Therapists in Los Angeles, CA

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Photo of Shalyse Jensen, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Shalyse Jensen
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Los Angeles, CA 91335
I am Licensed as a Clinical Social Worker and love working one on one with my clients to figure out how to best meet their mental health goals. I use multiple techniques and methodologies, tailoring the therapeutic experience to your unique needs. I welcome feedback as part of the journey to make sure you are getting the help you are looking for; this is your therapy after all! I have expertise in working with adults of all ages and teens/children, primarily with depression, anxiety, life transition struggles and/or relationship challenges. I look forward to working with you!
I am Licensed as a Clinical Social Worker and love working one on one with my clients to figure out how to best meet their mental health goals. I use multiple techniques and methodologies, tailoring the therapeutic experience to your unique needs. I welcome feedback as part of the journey to make sure you are getting the help you are looking for; this is your therapy after all! I have expertise in working with adults of all ages and teens/children, primarily with depression, anxiety, life transition struggles and/or relationship challenges. I look forward to working with you!
(818) 938-8591 View (818) 938-8591
Photo of Dr. Euna Oh - Dr Euna Oh Psychological Services, APC, PhD, Psychologist
Dr Euna Oh Psychological Services, APC
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Los Angeles, CA 90025  (Online Only)
We all have emotional needs to feel understood, accepted, and validated by others. However, seeking support may be more challenging to some of us because of different cultural and ethnic backgrounds, language differences, religious reasons, or other minority status. I went through similar challenges and I have a great passion toward working with people who feel isolated, misunderstood, and disenfranchised. My heart especially goes out to immigrants, racial and ethnic minorities, and international students, although I enjoy working with anyone who has the courage to seek help.
We all have emotional needs to feel understood, accepted, and validated by others. However, seeking support may be more challenging to some of us because of different cultural and ethnic backgrounds, language differences, religious reasons, or other minority status. I went through similar challenges and I have a great passion toward working with people who feel isolated, misunderstood, and disenfranchised. My heart especially goes out to immigrants, racial and ethnic minorities, and international students, although I enjoy working with anyone who has the courage to seek help.
(310) 620-1387 View (310) 620-1387
Photo of Betty Nourparvar, LCSW, SEP, EMDR, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Betty Nourparvar
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, SEP, EMDR
Verified Verified
Los Angeles, CA 90048
Welcome! Therapy can be a profound journey of transformation. It is my goal to create a safe, non-judgmental therapeutic environment where my clients have the opportunity to explore their thoughts, feelings, and behaviors in order to gain the insight needed to make lasting changes. I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker who has been practicing in the mental health field for over 15 years and have acquired formal training in a variety of settings, including community mental health centers, outpatient psychiatric clinics, Community-Based Adult Services programs and school settings.
Welcome! Therapy can be a profound journey of transformation. It is my goal to create a safe, non-judgmental therapeutic environment where my clients have the opportunity to explore their thoughts, feelings, and behaviors in order to gain the insight needed to make lasting changes. I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker who has been practicing in the mental health field for over 15 years and have acquired formal training in a variety of settings, including community mental health centers, outpatient psychiatric clinics, Community-Based Adult Services programs and school settings.
(424) 352-8902 View (424) 352-8902
Photo of Taz Morgan, MA, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Taz Morgan
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
6 Endorsed
Los Angeles, CA 90041
In my experience, psychotherapy can be a home for the doubts, questions, and dreams that may otherwise be relegated to the shadows. I see my role as an empathic companion as a well as an active guide who creates a safe base from which to walk on paths less trodden. The people that I work with often start this process with the sense that something is "off" or the fear that they are either "too much" or "not enough." And along the way, they gain clarity and compassion.
In my experience, psychotherapy can be a home for the doubts, questions, and dreams that may otherwise be relegated to the shadows. I see my role as an empathic companion as a well as an active guide who creates a safe base from which to walk on paths less trodden. The people that I work with often start this process with the sense that something is "off" or the fear that they are either "too much" or "not enough." And along the way, they gain clarity and compassion.
(323) 641-4905 View (323) 641-4905
Photo of Ricardo Patrick Peña, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Ricardo Patrick Peña
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Los Angeles, CA 90071  (Online Only)
My focus is to support individuals heal, energize, and become aware of their inner strengths. By centering the mind-body-being connection, I have a holistic approach with my clients to help create an individualized treatment plan that works best for them. I am dedicated to providing a space that is warm, compassionate and accessible, where you feel safe to explore the ways in which you can build a more fulfilling life.
My focus is to support individuals heal, energize, and become aware of their inner strengths. By centering the mind-body-being connection, I have a holistic approach with my clients to help create an individualized treatment plan that works best for them. I am dedicated to providing a space that is warm, compassionate and accessible, where you feel safe to explore the ways in which you can build a more fulfilling life.
(323) 667-7714 View (323) 667-7714
Photo of Nina Marikian, AMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate
Nina Marikian
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, AMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Los Angeles, CA 90036  (Online Only)
Emotional disconnection, infidelity, sex related issues. These are my specialities. Whether you are feeling disconnected from your partner and are unsure of what to do. Or maybe you’re struggling with a desire discrepancy around sex and every conversation turns into an argument. Perhaps you’ve experience infidelity and have no idea how, or if, you can recover. Whatever relationship challenges you’re experiencing, you’re not alone. Imagine having a relationship that is safe and secure. Envision a sex life that is satisfying and connected. These aren’t far off possibilities. Together we can work together to make them your reality.
Emotional disconnection, infidelity, sex related issues. These are my specialities. Whether you are feeling disconnected from your partner and are unsure of what to do. Or maybe you’re struggling with a desire discrepancy around sex and every conversation turns into an argument. Perhaps you’ve experience infidelity and have no idea how, or if, you can recover. Whatever relationship challenges you’re experiencing, you’re not alone. Imagine having a relationship that is safe and secure. Envision a sex life that is satisfying and connected. These aren’t far off possibilities. Together we can work together to make them your reality.
(424) 622-8124 View (424) 622-8124
Photo of Soroce King, APCC
Soroce King
Associate Professional Clinical Counselor, APCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Los Angeles, CA 90012
Do you feel burdened by shame, depression, anxiety, and emotional turmoil? Have you struggled to find acceptance or understanding in your family or felt the sting of judgment from society? As a queer African American male, I understand the fear of judgment and the struggle to validate your own experiences. My journey, filled with challenges and self-discovery, has deeply influenced my decision to become a therapist. Helping others navigate their path to self-acceptance and healing is my passion.
Do you feel burdened by shame, depression, anxiety, and emotional turmoil? Have you struggled to find acceptance or understanding in your family or felt the sting of judgment from society? As a queer African American male, I understand the fear of judgment and the struggle to validate your own experiences. My journey, filled with challenges and self-discovery, has deeply influenced my decision to become a therapist. Helping others navigate their path to self-acceptance and healing is my passion.
(323) 366-3752 View (323) 366-3752
Photo of Rahel Schmid-Price, LCP, Psychologist
Rahel Schmid-Price
Psychologist, LCP
Verified Verified
Los Angeles, CA 90033
Hi, I am Dr. Rahel Price, a licensed clinical psychologist with over 20 years of experience providing mental health services to diverse populations in a variety of community and forensic settings. The main focus areas of my current practice include trauma, stress, PTSD, depression, anxiety, suicidal ideation, and self-harm. I work collaboratively with my clients to help them identify the goals they want to work towards in therapy. These goals can shift and be built on throughout the therapy process.
Hi, I am Dr. Rahel Price, a licensed clinical psychologist with over 20 years of experience providing mental health services to diverse populations in a variety of community and forensic settings. The main focus areas of my current practice include trauma, stress, PTSD, depression, anxiety, suicidal ideation, and self-harm. I work collaboratively with my clients to help them identify the goals they want to work towards in therapy. These goals can shift and be built on throughout the therapy process.
(323) 593-4830 View (323) 593-4830
Photo of Oliver Viboolkij - Oliver Viboolkij & Associates, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Oliver Viboolkij & Associates
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Los Angeles, CA 90048
Unlike psychiatry where medication is prescribed to prevent your feelings from being experienced, my practice is focused on understanding what our symptoms are telling us with the intent to implement personal change within ourselves and/or our environments. Professionally bringing our attention to psychological symptoms puts us in direct contact with conflicts we may not be aware of, which enables us to make conscious-informed choices.
Unlike psychiatry where medication is prescribed to prevent your feelings from being experienced, my practice is focused on understanding what our symptoms are telling us with the intent to implement personal change within ourselves and/or our environments. Professionally bringing our attention to psychological symptoms puts us in direct contact with conflicts we may not be aware of, which enables us to make conscious-informed choices.
(323) 430-9062 View (323) 430-9062
Photo of Julia Xiao-Rodriguez, MA, Pre-Licensed Professional
Julia Xiao-Rodriguez
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA
Verified Verified
Los Angeles, CA 90025
Julia Xiao-Rodriguez provides supervised evidence-based cognitive behavioral therapies (CBTs) for children, adolescents, and young adults with complex diagnostic presentations, including co-occurring anxiety, mood, personality, substance use and eating disorders. She specializes in delivering Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) for high-risk, suicidal, and self-harming youth and their families. She is especially interested in walking alongside parents as they navigate parenting challenges and collaboration with providers. Julia is committed to providing identity-informed, culturally responsive and values-based interventions.
Julia Xiao-Rodriguez provides supervised evidence-based cognitive behavioral therapies (CBTs) for children, adolescents, and young adults with complex diagnostic presentations, including co-occurring anxiety, mood, personality, substance use and eating disorders. She specializes in delivering Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) for high-risk, suicidal, and self-harming youth and their families. She is especially interested in walking alongside parents as they navigate parenting challenges and collaboration with providers. Julia is committed to providing identity-informed, culturally responsive and values-based interventions.
(424) 401-5795 View (424) 401-5795
Photo of Heidi Liese Edsall, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Heidi Liese Edsall
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Los Angeles, CA 90026
I'm very body-centered, drawing on trauma-informed modalities adapted for Zoom, my office, or a ranch north of Burbank through equine-assisted therapy! My work aims for less thinking and more feeling, inviting the intuition of your body to lead the way. We'll use mindfulness to access the wisdom of your subconscious and heal wounded patterns at the source through gentle sensory and energetic explorations of feelings, experiences, belief systems, and relationships. The result is... letting go of results! And cultivating loving connection with yourself. If you crave holistic, experiential, artistic therapy my approach may be for you.
I'm very body-centered, drawing on trauma-informed modalities adapted for Zoom, my office, or a ranch north of Burbank through equine-assisted therapy! My work aims for less thinking and more feeling, inviting the intuition of your body to lead the way. We'll use mindfulness to access the wisdom of your subconscious and heal wounded patterns at the source through gentle sensory and energetic explorations of feelings, experiences, belief systems, and relationships. The result is... letting go of results! And cultivating loving connection with yourself. If you crave holistic, experiential, artistic therapy my approach may be for you.
(818) 918-3368 View (818) 918-3368
Photo of Paul Oberon, PsyD, Psychologist
Paul Oberon
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Los Angeles, CA 90036  (Online Only)
Are you hurting or feeling lost and stuck? Do you feel depressed or anxious too much of the time?. Are you having difficulty talking to others about your feelings, doubts, insecurities, and fears? Personal growth takes time and effort and collaboration, I create a safe and trusting relationship, and together, we will work to improve your self-acceptance and self-worth. I will empower you with the tools to make changes within yourself and to encourage shifts in the way you think, so that you can live a more authentic, courageous, and meaningful life.
Are you hurting or feeling lost and stuck? Do you feel depressed or anxious too much of the time?. Are you having difficulty talking to others about your feelings, doubts, insecurities, and fears? Personal growth takes time and effort and collaboration, I create a safe and trusting relationship, and together, we will work to improve your self-acceptance and self-worth. I will empower you with the tools to make changes within yourself and to encourage shifts in the way you think, so that you can live a more authentic, courageous, and meaningful life.
(323) 498-1965 View (323) 498-1965
Photo of Feel Understood Couples Counseling - Feel Understood Couples Counseling, MS, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Feel Understood Couples Counseling
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Los Angeles, CA 90027
Is your relationship feeling hopelessly stuck in conflict? You might find yourselves trapped in repeating patterns. You know communication should be improved somehow. Maybe you don’t spend enough time together. You could be avoiding each other because of past hurts you'd rather not bring up, or personal differences you've been struggling to address. You're likely not feeling as supported you could be. If any of this resonates with you, I'm a trained couples therapist here to help.
Is your relationship feeling hopelessly stuck in conflict? You might find yourselves trapped in repeating patterns. You know communication should be improved somehow. Maybe you don’t spend enough time together. You could be avoiding each other because of past hurts you'd rather not bring up, or personal differences you've been struggling to address. You're likely not feeling as supported you could be. If any of this resonates with you, I'm a trained couples therapist here to help.
(213) 699-4931 View (213) 699-4931
Photo of John Anthony Pappas, MSW, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
John Anthony Pappas
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Los Angeles, CA 90039  (Online Only)
I am an empathic, insightful and down-to-earth therapist experienced in assisting and supporting individuals and couples experiencing problems associated with Mood, Anxiety, Relationships, Life Changes and Substance Abuse. I offer a holistic approach to psychotherapy; assisting my clients' in reducing symptoms related to their problems, prevention of more serious problems, and resolution of conflicts. I elicit my clients' strengths and foster an environment of growth and awareness.
I am an empathic, insightful and down-to-earth therapist experienced in assisting and supporting individuals and couples experiencing problems associated with Mood, Anxiety, Relationships, Life Changes and Substance Abuse. I offer a holistic approach to psychotherapy; assisting my clients' in reducing symptoms related to their problems, prevention of more serious problems, and resolution of conflicts. I elicit my clients' strengths and foster an environment of growth and awareness.
(323) 647-4154 View (323) 647-4154
Photo of Lynn Steinberg, PhD, Marriage & Family Therapist
Lynn Steinberg
Marriage & Family Therapist, PhD
Verified Verified
Los Angeles, CA 90020
Dr. Steinberg has worked in institutional settings with adults and adolescents. She has been in Private Practice since 1984. During that time, she has specialized in working with all kinds of abuse issues and become an expert in the treatment of sexual abuse. She has worked with individuals, couples, and families. Throughout this time, she worked with depression and anxiety, PTSD, and personality disorders.
Dr. Steinberg has worked in institutional settings with adults and adolescents. She has been in Private Practice since 1984. During that time, she has specialized in working with all kinds of abuse issues and become an expert in the treatment of sexual abuse. She has worked with individuals, couples, and families. Throughout this time, she worked with depression and anxiety, PTSD, and personality disorders.
(323) 621-3175 View (323) 621-3175
Photo of Boris Ruiz, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Boris Ruiz
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Los Angeles, CA 90071  (Online Only)
Hi, I am Boris. I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW). I have been practicing for the past 7 years. In your unique life journey, you have navigated a path full of diverse experiences, challenges, and triumphs. Your story is a testament to your resilience and the growth that has emerged from your personal adventures. Throughout your life, you have embraced the power of self-discovery, learning, and transformation.
Hi, I am Boris. I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW). I have been practicing for the past 7 years. In your unique life journey, you have navigated a path full of diverse experiences, challenges, and triumphs. Your story is a testament to your resilience and the growth that has emerged from your personal adventures. Throughout your life, you have embraced the power of self-discovery, learning, and transformation.
(562) 564-6531 View (562) 564-6531
Photo of Bonnie Silverman, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Bonnie Silverman
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Los Angeles, CA 90025  (Online Only)
If you are depressed, anxious, having relationship or work difficulties, I will help you with my warm, compassionate and active approach. I will actively listen to you, strive to truly understand you, lead you in self discovery, and support you in experiencing emotions. Together we will explore your personal history and background, gain insights, and recognize patterns in feelings and behavior that may be troubling you. Therapy will help you feel more in control of your life. If you are a couple, I will help you express yourselves honestly, listen actively, and agree on goals.
If you are depressed, anxious, having relationship or work difficulties, I will help you with my warm, compassionate and active approach. I will actively listen to you, strive to truly understand you, lead you in self discovery, and support you in experiencing emotions. Together we will explore your personal history and background, gain insights, and recognize patterns in feelings and behavior that may be troubling you. Therapy will help you feel more in control of your life. If you are a couple, I will help you express yourselves honestly, listen actively, and agree on goals.
(424) 484-5584 View (424) 484-5584
Photo of Ashley Castro, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Ashley Castro
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Los Angeles, CA 90027
Hello! I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker based in California. Are you trying to recover from trauma? Having relationship issues? Struggle with Depression and Anxiety? I am here for you. I have held many different hats through my social work experience allowing my true passions to emerge. I have experience working with individuals with a history of trauma, depression, anxiety, low self-esteem, relationship issues, parenting skills, career burnout, and grief. Healing their trauma can heal other parts of their lives as well.
Hello! I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker based in California. Are you trying to recover from trauma? Having relationship issues? Struggle with Depression and Anxiety? I am here for you. I have held many different hats through my social work experience allowing my true passions to emerge. I have experience working with individuals with a history of trauma, depression, anxiety, low self-esteem, relationship issues, parenting skills, career burnout, and grief. Healing their trauma can heal other parts of their lives as well.
(213) 894-9547 View (213) 894-9547
Photo of Blair C Smith, MA, MFT, SEP, CGP, Marriage & Family Therapist
Blair C Smith
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, MFT, SEP, CGP
Verified Verified
Los Angeles, CA 90004
(Individuals, Couples & Groups) My practice is a collaborative endeavor where you will develop awareness & gain insight about yourself, your relationships, and the obstacles preventing you from leading a satisfying & productive life. It is through our relationships that growth and healing take place. My goal is to create a supportive, encouraging, and meaningfully challenging setting for you to process and re-frame your issues whether they are personal or professional. You will learn how to self regulate, cultivate mindfulness, identify your needs, and gather tools to restore your capacity for intimacy, love, and happiness.
(Individuals, Couples & Groups) My practice is a collaborative endeavor where you will develop awareness & gain insight about yourself, your relationships, and the obstacles preventing you from leading a satisfying & productive life. It is through our relationships that growth and healing take place. My goal is to create a supportive, encouraging, and meaningfully challenging setting for you to process and re-frame your issues whether they are personal or professional. You will learn how to self regulate, cultivate mindfulness, identify your needs, and gather tools to restore your capacity for intimacy, love, and happiness.
(310) 388-5787 View (310) 388-5787
Photo of Patricia Hawk, LPCC
Patricia Hawk
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, LPCC
Verified Verified
Los Angeles, CA 90071  (Online Only)
Hi!, I'm a licensed LPPC therapist in the state of California with 35 years of experience.
Hi!, I'm a licensed LPPC therapist in the state of California with 35 years of experience.
(562) 573-1022 View (562) 573-1022
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How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Los Angeles, CA

3,000+

Average cost per session

$175

Therapists in Los Angeles, CA who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
87% Depression
73% Self Esteem
72% Relationship Issues
67% Trauma and PTSD
66% Coping Skills
62% Stress

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

78% Aetna
67% Cigna and Evernorth
60% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Los Angeles, CA see their clients

53% In Person and Online
47% Online Only

Gender breakdown

78% Female
21% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Los Angeles?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.