Therapists in McLaughlin, Los Angeles, CA

Photo of Sergio Fernando Gueller, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Sergio Fernando Gueller
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
McLaughlin, Los Angeles, CA 90066
Rather than list my technical skills or present a diatribe about my approach to psychotherapy, I will tell you a few significant facts about myself and the work we will do together. I have been providing treatment for 30 years. My clients improve, they recover, and they heal. I assist people who suffer from anxiety and depression through insight and introspection focused on the analysis of a patient’s deep-seeded fear-related trauma and how that fear impacts the NOW . I focus on channeling the energy that can be harnessed from fear, a powerful human emotion that can rob us of our life energy.
Rather than list my technical skills or present a diatribe about my approach to psychotherapy, I will tell you a few significant facts about myself and the work we will do together. I have been providing treatment for 30 years. My clients improve, they recover, and they heal. I assist people who suffer from anxiety and depression through insight and introspection focused on the analysis of a patient’s deep-seeded fear-related trauma and how that fear impacts the NOW . I focus on channeling the energy that can be harnessed from fear, a powerful human emotion that can rob us of our life energy.
(424) 320-6563 View (424) 320-6563
Photo of Judy Kann, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, PsyD, LCSW
Judy Kann
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, PsyD, LCSW
Verified Verified
McLaughlin, Los Angeles, CA 90066
Relationships are essential to a rich and meaningful life. Often these connections are filled with many confusing and conflicting emotions. In the quiet of my office you can begin to understand the impact these relationships have upon your view of yourself and others. Thoroughly we will understand how your mind interprets and reacts to events and people. Knowledge brings awareness, and awareness creates opportunity for positive change. I have a calm gentle approach that gives you the space you need to explore your full range of emotional experiences.
Relationships are essential to a rich and meaningful life. Often these connections are filled with many confusing and conflicting emotions. In the quiet of my office you can begin to understand the impact these relationships have upon your view of yourself and others. Thoroughly we will understand how your mind interprets and reacts to events and people. Knowledge brings awareness, and awareness creates opportunity for positive change. I have a calm gentle approach that gives you the space you need to explore your full range of emotional experiences.
(310) 751-7058 View (310) 751-7058
Photo of Becky White, Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Becky White
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
McLaughlin, Los Angeles, CA 90066
I am the Founder and Director of Root to Rise Therapy, a boutique psychotherapy practice that provides couples therapy and individual counseling in a warm, accepting space. As a highly trained psychotherapist and relationship counselor located in the heart of Culver City, California, my passion is helping individuals, couples, and families to create relationships and lives that they love. I believe that healthy relationships start with you and that in order to serve the people that we love most, we first have to learn to take care of ourselves!
I am the Founder and Director of Root to Rise Therapy, a boutique psychotherapy practice that provides couples therapy and individual counseling in a warm, accepting space. As a highly trained psychotherapist and relationship counselor located in the heart of Culver City, California, my passion is helping individuals, couples, and families to create relationships and lives that they love. I believe that healthy relationships start with you and that in order to serve the people that we love most, we first have to learn to take care of ourselves!
(310) 627-2660 View (310) 627-2660
Photo of Jessica 'gonji' Lee, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Jessica 'gonji' Lee
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Online Only
I work with people to claim internal power, and to take charge of your own story, regardless of your age. I have a special passion working with teens and families as you navigate the unpredictable terrain of school, relationships, and identity development. I have worked extensively with youth, adults, and qtiBIPOC folks on life transitions, anxiety, depression, trauma, and relationship issues. I have a neurodivergent framework to understand how our neurotypes impact our lives. My style of therapy is not passive, we will set concrete goals and I'll help you build the skills to achieve them.
I work with people to claim internal power, and to take charge of your own story, regardless of your age. I have a special passion working with teens and families as you navigate the unpredictable terrain of school, relationships, and identity development. I have worked extensively with youth, adults, and qtiBIPOC folks on life transitions, anxiety, depression, trauma, and relationship issues. I have a neurodivergent framework to understand how our neurotypes impact our lives. My style of therapy is not passive, we will set concrete goals and I'll help you build the skills to achieve them.
(213) 325-1393 View (213) 325-1393
Photo of Sandra Slater, Psychologist, PsyD
Sandra Slater
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Online Only
As a Clinical Psychologist, I have worked with individuals from all walks of life. I have learned that respect and compassion are the cornerstones of successful therapy and I strive to bring these components to every encounter with my clients. I have vast experience treating depressive disorders, anxiety, adjustment disorder, and women's issues among others. As a veteran and prior active-duty provider, I am well versed in issues pertaining to military life including PTSD, adjustment disorders and stress related to PCS, retirement and separation.
As a Clinical Psychologist, I have worked with individuals from all walks of life. I have learned that respect and compassion are the cornerstones of successful therapy and I strive to bring these components to every encounter with my clients. I have vast experience treating depressive disorders, anxiety, adjustment disorder, and women's issues among others. As a veteran and prior active-duty provider, I am well versed in issues pertaining to military life including PTSD, adjustment disorders and stress related to PCS, retirement and separation.
(310) 774-0472 View (310) 774-0472
Photo of Donna Cretcher, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Donna Cretcher
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Online Only
Hello, my name is Donna Cohen Cretcher, and I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker I believe life is a journey and everyone has their personal challenges. I enjoy the experience of understanding you and helping you. I am an active participant in sessions by asking questions to fully understand who you are and how best to support you. I individualize your treatment based on what you want, need and who you are. I see myself as a coach to support you in obtaining your goals and a sense of wellness in your life.
Hello, my name is Donna Cohen Cretcher, and I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker I believe life is a journey and everyone has their personal challenges. I enjoy the experience of understanding you and helping you. I am an active participant in sessions by asking questions to fully understand who you are and how best to support you. I individualize your treatment based on what you want, need and who you are. I see myself as a coach to support you in obtaining your goals and a sense of wellness in your life.
(424) 484-4665 View (424) 484-4665
Photo of Kalie Pham, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, AMFT
Kalie Pham
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, AMFT
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
McLaughlin, Los Angeles, CA 90066
Together, we'll work on reshaping your relationship with yourself, processing past experiences and discovering how they impact your current story, rewriting beliefs that may be keeping you stuck, and deciding how to move forward intentionally.
Together, we'll work on reshaping your relationship with yourself, processing past experiences and discovering how they impact your current story, rewriting beliefs that may be keeping you stuck, and deciding how to move forward intentionally.
(424) 667-4873 View (424) 667-4873
Photo of Melissa Pottash, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Melissa Pottash
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Online Only
Are you feeling overwhelmed by day to day challenges? Do you find yourself struggling with feelings or patterns that seem to stem from your past experiences? I provide a safe, supportive space for individuals seeking to navigate their emotions and experiences. I specialize in college mental health, and enjoy helping young adults navigate life transitions. I also have experience working with survivors of trauma, and am particularly passionate about helping people work through developmental and childhood trauma.
Are you feeling overwhelmed by day to day challenges? Do you find yourself struggling with feelings or patterns that seem to stem from your past experiences? I provide a safe, supportive space for individuals seeking to navigate their emotions and experiences. I specialize in college mental health, and enjoy helping young adults navigate life transitions. I also have experience working with survivors of trauma, and am particularly passionate about helping people work through developmental and childhood trauma.
(310) 706-2996 View (310) 706-2996
Photo of Meryl Irene Haviva Haggege, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA
Meryl Irene Haviva Haggege
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Online Only
In my work as a therapist, I hold space from a place of deep love, care and respect. I aspire to channel a grounding, loving and playful energy that can guide you through your experiences, no matter how overwhelming and challenging. I trust your inner healer and hold a non-judgmental and warm space where you can have your own experiences without needing to change anything. I approach the process of therapy as collaboration and exploration. Together, we can work towards your vision of growth and healing.
In my work as a therapist, I hold space from a place of deep love, care and respect. I aspire to channel a grounding, loving and playful energy that can guide you through your experiences, no matter how overwhelming and challenging. I trust your inner healer and hold a non-judgmental and warm space where you can have your own experiences without needing to change anything. I approach the process of therapy as collaboration and exploration. Together, we can work towards your vision of growth and healing.
(310) 356-3722 View (310) 356-3722
Photo of Lindsey Hailston, Psychologist, LCP
Lindsey Hailston
Psychologist, LCP
Verified Verified
Online Only
Hi, I am Dr. Hailston, a licensed Psychologist that also practices as a Forensic Psychologist based in Central California and working with clients statewide via telehealth. I work with adolescents, couples, and adults specializing in anxiety, stress, depression, health and wellness, addiction, life transitions, etc., mostly using Cognitive Behavioral Therapy to help my clients make progress and start feeling better.
Hi, I am Dr. Hailston, a licensed Psychologist that also practices as a Forensic Psychologist based in Central California and working with clients statewide via telehealth. I work with adolescents, couples, and adults specializing in anxiety, stress, depression, health and wellness, addiction, life transitions, etc., mostly using Cognitive Behavioral Therapy to help my clients make progress and start feeling better.
(424) 349-4506 View (424) 349-4506
Photo of Gina Gregory, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Gina Gregory
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
McLaughlin, Los Angeles, CA 90066
Often times we get stuck in patterns related to our thoughts or behaviors that get in the way of us getting to where we want to go. These patterns can worsen symptoms of anxiety, depression and at times, interfere with our relationships and overarching goals. Through a collaborative approach, I aim at helping you explore your own motivation to take meaningful steps in creating the life you want to live by examining these patterns.
Often times we get stuck in patterns related to our thoughts or behaviors that get in the way of us getting to where we want to go. These patterns can worsen symptoms of anxiety, depression and at times, interfere with our relationships and overarching goals. Through a collaborative approach, I aim at helping you explore your own motivation to take meaningful steps in creating the life you want to live by examining these patterns.
(424) 251-5515 View (424) 251-5515
Photo of Giovanni Garcia, Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Giovanni Garcia
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Online Only
Hello, I'm Giovanni Garcia, a licensed marriage and family therapist with a passion for supporting individuals and families in their journey toward healing and growth. With seven years of experience in community mental health, I've developed specialties in trauma work, grief and loss, and relationship issues, and I am certified in trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy. My approach is centered around a humanistic and client-centered philosophy, recognizing that every individual is unique and constantly evolving.
Hello, I'm Giovanni Garcia, a licensed marriage and family therapist with a passion for supporting individuals and families in their journey toward healing and growth. With seven years of experience in community mental health, I've developed specialties in trauma work, grief and loss, and relationship issues, and I am certified in trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy. My approach is centered around a humanistic and client-centered philosophy, recognizing that every individual is unique and constantly evolving.
(424) 447-6556 View (424) 447-6556
Photo of Taylor Galvin, Pre-Licensed Professional, ASW
Taylor Galvin
Pre-Licensed Professional, ASW
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
McLaughlin, Los Angeles, CA 90066
Let’s be honest: No one told us life would be this hard. You don't have to do this alone. As your therapist, I'm committed to creating a unique plan for your needs, all while integrating evidence-based techniques. I understand the vital importance of having someone on your team and the healing power of true connection. Whether you're facing challenges in relationships, struggling with anxiety or depression, grieving a loved one, or simply seeking personal development, I am here to provide a supportive & empathetic space for transformation. Let's take the first step toward your brighter future, together. In Culver City or Virtual
Let’s be honest: No one told us life would be this hard. You don't have to do this alone. As your therapist, I'm committed to creating a unique plan for your needs, all while integrating evidence-based techniques. I understand the vital importance of having someone on your team and the healing power of true connection. Whether you're facing challenges in relationships, struggling with anxiety or depression, grieving a loved one, or simply seeking personal development, I am here to provide a supportive & empathetic space for transformation. Let's take the first step toward your brighter future, together. In Culver City or Virtual
(310) 356-9434 View (310) 356-9434
Photo of Christina Harrison, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Christina Harrison
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Online Only
My primary goal in working in mental health is to put myself out of a job. Given that each of us intrinsically know what we need to heal and grow, my approach to psychotherapy is to couple your expertise of being you–your reality and lived experiences–with my skillset, in order to collaboratively work towards achieving your goals. Through a culturally-affirming and healing-centered stance, I utilize evidence-based treatments to facilitate our work.
My primary goal in working in mental health is to put myself out of a job. Given that each of us intrinsically know what we need to heal and grow, my approach to psychotherapy is to couple your expertise of being you–your reality and lived experiences–with my skillset, in order to collaboratively work towards achieving your goals. Through a culturally-affirming and healing-centered stance, I utilize evidence-based treatments to facilitate our work.
(213) 577-1540 View (213) 577-1540
Photo of Ariadna A Armenta, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Ariadna A Armenta
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Online Only
I believe in the healing power of connection and community. The decision to engage in mental health services is a radical act of self-care and hope for a better future. When we work towards understanding and healing ourselves, we also lay the foundation for understanding and healing our relationships and communities. My primary goal as a therapist is to meet you where you are and utilize my skill set to collaboratively work towards achieving your goals. Think of me as your emotional and psychological guide helping you discover, map, and interpret your inner landscape to better understand your thoughts, emotions, and behaviors.
I believe in the healing power of connection and community. The decision to engage in mental health services is a radical act of self-care and hope for a better future. When we work towards understanding and healing ourselves, we also lay the foundation for understanding and healing our relationships and communities. My primary goal as a therapist is to meet you where you are and utilize my skill set to collaboratively work towards achieving your goals. Think of me as your emotional and psychological guide helping you discover, map, and interpret your inner landscape to better understand your thoughts, emotions, and behaviors.
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Photo of Monica Guggenheim, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Monica Guggenheim
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
McLaughlin, Los Angeles, CA 90066
The last couple of years have thrown a wrench in the life we once had. The coping skills that worked aren't helping as much. Our ability to socialize and engage in self-care as we knew it has come with some mental resistance or a twinge of anxiety. Now that we are learning to adjust to life during and after the pandemic, the stressful experiences can still feel overwhelming. Regardless of whether you are in crisis or dealing with a persistent concern, you're here because you are ready to feel better. I would like to help you with that.
The last couple of years have thrown a wrench in the life we once had. The coping skills that worked aren't helping as much. Our ability to socialize and engage in self-care as we knew it has come with some mental resistance or a twinge of anxiety. Now that we are learning to adjust to life during and after the pandemic, the stressful experiences can still feel overwhelming. Regardless of whether you are in crisis or dealing with a persistent concern, you're here because you are ready to feel better. I would like to help you with that.
(424) 373-3924 View (424) 373-3924
Photo of Michelle Y. Urizar, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Michelle Y. Urizar
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Online Only
Achieving peace of mind is a worthwhile goal. I tailor therapeutic strategies to your individual unique needs. I work from a trauma-responsive, strengths-based, and client-centered approach while balancing practical strategies you can walk away with. Newly or self-diagnosed? I can help you navigate anxiety, depression, ADHD, trauma, grief and loss, family & relationship issues, as well as employment and student stressors. I support in areas of maternal MH, foster care and adoption, and in an LGBTQ+ -affirming environment. I also offer clinical supervision and have many years experience supervising associates gathering BBS hours.
Achieving peace of mind is a worthwhile goal. I tailor therapeutic strategies to your individual unique needs. I work from a trauma-responsive, strengths-based, and client-centered approach while balancing practical strategies you can walk away with. Newly or self-diagnosed? I can help you navigate anxiety, depression, ADHD, trauma, grief and loss, family & relationship issues, as well as employment and student stressors. I support in areas of maternal MH, foster care and adoption, and in an LGBTQ+ -affirming environment. I also offer clinical supervision and have many years experience supervising associates gathering BBS hours.
(424) 433-4496 View (424) 433-4496
Photo of Sophia Rodriguez, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA, AMFT
Sophia Rodriguez
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA, AMFT
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
McLaughlin, Los Angeles, CA 90066
I'm happy you're here! Life can be challenging, and it's normal to feel lost, discouraged, or in need of support at times. As an EMDR-trained Associate Marriage and Family Therapist, I specialize in working with trauma, grief, anxiety, identity development, and relationship issues. I believe our past experiences interact with one another to create a beautiful mosaic of our identity. I focus on healing past wounds to improve present day experiences and support my clients in creating fulfilling relationships with healthy attachment. I’m curious and passionate to learn about the pieces of your life that contribute to who you are today.
I'm happy you're here! Life can be challenging, and it's normal to feel lost, discouraged, or in need of support at times. As an EMDR-trained Associate Marriage and Family Therapist, I specialize in working with trauma, grief, anxiety, identity development, and relationship issues. I believe our past experiences interact with one another to create a beautiful mosaic of our identity. I focus on healing past wounds to improve present day experiences and support my clients in creating fulfilling relationships with healthy attachment. I’m curious and passionate to learn about the pieces of your life that contribute to who you are today.
(424) 217-3696 View (424) 217-3696
Photo of Kristin F Jones, Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, MA, LMFT
Kristin F Jones
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Online Only
How does your need for certainty play out? Does it force you to try to predict? Does it persuade you to declare things that you don't actually know? Perhaps the need for certainty is powerful enough to rob you of genuine moments with loved ones or with yourself. Research finds that people who take risks (those who step into the unknown) are happier than those who merely reach for reward or gratification. Why? Because healthy risk-taking has rewards sewn into the experience when we authentically try. It builds skills in self-advocacy, self-love and self-worth.
How does your need for certainty play out? Does it force you to try to predict? Does it persuade you to declare things that you don't actually know? Perhaps the need for certainty is powerful enough to rob you of genuine moments with loved ones or with yourself. Research finds that people who take risks (those who step into the unknown) are happier than those who merely reach for reward or gratification. Why? Because healthy risk-taking has rewards sewn into the experience when we authentically try. It builds skills in self-advocacy, self-love and self-worth.
(323) 422-2036 View (323) 422-2036
Photo of Nunilo Cambel, Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Nunilo Cambel
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Online Only
Are you feeling overwhelmed, stressed, or stuck in your life? Are you dealing with relationship issues or challenges at home, school, or work? My name is Nuni, and I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist with over 10 years of experience helping people who are experiencing issues like depression, anxiety, and stress. My foundation is Client-centered, which means that I believe that clients and therapists are equal partners in the therapeutic process.
Are you feeling overwhelmed, stressed, or stuck in your life? Are you dealing with relationship issues or challenges at home, school, or work? My name is Nuni, and I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist with over 10 years of experience helping people who are experiencing issues like depression, anxiety, and stress. My foundation is Client-centered, which means that I believe that clients and therapists are equal partners in the therapeutic process.
(310) 870-3081 View (310) 870-3081
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How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in McLaughlin, Los Angeles, CA

200+

Average cost per session

$180

Therapists in McLaughlin, Los Angeles, CA who prioritize treating:

97% Anxiety
93% Depression
87% Relationship Issues
72% Trauma and PTSD
71% Grief
71% Stress
71% Life Transitions

Average years in practice

14 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

77% Cigna and Evernorth
76% Aetna
59% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in McLaughlin, Los Angeles, CA see their clients

53% Online Only
47% In Person and Online

Gender breakdown

88% Female
11% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in McLaughlin, Los Angeles?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.