Therapists in Lakewide, Oakland, CA

Photo of Laura Long, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Laura Long
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Lakewide, Oakland, CA 94612
I work with individuals experiencing a wide-range of issues, including depression, complex trauma, mania, suicidal thoughts, self-harm, and psychosis. My therapeutic approach is to serve as an active collaborator as you face the challenges of the present while making sense of the past. I tend to be a good fit for therapy skeptics and those who are willing to work but have struggled to feel understood by other providers.
I work with individuals experiencing a wide-range of issues, including depression, complex trauma, mania, suicidal thoughts, self-harm, and psychosis. My therapeutic approach is to serve as an active collaborator as you face the challenges of the present while making sense of the past. I tend to be a good fit for therapy skeptics and those who are willing to work but have struggled to feel understood by other providers.
(279) 205-4695 View (279) 205-4695
Photo of Sandra L Stultz, Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Sandra L Stultz
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Lakewide, Oakland, CA 94612
Hola, Servicios en español disponibles. Por favor, llame a nuestra oficina para obtener ayuda. I am excited to share that I have expanded my practice into a group practice, Aryana Wellness Center. After many years of serving individuals, couples, and families in private practice, I felt called to create a space where a team of dedicated therapists can support our community together. If you are interested in working with me or one of the talented therapists on our team,
Hola, Servicios en español disponibles. Por favor, llame a nuestra oficina para obtener ayuda. I am excited to share that I have expanded my practice into a group practice, Aryana Wellness Center. After many years of serving individuals, couples, and families in private practice, I felt called to create a space where a team of dedicated therapists can support our community together. If you are interested in working with me or one of the talented therapists on our team,
(510) 319-0287 View (510) 319-0287
Photo of Andrea H Subuyuj, Psychologist, PsyD
Andrea H Subuyuj
Psychologist, PsyD
Lakewide, Oakland, CA 94612
Welcome! I am a bilingual (English/Spanish), bicultural clinical psychologist with 13 years of experience providing therapy. I specialize in working with children, adolescents, and their families, as well as individual adults. Many of my clients have experienced trauma, face challenges with depression or anxiety, are navigating life transitions or relationship difficulties, and seek support to heal and cultivate deeper, more meaningful connections. I deeply respect the individuality of each client and honor their inherent capacity for healing.
Welcome! I am a bilingual (English/Spanish), bicultural clinical psychologist with 13 years of experience providing therapy. I specialize in working with children, adolescents, and their families, as well as individual adults. Many of my clients have experienced trauma, face challenges with depression or anxiety, are navigating life transitions or relationship difficulties, and seek support to heal and cultivate deeper, more meaningful connections. I deeply respect the individuality of each client and honor their inherent capacity for healing.
(415) 363-6285 View (415) 363-6285
Photo of Inertia Q DeWitt, Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, MA, MFA
Inertia Q DeWitt
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, MA, MFA
4 Endorsed
Lakewide, Oakland, CA 94610
Do you feel stuck or disconnected from yourself, like you're just not "you" anymore, or you're not sure who you are now. Maybe you are in an abusive relationship, just left one, or have undergone a traumatic event or major life transition. You need help rediscovering and reconnecting with yourself. Anxiety and depression have taken the forefront in your life and you want a way back to feeling like yourself and reaching your goals. You want to feel calm, find more peace within yourself, and reclaim your life.
Do you feel stuck or disconnected from yourself, like you're just not "you" anymore, or you're not sure who you are now. Maybe you are in an abusive relationship, just left one, or have undergone a traumatic event or major life transition. You need help rediscovering and reconnecting with yourself. Anxiety and depression have taken the forefront in your life and you want a way back to feeling like yourself and reaching your goals. You want to feel calm, find more peace within yourself, and reclaim your life.
(213) 894-9285 View (213) 894-9285
Photo of Nicole Kirsch - Ability Psychological Services, P.C., Psychologist, PsyD
Ability Psychological Services, P.C.
Psychologist, PsyD
Lakewide, Oakland, CA 94612
At Ability Psychological Services, we are dedicated to providing compassionate and professional psychological evaluation services. With expertise in neurodevelopmental and psychological evaluations, our team is committed to helping individuals and families achieve optimal well-being. Our approach is rooted in evidence-based and culturally comprehensive practices, ensuring our clients' highest quality of care.
At Ability Psychological Services, we are dedicated to providing compassionate and professional psychological evaluation services. With expertise in neurodevelopmental and psychological evaluations, our team is committed to helping individuals and families achieve optimal well-being. Our approach is rooted in evidence-based and culturally comprehensive practices, ensuring our clients' highest quality of care.
(510) 896-3427 View (510) 896-3427
Photo of Nathan Greene, Psychologist, PsyD
Nathan Greene
Psychologist, PsyD
4 Endorsed
Lakewide, Oakland, CA 94618
I am a bilingual (English and Spanish-speaking) licensed clinical psychologist who provides psychotherapy services to adults, children, adolescents families. I support clients in fostering resilience and in building more meaningful, connected relationships. In therapy, I take a supportive, curious, nonjudgemental stance. My clients struggle with issues related to depression, anxiety, loss, adoption, psychological trauma, childhood development, parenting, and everyday stressors.
I am a bilingual (English and Spanish-speaking) licensed clinical psychologist who provides psychotherapy services to adults, children, adolescents families. I support clients in fostering resilience and in building more meaningful, connected relationships. In therapy, I take a supportive, curious, nonjudgemental stance. My clients struggle with issues related to depression, anxiety, loss, adoption, psychological trauma, childhood development, parenting, and everyday stressors.
(949) 577-6606 View (949) 577-6606
Photo of K Wortman - Next Steps Neuropsychology, Psychologist
Next Steps Neuropsychology
Psychologist
Lakewide, Oakland, CA 94612
New staff means more available therapists! Scheduling for May 2026! Next Steps Neuropsychology provides neuropsychological assessment and psychotherapy for adults seeking affirming, compassionate support. Our clinicians specialize in concerns such as Autism, ADHD, anxiety, depression, trauma, post-concussion syndrome, traumatic brain injury, cognitive challenges, and life transitions. Our billing team can inquire about your out-of-network benefits and submit claims on your behalf. Call us to inquire about how that works.
New staff means more available therapists! Scheduling for May 2026! Next Steps Neuropsychology provides neuropsychological assessment and psychotherapy for adults seeking affirming, compassionate support. Our clinicians specialize in concerns such as Autism, ADHD, anxiety, depression, trauma, post-concussion syndrome, traumatic brain injury, cognitive challenges, and life transitions. Our billing team can inquire about your out-of-network benefits and submit claims on your behalf. Call us to inquire about how that works.
(510) 602-2895 View (510) 602-2895
Photo of Sofía Escudero, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Sofía Escudero
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Lakewide, Oakland, CA 94612
When you’ve got a lot going on, it’s easy to put yourself last. If you want to explore your identity, deal with the impacts of past traumas, or learn how to feel more connected in your relationships, you may not know where to start. But the good news is that you don’t have to do it alone. I create an environment in virtual or in-person sessions where you can feel heard and seen in all the complexity of your identities and experiences. I have helped clients build self-compassion, manage the impacts of trauma, practice new ways of communicating, find community, explore gender and sexuality, and access more joy.
When you’ve got a lot going on, it’s easy to put yourself last. If you want to explore your identity, deal with the impacts of past traumas, or learn how to feel more connected in your relationships, you may not know where to start. But the good news is that you don’t have to do it alone. I create an environment in virtual or in-person sessions where you can feel heard and seen in all the complexity of your identities and experiences. I have helped clients build self-compassion, manage the impacts of trauma, practice new ways of communicating, find community, explore gender and sexuality, and access more joy.
(341) 217-8736 View (341) 217-8736
Photo of Kayla Butler, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Kayla Butler
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Lakewide, Oakland, CA 94612
Kayla takes a warm, direct, and dynamic approach to therapy, exploring core beliefs, behavioral patterns, and somatic experiences that impact mental health. She specializes in Somatic EMDR and uses a psychodynamic approach to trauma processing, disordered eating/body insecurity, anxiety, depression, & low-self esteem. She is LGBTQ+ aligned and body-positive.
Kayla takes a warm, direct, and dynamic approach to therapy, exploring core beliefs, behavioral patterns, and somatic experiences that impact mental health. She specializes in Somatic EMDR and uses a psychodynamic approach to trauma processing, disordered eating/body insecurity, anxiety, depression, & low-self esteem. She is LGBTQ+ aligned and body-positive.
(341) 222-3567 View (341) 222-3567
Photo of Alexander Enrique Wade, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Alexander Enrique Wade
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
1 Endorsed
Lakewide, Oakland, CA 94612
Thank you for taking the time to get to know me. Seeking therapy support can be a very uncomfortable first step especially in communities that views mental health services as a stigma. As an Afro-Latino born and raised in Panama, I am familiar with societal pitfalls that trigger a mindset of hopelessness. Yet, it is through those struggles that have empowered me to change that narrative. In my 26 years of experience working for the city and county of San Francisco, Child Protective Services, vulnerable individuals and families have entrusted me to partner with them as they navigate times of crisis and despair.
Thank you for taking the time to get to know me. Seeking therapy support can be a very uncomfortable first step especially in communities that views mental health services as a stigma. As an Afro-Latino born and raised in Panama, I am familiar with societal pitfalls that trigger a mindset of hopelessness. Yet, it is through those struggles that have empowered me to change that narrative. In my 26 years of experience working for the city and county of San Francisco, Child Protective Services, vulnerable individuals and families have entrusted me to partner with them as they navigate times of crisis and despair.
(415) 592-7482 View (415) 592-7482
Photo of John Charles Roedel - John Roedel, MFT - Trauma/IFS | Oakland + Online, Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT
John Roedel, MFT - Trauma/IFS | Oakland + Online
Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT
Lakewide, Oakland, CA 94612
If you’re experiencing anxiety, depression, trauma-related symptoms, or substance-related patterns, you may have symptoms such as rumination, emotional shutdown, irritability, avoidance, numbness, or difficulty with closeness. You may feel stuck despite insight and effort. I work with adults who want durable change: improved stability, reduced reactivity, better sleep, clearer boundaries, and more satisfying relationships. Together we can collaborate to clarify goals, identify patterns, and track progress over time. Sessions emphasize trust, safety, and practical applications so new insights translate into daily functioning.
If you’re experiencing anxiety, depression, trauma-related symptoms, or substance-related patterns, you may have symptoms such as rumination, emotional shutdown, irritability, avoidance, numbness, or difficulty with closeness. You may feel stuck despite insight and effort. I work with adults who want durable change: improved stability, reduced reactivity, better sleep, clearer boundaries, and more satisfying relationships. Together we can collaborate to clarify goals, identify patterns, and track progress over time. Sessions emphasize trust, safety, and practical applications so new insights translate into daily functioning.
(415) 968-2654 View (415) 968-2654
Photo of Jenica Ottero, Psychologist, PsyD
Jenica Ottero
Psychologist, PsyD
6 Endorsed
Lakewide, Oakland, CA 94612
My style is warm, direct, and empowering. I collaboratively use evidenced-based treatments to identify unhelpful patterns and redefine old values in order to live a more authentic and rewarding life. A trusting and genuine therapeutic relationship is the foundation for growth, and through this space you will gain insight, awareness, and be gently challenged to see new perspectives and solutions.
My style is warm, direct, and empowering. I collaboratively use evidenced-based treatments to identify unhelpful patterns and redefine old values in order to live a more authentic and rewarding life. A trusting and genuine therapeutic relationship is the foundation for growth, and through this space you will gain insight, awareness, and be gently challenged to see new perspectives and solutions.
(510) 999-6141 View (510) 999-6141
Photo of Riva Szostkowski, Pre-Licensed Professional
Riva Szostkowski
Pre-Licensed Professional
1 Endorsed
Lakewide, Oakland, CA 94610
I am a Marriage and Family Therapist Trainee with Axis Mundi Center for Mental Health and am supervised weekly by Erica Wheeler-Dubin LMFT 144743. My supervisor works with me to help develop my clinical skills and ensure that I provide quality care to you as the client. My passion is partnering with individuals and families experiencing tension or disconnection in their relationships. I work alongside you to foster resilience and deep, lasting connection. In addition to child and family work, I welcome individual clients seeking a fuller understanding of themselves or navigating life transitions.
I am a Marriage and Family Therapist Trainee with Axis Mundi Center for Mental Health and am supervised weekly by Erica Wheeler-Dubin LMFT 144743. My supervisor works with me to help develop my clinical skills and ensure that I provide quality care to you as the client. My passion is partnering with individuals and families experiencing tension or disconnection in their relationships. I work alongside you to foster resilience and deep, lasting connection. In addition to child and family work, I welcome individual clients seeking a fuller understanding of themselves or navigating life transitions.
(510) 462-6609 View (510) 462-6609
Photo of Dr. Christina M. Charlotin, Psychologist, PsyD
Dr. Christina M. Charlotin
Psychologist, PsyD
1 Endorsed
Lakewide, Oakland, CA 94619
In our work together, my intention is to help you break away from the maladaptive thought patterns, emotions, actions, and external circumstances that keep you stuck in an unwanted experience. My goal is to help you create progress towards the life you want for yourself. I’ll want to understand the changes you’d like to see in yourself. With this in mind, I’ll want to identify the behaviors you’d like to demonstrate, the lasting emotions you’d like to feel, and the outcomes you’d like to see present themselves in your life. With that information, we'll set the overall goals for therapy. Now providing Psychedelic Assisted Therapy.
In our work together, my intention is to help you break away from the maladaptive thought patterns, emotions, actions, and external circumstances that keep you stuck in an unwanted experience. My goal is to help you create progress towards the life you want for yourself. I’ll want to understand the changes you’d like to see in yourself. With this in mind, I’ll want to identify the behaviors you’d like to demonstrate, the lasting emotions you’d like to feel, and the outcomes you’d like to see present themselves in your life. With that information, we'll set the overall goals for therapy. Now providing Psychedelic Assisted Therapy.
(323) 818-4641 View (323) 818-4641
Photo of Theo Kuczek, Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, MFT, CPT
Theo Kuczek
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, MFT, CPT
4 Endorsed
Lakewide, Oakland, CA 94609
Therapy with me is active and transformative—you’ll leave each session with concrete ways to create change, individually and in your relationships, from day one. I challenge you directly, but with warmth and respect. I’m deeply invested in helping you develop genuine excitement for self-discovery and growth. Our work is rooted in real connection, clarifying your truths while honoring the grief of outgrowing old patterns. Starting therapy reflects intelligence, courage, and readiness for change.
Therapy with me is active and transformative—you’ll leave each session with concrete ways to create change, individually and in your relationships, from day one. I challenge you directly, but with warmth and respect. I’m deeply invested in helping you develop genuine excitement for self-discovery and growth. Our work is rooted in real connection, clarifying your truths while honoring the grief of outgrowing old patterns. Starting therapy reflects intelligence, courage, and readiness for change.
(925) 232-0438 View (925) 232-0438
Photo of Leonard Ferrara, Psychologist, PhD
Leonard Ferrara
Psychologist, PhD
Serves Area
Who Should Help the Very Special You? Interview several therapists either in person or by phone. Ask them how they've helped other people. Ask them how they will approach your specific needs. A Little Bit About Me! My life's work is dedicated to guiding individuals towards personal transformation and fulfillment of their ultimate potential. The most important thing is today. Are you unhappy today and hoping tomorrow will be better? Only you can make the changes today that will make you happy tomorrow - don't wait.
Who Should Help the Very Special You? Interview several therapists either in person or by phone. Ask them how they've helped other people. Ask them how they will approach your specific needs. A Little Bit About Me! My life's work is dedicated to guiding individuals towards personal transformation and fulfillment of their ultimate potential. The most important thing is today. Are you unhappy today and hoping tomorrow will be better? Only you can make the changes today that will make you happy tomorrow - don't wait.
(510) 599-8392 View (510) 599-8392
Photo of Amanda Piasecki, Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Amanda Piasecki
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
1 Endorsed
Online Only
Through therapy, we can author and re-author life stories and personal mythologies in order to bring self-supporting realities into existence. I work collaboratively with clients, cultivating existing strengths and internal resources in order to foster relationships and life experiences that contribute to clients' recovery and wellbeing. When invited, and with respect, I’m honored to explore what makes clients who they are, and to support who they want to become.
Through therapy, we can author and re-author life stories and personal mythologies in order to bring self-supporting realities into existence. I work collaboratively with clients, cultivating existing strengths and internal resources in order to foster relationships and life experiences that contribute to clients' recovery and wellbeing. When invited, and with respect, I’m honored to explore what makes clients who they are, and to support who they want to become.
(415) 938-7007 View (415) 938-7007
Photo of Theresa Dinkins, Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Theresa Dinkins
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Online Only
Hello, I am Theresa Dinkins a Licensed Marriage Family Child Therapist based in the Bay Area and working with clients throughout the state of California via telehealth. I with a diverse population of clients toward helping them find resources and clarity on their issues. My primary approach is Cognitive Behavioral Therapy depending on the client's needs and presenting problem along with a variety of other therapeutic theories available to reach resolve for the client. I assist them in understanding and navigating the speed bumps of life.
Hello, I am Theresa Dinkins a Licensed Marriage Family Child Therapist based in the Bay Area and working with clients throughout the state of California via telehealth. I with a diverse population of clients toward helping them find resources and clarity on their issues. My primary approach is Cognitive Behavioral Therapy depending on the client's needs and presenting problem along with a variety of other therapeutic theories available to reach resolve for the client. I assist them in understanding and navigating the speed bumps of life.
(669) 322-1615 View (669) 322-1615
Photo of Gena Bowman, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Gena Bowman
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Online Only
If you’re looking for a therapist who is warm, authentic, and deeply invested in your growth, I’d be honored to support you. I work with people carrying complex stories, identities, and relationships, offering a compassionate space to feel deeply understood. Together, we’ll help you reconnect with yourself and move toward the life you want. I’m a queer-identified therapist who supports people from all backgrounds, including queer folks and couples, navigating trauma, identity exploration, and challenges with intimacy. I help clients rebuild self-trust, strengthen boundaries, and create deeper, more secure connections.
If you’re looking for a therapist who is warm, authentic, and deeply invested in your growth, I’d be honored to support you. I work with people carrying complex stories, identities, and relationships, offering a compassionate space to feel deeply understood. Together, we’ll help you reconnect with yourself and move toward the life you want. I’m a queer-identified therapist who supports people from all backgrounds, including queer folks and couples, navigating trauma, identity exploration, and challenges with intimacy. I help clients rebuild self-trust, strengthen boundaries, and create deeper, more secure connections.
(415) 936-0440 View (415) 936-0440
Photo of James Gallagher, Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
James Gallagher
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Online Only
Hi, I'm Jamie, James F. Gallagher, Jr., LMFT121527. I'm a licensed holistic depth psychotherapist who uses client-centered approaches unique to each person. I really enjoy seeing the beautiful essence of people and helping them remove the obstacles to being their kind and loving authentic selves. I have worked extensively and successfully with adult individuals and couples from a huge spectrum of backgrounds, identities, and life experiences and have an ease with becoming culturally attuned to clients.
Hi, I'm Jamie, James F. Gallagher, Jr., LMFT121527. I'm a licensed holistic depth psychotherapist who uses client-centered approaches unique to each person. I really enjoy seeing the beautiful essence of people and helping them remove the obstacles to being their kind and loving authentic selves. I have worked extensively and successfully with adult individuals and couples from a huge spectrum of backgrounds, identities, and life experiences and have an ease with becoming culturally attuned to clients.
(213) 398-8466 View (213) 398-8466

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Lakewide, Oakland, CA

30+

Average cost per session

$195

Therapists in Lakewide, Oakland, CA who prioritize treating:

97% Depression
94% Anxiety
94% Social Anxiety
94% Health Anxiety
94% Driving Anxiety
75% Trauma and PTSD
75% Life Transitions

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

67% Aetna
56% Cigna and Evernorth
50% Anthem

How Therapists in Lakewide, Oakland, CA see their clients

56% Online Only
44% In Person and Online

Gender breakdown

69% Female
28% Male
3% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Lakewide?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.