a big deal. But for therapy to work, it's important to find the right therapist who can help you get from where you are in your life now to where you'd like to be. The right "fit" matters. I partner with you to navigate the difficult life experiences and relational patterns that get in the way of where you'd like to be. Even if you don't know exactly where that is yet, but know you're not there - that's something we can work on together. I check in with you each time we meet to make sure our work fits with what matters to you. We go at a pace that matches you.
Making the decision to start therapy is a big deal. But for therapy to work, it's important to find the right therapist who can help you get from where you are in your life now to where you'd like to be. The right "fit" matters. I partner with you to navigate the difficult life experiences and relational patterns that get in the way of where you'd like to be. Even if you don't know exactly where that is yet, but know you're not there - that's something we can work on together. I check in with you each time we meet to make sure our work fits with what matters to you. We go at a pace that matches you.
(626) 606-9787 View (626) 606-9787
Photo of Heidi Xue, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, AMFT, APPC, EMDR
Heidi Xue
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, AMFT, APPC, EMDR
Online Only
Do you have trouble with anxiety, depression, and relationship/family issues due to trauma? Past experiences can create imprints onto your brain that activate your fight/flight responses whenever your emotions feel dysregulated, but life without the constant feeling of being on edge is possible. Those traumatic memories don’t have to permanently influence who you are meant to be. Through therapy, you will gain control of your feelings/thoughts and your response to everyday life hurdles. Healing from trauma can create healthier beliefs about yourself and your relationships along with sustainable changes.
Do you have trouble with anxiety, depression, and relationship/family issues due to trauma? Past experiences can create imprints onto your brain that activate your fight/flight responses whenever your emotions feel dysregulated, but life without the constant feeling of being on edge is possible. Those traumatic memories don’t have to permanently influence who you are meant to be. Through therapy, you will gain control of your feelings/thoughts and your response to everyday life hurdles. Healing from trauma can create healthier beliefs about yourself and your relationships along with sustainable changes.
(626) 702-3046 View (626) 702-3046
Photo of Xuejie Sheron Zhang, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MS, AMFT
Xuejie Sheron Zhang
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MS, AMFT
1 Endorsed
Pasadena, CA 91101
Sometimes, the most courageous thing you can do is ask for help. It is hard, but you are not alone. I believe we all carry both wounds and wisdom from our experiences, and healing happens when you feel truly understood, not just your struggles, but your stories and the cultures that shaped you. Whether you’re navigating life transitions, family relationships, anxiety, depression, or trauma, healing happens through genuine connection and understanding. I help people discover their inherent strength while working together using practical tools for lasting change.
Sometimes, the most courageous thing you can do is ask for help. It is hard, but you are not alone. I believe we all carry both wounds and wisdom from our experiences, and healing happens when you feel truly understood, not just your struggles, but your stories and the cultures that shaped you. Whether you’re navigating life transitions, family relationships, anxiety, depression, or trauma, healing happens through genuine connection and understanding. I help people discover their inherent strength while working together using practical tools for lasting change.
(323) 483-4375 View (323) 483-4375
Photo of Christine Kreger, Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT, ATR
Christine Kreger
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT, ATR
Online Only
I'm guessing that if you're reading this then you're going through something that's making life difficult and I'm sorry about that. Maybe you're not where you thought you should be, or maybe getting through the day is your only goal. Whatever it is, I believe that therapy can help. It can provide us with some much needed support and encouragement. More importantly, therapy can strengthen and increase our self-esteem and confidence as we navigate relationships, social media, and our futures.
I'm guessing that if you're reading this then you're going through something that's making life difficult and I'm sorry about that. Maybe you're not where you thought you should be, or maybe getting through the day is your only goal. Whatever it is, I believe that therapy can help. It can provide us with some much needed support and encouragement. More importantly, therapy can strengthen and increase our self-esteem and confidence as we navigate relationships, social media, and our futures.
(818) 860-7208 View (818) 860-7208
Photo of Hannah Warner, Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Hannah Warner
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
1 Endorsed
Pasadena, CA 91101
Do you feel like something is missing in your relationships? Are you wanting to improve your connections with people, and yourself? I work with individuals & couples who are looking to develop the self understanding that is vital to having supportive interpersonal relationships. I will work with you to notice where boundaries are needed in your life; Boundaries support clear communication of your needs, and allow you to care for others in a healthy way. If you often feel dysregulated in your emotions, let's work on building emotional regulation so you can embrace the fullness of your humanity, and the humanity of others.
Do you feel like something is missing in your relationships? Are you wanting to improve your connections with people, and yourself? I work with individuals & couples who are looking to develop the self understanding that is vital to having supportive interpersonal relationships. I will work with you to notice where boundaries are needed in your life; Boundaries support clear communication of your needs, and allow you to care for others in a healthy way. If you often feel dysregulated in your emotions, let's work on building emotional regulation so you can embrace the fullness of your humanity, and the humanity of others.
(626) 406-2617 View (626) 406-2617
Photo of Chanel Halimi, Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT
Chanel Halimi
Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT
4 Endorsed
Online Only
Truth be told, there are so many wonderful therapists and profiles these days, it may be hard or overwhelming to choose the right one. What can I offer, what is working with me like, and is it a right for you? Who I work with: I specialize in working with individuals in their late teens, 20s and 30s— an age group often navigating major transitions. In a short amount of time, I help people work their way out of their current struggles and hardships (relational, emotional, professional, etc.), and then to transform their lives into ones they love. I work with all genders, sexual orientations, and ethnicities.
Truth be told, there are so many wonderful therapists and profiles these days, it may be hard or overwhelming to choose the right one. What can I offer, what is working with me like, and is it a right for you? Who I work with: I specialize in working with individuals in their late teens, 20s and 30s— an age group often navigating major transitions. In a short amount of time, I help people work their way out of their current struggles and hardships (relational, emotional, professional, etc.), and then to transform their lives into ones they love. I work with all genders, sexual orientations, and ethnicities.
(424) 300-8622 View (424) 300-8622
Photo of Cynthia Chung Perdue, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Cynthia Chung Perdue
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
2 Endorsed
Pasadena, CA 91101
Immediate openings available! I believe that although pain, difficulties, and problems in life may seem hopeless and never-ending at times, they are in fact only temporary. I believe that you should never walk through struggles on your own. My passion and expertise is to walk with you through the struggles, and together, find healthy solutions, understanding, relief, and healing for the problems and patterns that have disrupted your well-being and joy.
Immediate openings available! I believe that although pain, difficulties, and problems in life may seem hopeless and never-ending at times, they are in fact only temporary. I believe that you should never walk through struggles on your own. My passion and expertise is to walk with you through the struggles, and together, find healthy solutions, understanding, relief, and healing for the problems and patterns that have disrupted your well-being and joy.
(626) 244-8970 View (626) 244-8970
Photo of Michelle G De Los Santos, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Michelle G De Los Santos
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Pasadena, CA 91105
Are you, or a loved one, navigating the complexities of neurodivergence, giftedness, or past trauma? It can be challenging to find a therapist who truly understands the unique way your mind works. That's where I come in. I'm a licensed therapist dedicated to supporting neurodivergent individuals, including those who are twice-exceptional (2E). My practice offers a safe and understanding space for children, tweens, teens, and adults to embark on their healing journey.
Are you, or a loved one, navigating the complexities of neurodivergence, giftedness, or past trauma? It can be challenging to find a therapist who truly understands the unique way your mind works. That's where I come in. I'm a licensed therapist dedicated to supporting neurodivergent individuals, including those who are twice-exceptional (2E). My practice offers a safe and understanding space for children, tweens, teens, and adults to embark on their healing journey.
(626) 507-3969 View (626) 507-3969
Photo of Starla McCreary, Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Starla McCreary
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
2 Endorsed
Online Only
By creating a safe and supportive space, I guide individuals toward understanding their unique strengths and resilience, helping them navigate challenging circumstances and find new paths toward growth and recovery. I use client-centered, Dialectical Behavior Therapy, and mindfulness-based treatments to support clients in developing more awareness of the present moment, improving their tolerance of stress and transitions, decreasing their symptoms of depression and anxiety, and improving their relationships.
By creating a safe and supportive space, I guide individuals toward understanding their unique strengths and resilience, helping them navigate challenging circumstances and find new paths toward growth and recovery. I use client-centered, Dialectical Behavior Therapy, and mindfulness-based treatments to support clients in developing more awareness of the present moment, improving their tolerance of stress and transitions, decreasing their symptoms of depression and anxiety, and improving their relationships.
(626) 603-8306 View (626) 603-8306
Photo of Savannah Sweet, Psychologist, LCP
Savannah Sweet
Psychologist, LCP
Online Only
I completed my doctoral training at the California School of Professional Psychology at Alliant International University in Los Angeles. My training and experience have focused on providing therapy and psychological assessments for diverse populations of children and adolescents facing a wide range of challenges, including anxiety, depression, traumatic stress, grief and loss, medical complexities, foster care and adoption issues, family difficulties, and developmental disabilities.
I completed my doctoral training at the California School of Professional Psychology at Alliant International University in Los Angeles. My training and experience have focused on providing therapy and psychological assessments for diverse populations of children and adolescents facing a wide range of challenges, including anxiety, depression, traumatic stress, grief and loss, medical complexities, foster care and adoption issues, family difficulties, and developmental disabilities.
(424) 452-2806 View (424) 452-2806
Photo of Malia Reynolds, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA
Malia Reynolds
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA
9 Endorsed
Pasadena, CA 91101
You may be an athlete or former athlete, driven and determined, yet feeling the weight of pressure, stress, or old patterns holding you back. Or you may be a mom in recovery, committed to your sobriety and ready to grow further. You want clarity, trust, and lasting change—both in yourself and your relationships. In our work, we’ll slow things down, connect with your body, and uncover what truly matters so you can show up with strength, presence, and authenticity—on the field, at home, and in life.
You may be an athlete or former athlete, driven and determined, yet feeling the weight of pressure, stress, or old patterns holding you back. Or you may be a mom in recovery, committed to your sobriety and ready to grow further. You want clarity, trust, and lasting change—both in yourself and your relationships. In our work, we’ll slow things down, connect with your body, and uncover what truly matters so you can show up with strength, presence, and authenticity—on the field, at home, and in life.
(626) 323-8526 View (626) 323-8526
Photo of Dr. Minh Tran - Dr. Minh Tran, Marriage & Family Therapist, PhD, CPTR
Dr. Minh Tran
Marriage & Family Therapist, PhD, CPTR
Online Only
Xin chào, tôi có thể tư vấn bằng tiếng Việt và Anh. Entheo Psychotherapy: Have you ever felt better after having a deep conversation? Are you wanting to work on communicating better with your life partner? Would you like to outgrow old habits and make room for transformation? Perhaps you are a therapy student wanting to actually walk the walk? I view psychotherapy, which is largely a talk-therapy, as just that: having a deep conversation with someone. Only in treatment with me, you’re having deep conversations with a licensed mental health professional. I place primacy of mental health on interpersonal relationships.
Xin chào, tôi có thể tư vấn bằng tiếng Việt và Anh. Entheo Psychotherapy: Have you ever felt better after having a deep conversation? Are you wanting to work on communicating better with your life partner? Would you like to outgrow old habits and make room for transformation? Perhaps you are a therapy student wanting to actually walk the walk? I view psychotherapy, which is largely a talk-therapy, as just that: having a deep conversation with someone. Only in treatment with me, you’re having deep conversations with a licensed mental health professional. I place primacy of mental health on interpersonal relationships.
(720) 675-1703 View (720) 675-1703
Photo of Alexandra Pudzemis, Psychologist, PsyD
Alexandra Pudzemis
Psychologist, PsyD
Online Only
Waitlist for new clients
Roald Dahl, a beloved author for both children and adults, once wrote, "Somewhere inside all of us is the power to change the world." I truly believe that therapy offers individuals the chance to transform their lives, heal from past wounds, connect with their inner selves, and build meaningful relationships with others.
Roald Dahl, a beloved author for both children and adults, once wrote, "Somewhere inside all of us is the power to change the world." I truly believe that therapy offers individuals the chance to transform their lives, heal from past wounds, connect with their inner selves, and build meaningful relationships with others.
(323) 792-1436 View (323) 792-1436
Photo of Kim Bielak Slipski, Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, MA, RYT-200
Kim Bielak Slipski
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, MA, RYT-200
10 Endorsed
Pasadena, CA 91105
Waitlist for new clients
So you’re high-functioning but burnt out. I get it. Many of my clients identify as high-achievers in traditionally "successful" jobs, yet show up at my door fried to a crisp from years of powering through and pretending to hold it all together. Creative, successful, and often identified as “gifted” from an early age, many still struggle with stress, anxiety, perfectionism and other challenges at home. I know because I started my career in high-paced corporate settings only to have my own experience with anxiety and burnout force me to finally take a step back and re-assess my approach.
So you’re high-functioning but burnt out. I get it. Many of my clients identify as high-achievers in traditionally "successful" jobs, yet show up at my door fried to a crisp from years of powering through and pretending to hold it all together. Creative, successful, and often identified as “gifted” from an early age, many still struggle with stress, anxiety, perfectionism and other challenges at home. I know because I started my career in high-paced corporate settings only to have my own experience with anxiety and burnout force me to finally take a step back and re-assess my approach.
(323) 900-5037 View (323) 900-5037
Photo of Angeliki A Kanavou, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, AMFT, MSc, PhD
Angeliki A Kanavou
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, AMFT, MSc, PhD
1 Endorsed
Online Only
My mission is to accompany you through life’s inevitable challenges. I will assist you not only overcoming a difficult patch but grow through it and in spite of it. You deserve realizing your fullest potential, fostered by your therapist's unconditional positive regard, along with therapeutic input. No two clients are ever the same. Therefore, we too as therapists evolve alongside you in our knowledge and intuition. Through our shared experience of therapy, you will increase your insight, and as a result, you will discover more available choices during say, a complex transition that you experience or a seeming impasse.
My mission is to accompany you through life’s inevitable challenges. I will assist you not only overcoming a difficult patch but grow through it and in spite of it. You deserve realizing your fullest potential, fostered by your therapist's unconditional positive regard, along with therapeutic input. No two clients are ever the same. Therefore, we too as therapists evolve alongside you in our knowledge and intuition. Through our shared experience of therapy, you will increase your insight, and as a result, you will discover more available choices during say, a complex transition that you experience or a seeming impasse.
(323) 784-1328 View (323) 784-1328
Photo of Euodia Choi, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA, AMFT
Euodia Choi
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA, AMFT
2 Endorsed
Pasadena, CA 91101
Life can feel overwhelming at times, and seeking support is a courageous step, whether you're facing a recent challenge or working through long-standing struggles. I work with adults, adolescents, children, and couples, helping them navigate anxiety, depression, trauma, childhood wounds, and relationship issues. I’d love to support your healing by understanding your experiences and building strong, supportive connections. Together, we’ll uncover patterns that shape your emotions and behaviors, guiding you toward joy, meaning, and a renewed sense of self.
Life can feel overwhelming at times, and seeking support is a courageous step, whether you're facing a recent challenge or working through long-standing struggles. I work with adults, adolescents, children, and couples, helping them navigate anxiety, depression, trauma, childhood wounds, and relationship issues. I’d love to support your healing by understanding your experiences and building strong, supportive connections. Together, we’ll uncover patterns that shape your emotions and behaviors, guiding you toward joy, meaning, and a renewed sense of self.
(626) 380-8220 View (626) 380-8220
Photo of Cristina Noelle Mardirossian - Pasadena Trauma Therapy, Inc., Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Pasadena Trauma Therapy, Inc.
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
29 Endorsed
Pasadena, CA 91101
You can heal from TRAUMA. If you are living with traumatic events from your past, ranging from sexual abuse, incest, rape, violence, humiliation, and attachment wounds, therapy could be a safe space to address these injuries. Through a collaborative approach and taking into account the mind & body, we join you on a journey of exploration, growth, and healing. Our trauma specialists can assist you in reconnecting with yourself and your body, feel grounded, and helping you manage your life more smoothly.
You can heal from TRAUMA. If you are living with traumatic events from your past, ranging from sexual abuse, incest, rape, violence, humiliation, and attachment wounds, therapy could be a safe space to address these injuries. Through a collaborative approach and taking into account the mind & body, we join you on a journey of exploration, growth, and healing. Our trauma specialists can assist you in reconnecting with yourself and your body, feel grounded, and helping you manage your life more smoothly.
(818) 275-0776 View (818) 275-0776
Photo of Jillian Hughes - Jillian Hughes - NOCD, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Jillian Hughes - NOCD
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Online Only
I’ve always wanted to be an ally to those struggling with mental health. My own history with mental health struggles and family dynamics sparked a lifelong curiosity about how people work and how the mind functions. I’m inspired by seeing people empowered by therapy and how many lives have been changed by it, including mine. Discovering NOCD and learning about the different types of OCD—and the powerful effects of ERP—piqued my interest. At NOCD, my team and I specialize in providing evidence-based treatment for OCD. Our deep understanding of its nuances enables us to properly diagnose and treat it.
I’ve always wanted to be an ally to those struggling with mental health. My own history with mental health struggles and family dynamics sparked a lifelong curiosity about how people work and how the mind functions. I’m inspired by seeing people empowered by therapy and how many lives have been changed by it, including mine. Discovering NOCD and learning about the different types of OCD—and the powerful effects of ERP—piqued my interest. At NOCD, my team and I specialize in providing evidence-based treatment for OCD. Our deep understanding of its nuances enables us to properly diagnose and treat it.
(323) 859-6648 View (323) 859-6648
Photo of Dr. Christine Choi, Psychologist, PsyD
Dr. Christine Choi
Psychologist, PsyD
Online Only
I wholeheartedly believe in the transformative power of therapy. My goal is to build trust & rapport and to help clients experience mental, emotional, behavioral growth and resilience in our work together. I genuinely want to know your story- past versions of yourself, who you are now and who you hope to be. I am a licensed clinical psychologist with 17+ years of experience providing therapy to adolescents, adults and families through individual and family therapy. I will help you develop and meet therapeutic goals, build a toolbox of coping skills and provide compassionate support each step of the way.
I wholeheartedly believe in the transformative power of therapy. My goal is to build trust & rapport and to help clients experience mental, emotional, behavioral growth and resilience in our work together. I genuinely want to know your story- past versions of yourself, who you are now and who you hope to be. I am a licensed clinical psychologist with 17+ years of experience providing therapy to adolescents, adults and families through individual and family therapy. I will help you develop and meet therapeutic goals, build a toolbox of coping skills and provide compassionate support each step of the way.
(323) 676-1013 View (323) 676-1013
Photo of Dr. Jolvina Zuniga, Psychologist, PsyD
Dr. Jolvina Zuniga
Psychologist, PsyD
Online Only
Not accepting new clients
I offer a warm, collaborative, and culturally responsive approach to therapy that centers safety, trust, and authenticity. I work with individuals and families navigating trauma, anxiety, relationship challenges, life transitions, and identity exploration. My practice is grounded in an appreciation for attachment and systems, recognizing that we are not the problem—we are often a reflection of our relationships, communities, and the larger systems we live within. My practice is rooted in trauma-informed and culturally informed care, honoring the unique experiences and identities each client brings.
I offer a warm, collaborative, and culturally responsive approach to therapy that centers safety, trust, and authenticity. I work with individuals and families navigating trauma, anxiety, relationship challenges, life transitions, and identity exploration. My practice is grounded in an appreciation for attachment and systems, recognizing that we are not the problem—we are often a reflection of our relationships, communities, and the larger systems we live within. My practice is rooted in trauma-informed and culturally informed care, honoring the unique experiences and identities each client brings.
(626) 657-2759 View (626) 657-2759

See more therapy options for Pasadena

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Pasadena, CA

2,000+

Average cost per session

$180

Therapists in Pasadena, CA who prioritize treating:

91% Anxiety
86% Depression
76% Relationship Issues
70% Self Esteem
66% Trauma and PTSD
66% Stress
65% Life Transitions

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

85% Aetna
66% Cigna and Evernorth
50% Anthem

How Therapists in Pasadena, CA see their clients

51% In Person and Online
49% Online Only

Gender breakdown

78% Female
21% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Pasadena?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.