Therapists in Irvine, CA

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Photo of Arash Shahangian, LMFT, CHT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Arash Shahangian
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, CHT
Verified Verified
Irvine, CA 92620
Nobody is broken. We all have challenges and areas where we need to grow, and it takes bravery to face those aspects of ourselves that require growth. Being truly seen and truly heard make a world of difference in accelerating that process. I have over 20 years' experience and am adept at holding space with empathy, love, and compassion. My style is sincere, warm, and engaging with a facility for attuning to my clients and their struggles. I’m here to shine light with you and to provide a safe container to express and experience what needs to be seen, felt, or released. I also offer clinical supervision to therapist interns.
Nobody is broken. We all have challenges and areas where we need to grow, and it takes bravery to face those aspects of ourselves that require growth. Being truly seen and truly heard make a world of difference in accelerating that process. I have over 20 years' experience and am adept at holding space with empathy, love, and compassion. My style is sincere, warm, and engaging with a facility for attuning to my clients and their struggles. I’m here to shine light with you and to provide a safe container to express and experience what needs to be seen, felt, or released. I also offer clinical supervision to therapist interns.
(657) 245-4591 View (657) 245-4591
Photo of Rethel Gill, PsyD, Psychologist
Rethel Gill
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Irvine, CA 92614  (Online Only)
I am a psychodynamically trained psychologist. I also believe in using an integrated approach when helping someone to understand the how and why of what got them to this point in their life. I have found that an integrative approach to therapy works best. If a client has a non-Western approach to coping with life issues, that can be integrated into the treatment. I adapt my approach to what is best suited for you the client. It is my goal to build a therapeutic relationship with you by creating a safe and healing environment where you feel safe to explore your thoughts, feelings, and emotions.
I am a psychodynamically trained psychologist. I also believe in using an integrated approach when helping someone to understand the how and why of what got them to this point in their life. I have found that an integrative approach to therapy works best. If a client has a non-Western approach to coping with life issues, that can be integrated into the treatment. I adapt my approach to what is best suited for you the client. It is my goal to build a therapeutic relationship with you by creating a safe and healing environment where you feel safe to explore your thoughts, feelings, and emotions.
(415) 358-3023 View (415) 358-3023
Photo of Nichole Hydaryacil, PsyD, MA, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Nichole Hydaryacil
Marriage & Family Therapist, PsyD, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Irvine, CA 92606
Hi I am Dr. H. I am currently taking new clients. I am Bilingual and a current professor. Are you feeling overwhelmed, anxious, or depressed? Do you have difficulty managing your emotional & mental well-being and want to improve? Are you feeling stuck in taking the next steps in your life? Are you experiencing relationship or family issues? Do you struggle to have heathy relationships? If so, I believe I can help you navigate and overcome these feelings. I believe every person is able to live a well-balanced life. Every person is resilient and capable of reaching his or her life goals. I am here to assist you reach these goals.
Hi I am Dr. H. I am currently taking new clients. I am Bilingual and a current professor. Are you feeling overwhelmed, anxious, or depressed? Do you have difficulty managing your emotional & mental well-being and want to improve? Are you feeling stuck in taking the next steps in your life? Are you experiencing relationship or family issues? Do you struggle to have heathy relationships? If so, I believe I can help you navigate and overcome these feelings. I believe every person is able to live a well-balanced life. Every person is resilient and capable of reaching his or her life goals. I am here to assist you reach these goals.
(562) 526-1326 View (562) 526-1326
Photo of William Hamilton, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
William Hamilton
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Irvine, CA 92618  (Online Only)
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) currently working with clients statewide in California via telehealth. I have over 12 years of clinical experience treating adults, couples, and adolescents in a variety of settings and have worked extensively with the LGBTQIA+ community. I welcome clients of all sexual orientations and gender identities. Often the clients who seek out my help are experiencing depression, anxiety, overwhelm, low self-esteem, relationship problems, or questioning/exploring their sexual orientation or gender identity. My goal is to help you understand what you want and what's holding you back.
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) currently working with clients statewide in California via telehealth. I have over 12 years of clinical experience treating adults, couples, and adolescents in a variety of settings and have worked extensively with the LGBTQIA+ community. I welcome clients of all sexual orientations and gender identities. Often the clients who seek out my help are experiencing depression, anxiety, overwhelm, low self-esteem, relationship problems, or questioning/exploring their sexual orientation or gender identity. My goal is to help you understand what you want and what's holding you back.
(949) 844-5789 View (949) 844-5789
Photo of Jade Sustacek, LPCC, Counselor
Jade Sustacek
Counselor, LPCC
Verified Verified
Irvine, CA 92620  (Online Only)
If you are an adult struggling with anxiety and stress, self-esteem, sexuality, eating disorders or body image- Lets connect! I believe that having a safe space where you can explore your thoughts, feelings and identity is the foundation to experiencing freedom within yourself. Having a space where you feel empowered and learn practical skills that create positive, long-lasting change in your life rather than just temporary relief.
If you are an adult struggling with anxiety and stress, self-esteem, sexuality, eating disorders or body image- Lets connect! I believe that having a safe space where you can explore your thoughts, feelings and identity is the foundation to experiencing freedom within yourself. Having a space where you feel empowered and learn practical skills that create positive, long-lasting change in your life rather than just temporary relief.
(657) 837-1880 View (657) 837-1880
Photo of Trauma And Anxiety Therapy For Women Adrianna Holness, PhD, Psychologist
Trauma And Anxiety Therapy For Women Adrianna Holness
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Irvine, CA 92612
You wonder who you would be if you didn’t struggle with perfectionism, people-pleasing, anxiety, or negative self-talk. You value friends and family and validate everyone except for yourself, as if your worthiness is an exception to the rule. A lot of doubt and uncertainty comes from not knowing if we are worthy, if we’re leading “worthwhile” lives, if we are good enough to take chances, to state our needs, to show up as ourselves and not who others want, expect, or demand that we be. Before we can ask others to meet our needs, we first have to take the deep dive of figuring out what that looks like for ourselves.
You wonder who you would be if you didn’t struggle with perfectionism, people-pleasing, anxiety, or negative self-talk. You value friends and family and validate everyone except for yourself, as if your worthiness is an exception to the rule. A lot of doubt and uncertainty comes from not knowing if we are worthy, if we’re leading “worthwhile” lives, if we are good enough to take chances, to state our needs, to show up as ourselves and not who others want, expect, or demand that we be. Before we can ask others to meet our needs, we first have to take the deep dive of figuring out what that looks like for ourselves.
(949) 635-4807 View (949) 635-4807
Photo of joshua Eugene Marquez - Mind Thrive Health, Psychologist
Mind Thrive Health
Psychologist
Verified Verified
Irvine, CA 92618
As a Therapy practice we love to help everyone! no matter what the situation is, our purpose is to help anyone struggling during these times!
As a Therapy practice we love to help everyone! no matter what the situation is, our purpose is to help anyone struggling during these times!
(949) 989-5476 View (949) 989-5476
Photo of Randall B. Davis, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Randall B. Davis
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Irvine, CA 92602  (Online Only)
I'm glad that you have taken a minute to look at my listing. I am a Marriage and Family Therapist with a Telehealth practice based in Irvine. I am able to see clients statewide. I began practicing in 1982, first as an Intern and fully licensed (LMFT 19383) since July 1984. My emphasis is on marital and family issues, plus I have a special interest and extensive experience with High Functioning Autism / Asperger's Disorder. I have often found that when we make the relationship our primary focus, the relationship often gets worse. When each of us focuses on becoming who we were designed to be, often the relationship gets better.
I'm glad that you have taken a minute to look at my listing. I am a Marriage and Family Therapist with a Telehealth practice based in Irvine. I am able to see clients statewide. I began practicing in 1982, first as an Intern and fully licensed (LMFT 19383) since July 1984. My emphasis is on marital and family issues, plus I have a special interest and extensive experience with High Functioning Autism / Asperger's Disorder. I have often found that when we make the relationship our primary focus, the relationship often gets worse. When each of us focuses on becoming who we were designed to be, often the relationship gets better.
(951) 397-2167 View (951) 397-2167
Photo of Lori Johnson, PsyD, Psychologist
Lori Johnson
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Irvine, CA 92618
I strongly believe that therapy should be a safe place where anyone can come and talk about their life without judgment or shame. It is a place where everyone can benefit from unconditional empathy, understanding, and grace. I am an outgoing person who is easy to talk to, and I do my best to make the therapeutic process as smooth and understandable as possible. We will go at your pace and create a personalized treatment plan to meet your needs and goals. I strive to help you become self sustaining where you can gain a sense of understanding of what skills you need, why you are utilizing them, and when to utilize the skills learned.
I strongly believe that therapy should be a safe place where anyone can come and talk about their life without judgment or shame. It is a place where everyone can benefit from unconditional empathy, understanding, and grace. I am an outgoing person who is easy to talk to, and I do my best to make the therapeutic process as smooth and understandable as possible. We will go at your pace and create a personalized treatment plan to meet your needs and goals. I strive to help you become self sustaining where you can gain a sense of understanding of what skills you need, why you are utilizing them, and when to utilize the skills learned.
(949) 426-7069 View (949) 426-7069
Photo of Deeann Peterson, MS, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Deeann Peterson
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
Irvine, CA 92612
My goal as a therapist is to help you feel better as quickly as possible. I have years of experience helping individuals, couples, and families with a wide range of issues, including anxiety and depression, marital difficulties, and problems with children/adolescents. Also, I have a strong background in Trauma, Sexual Abuse, Bipolar Disorder, and Borderline Personality Disorder. Please give me a call--I am here to help.
My goal as a therapist is to help you feel better as quickly as possible. I have years of experience helping individuals, couples, and families with a wide range of issues, including anxiety and depression, marital difficulties, and problems with children/adolescents. Also, I have a strong background in Trauma, Sexual Abuse, Bipolar Disorder, and Borderline Personality Disorder. Please give me a call--I am here to help.
(949) 439-3880 View (949) 439-3880
Photo of Dr. Marie Moore, PsyD, Pre-Licensed Professional
Dr. Marie Moore
Pre-Licensed Professional, PsyD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Irvine, CA 92614  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
Are you a woman trying to make sense of life? Being a female has its passions and pitfalls. Physiological and hormonal changes, as well as life stressors can affect our mood at any of our developmental stages. Thus, many of times, making us feel exhausted and unsure of ourselves. Feeling this way does not mean you are losing your mind. It means, you need some assistance in getting past a growing pain in your development, only to emerge with stronger and healthier coping skills.
Are you a woman trying to make sense of life? Being a female has its passions and pitfalls. Physiological and hormonal changes, as well as life stressors can affect our mood at any of our developmental stages. Thus, many of times, making us feel exhausted and unsure of ourselves. Feeling this way does not mean you are losing your mind. It means, you need some assistance in getting past a growing pain in your development, only to emerge with stronger and healthier coping skills.
(949) 383-4540 View (949) 383-4540
Photo of Madeline Godwin, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Madeline Godwin
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Irvine, CA 92614  (Online Only)
I am here to help you embody a way of being that you are nurtured by. Pain and loss are a part of life and my work gives you a space to share and process your story, make meaning in the face of suffering, and move towards healing and growth. We all get stuck, in overwhelming emotions, unwanted behaviors, and destructive patterns in relationships.
I am here to help you embody a way of being that you are nurtured by. Pain and loss are a part of life and my work gives you a space to share and process your story, make meaning in the face of suffering, and move towards healing and growth. We all get stuck, in overwhelming emotions, unwanted behaviors, and destructive patterns in relationships.
(949) 998-3534 View (949) 998-3534
Photo of Karlayren Rojo-Chand, LPCC, Counselor
Karlayren Rojo-Chand
Counselor, LPCC
Verified Verified
Irvine, CA 92612
Accepting new clients! I specialize in working with children, adolescents, and young adults, including BIPOC and LGBTQIA+ individuals. With a trauma-informed lens, I utilize therapeutic modalities such as expressive arts therapy, mindfulness therapy, and cognitive-behavioral therapy. I truly believe in bringing all aspects of the person in to the therapy room (including cultural, family, and socioeconomic influences). I want to learn about you and how to support you, my goal is for you to grow and begin your healing journey whether you are feeling anxious, depressed, confused, or frustrated.
Accepting new clients! I specialize in working with children, adolescents, and young adults, including BIPOC and LGBTQIA+ individuals. With a trauma-informed lens, I utilize therapeutic modalities such as expressive arts therapy, mindfulness therapy, and cognitive-behavioral therapy. I truly believe in bringing all aspects of the person in to the therapy room (including cultural, family, and socioeconomic influences). I want to learn about you and how to support you, my goal is for you to grow and begin your healing journey whether you are feeling anxious, depressed, confused, or frustrated.
(949) 776-0863 View (949) 776-0863
Photo of Michelle Castillo, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Michelle Castillo
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Irvine, CA 92618  (Online Only)
I am a licensed and bilingual Marriage and Family Therapist with over 8 years of experience providing psychotherapy to children, adults and families. I also have experience and currently offer supervision to students and interns in the field. Lastly, I also dedicate some of my time in teaching the future providers of our field as an adjunct professor at Pepperdine University. I have extensive experience in providing evidence-based practices to children, adolescents, adults and families. I have worked in a variety of settings including, outpatient community agencies, county-contracted agencies, schools and hospital setting.
I am a licensed and bilingual Marriage and Family Therapist with over 8 years of experience providing psychotherapy to children, adults and families. I also have experience and currently offer supervision to students and interns in the field. Lastly, I also dedicate some of my time in teaching the future providers of our field as an adjunct professor at Pepperdine University. I have extensive experience in providing evidence-based practices to children, adolescents, adults and families. I have worked in a variety of settings including, outpatient community agencies, county-contracted agencies, schools and hospital setting.
(951) 262-7943 View (951) 262-7943
Photo of Dora Garcia-Shelton, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Dora Garcia-Shelton
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Irvine, CA 92618
I believe therapy is a process of self-discovery and achieving a fulfilling lifestyle. When our lives are out of balance, it can impact our relationships and health. Therapy can help restore that balance. Through collaboration, mindfulness and strength-based support along with utilizing tools for self and relationship improvement and gain insights into your thoughts and behaviors, I will walk alongside you to provide empowerment in order for you to take control of your healing process and confidently present your truest self to the world.
I believe therapy is a process of self-discovery and achieving a fulfilling lifestyle. When our lives are out of balance, it can impact our relationships and health. Therapy can help restore that balance. Through collaboration, mindfulness and strength-based support along with utilizing tools for self and relationship improvement and gain insights into your thoughts and behaviors, I will walk alongside you to provide empowerment in order for you to take control of your healing process and confidently present your truest self to the world.
(949) 991-6715 View (949) 991-6715
Photo of Kiana Sena, MA, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Kiana Sena
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Irvine, CA 92619  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
Welcome, I'm grateful YOU are here... My name is Kiana Sena and I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist (117251) in California. I am a culturally sensitive therapist with a Strengths Based, Psychodynamic, and Cognitive Behavioral approach.
Welcome, I'm grateful YOU are here... My name is Kiana Sena and I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist (117251) in California. I am a culturally sensitive therapist with a Strengths Based, Psychodynamic, and Cognitive Behavioral approach.
(949) 998-3238 View (949) 998-3238
Photo of Shahin Carrigan, PhD, MFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Shahin Carrigan
Marriage & Family Therapist, PhD, MFT
Verified Verified
Irvine, CA 92604  (Online Only)
I have a Ph.D. In Educational Psychology from UCLA, an MS and license in Marriage and Family therapy 20 years of College/University teaching including at UC system, and 20 years of private practice experience! I also specialize in ADHD testing and treatment! One of few therapists offering off-site and remote computerized testing for ADHD diagnosis and treatment for children and adults. ADHD affects not only school performance, but every every other area of life as well, including your work and relationships, such as marriage and parenting. ADHD's co morbidity with depression, anxiety, and panic attacks are well documented.
I have a Ph.D. In Educational Psychology from UCLA, an MS and license in Marriage and Family therapy 20 years of College/University teaching including at UC system, and 20 years of private practice experience! I also specialize in ADHD testing and treatment! One of few therapists offering off-site and remote computerized testing for ADHD diagnosis and treatment for children and adults. ADHD affects not only school performance, but every every other area of life as well, including your work and relationships, such as marriage and parenting. ADHD's co morbidity with depression, anxiety, and panic attacks are well documented.
(949) 881-4706 View (949) 881-4706
Photo of Laurel Salmon, AMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate
Laurel Salmon
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, AMFT
Verified Verified
Irvine, CA 92604
Experiencing anxiety, depression, and trauma can be hard to navigate on one’s own. Through the use of integrative modalities, my goal is to help you find your way so that you can manage symptoms, feel your best, discover who you truly are, and move forward in the direction of your dreams whereby your past no longer holds you back. Using warmth and compassion, I also aim to provide trauma-informed care to discuss your struggles without judgment and safely process unresolved trauma and feelings.
Experiencing anxiety, depression, and trauma can be hard to navigate on one’s own. Through the use of integrative modalities, my goal is to help you find your way so that you can manage symptoms, feel your best, discover who you truly are, and move forward in the direction of your dreams whereby your past no longer holds you back. Using warmth and compassion, I also aim to provide trauma-informed care to discuss your struggles without judgment and safely process unresolved trauma and feelings.
(949) 806-4382 View (949) 806-4382
Photo of Jean Pierre Bravo, LMFT, ATR, Marriage & Family Therapist
Jean Pierre Bravo
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, ATR
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Irvine, CA 92614  (Online Only)
I am both a mental health clinician and the owner of Night Owls Therapy where I aim to help individuals live more in the present moment, challenge their negative thoughts, and be more authentic versions of themselves. I have worked with a wide range of clients from diverse backgrounds in diverse settings and integrate art therapy within my treatment. I treat individuals with anxiety, depression, and trauma.
I am both a mental health clinician and the owner of Night Owls Therapy where I aim to help individuals live more in the present moment, challenge their negative thoughts, and be more authentic versions of themselves. I have worked with a wide range of clients from diverse backgrounds in diverse settings and integrate art therapy within my treatment. I treat individuals with anxiety, depression, and trauma.
View
Photo of Paola Leon, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Paola Leon
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Irvine, CA 92612
My main priority is to establish a secure therapeutic relationship and offer a safe space in where you can feel welcome enough to explore a wide range of emotions. Whether you are feeling anxious, stressed, sad, angry, frustrated or simply feeling “stuck”, I am here to help. I have extensive knowledge and training in working with neurodivergent populations, children, teens, and young adults. I am committed to assist and guide my clients into reaching their full potential through evidence-based techniques.
My main priority is to establish a secure therapeutic relationship and offer a safe space in where you can feel welcome enough to explore a wide range of emotions. Whether you are feeling anxious, stressed, sad, angry, frustrated or simply feeling “stuck”, I am here to help. I have extensive knowledge and training in working with neurodivergent populations, children, teens, and young adults. I am committed to assist and guide my clients into reaching their full potential through evidence-based techniques.
(949) 828-6793 View (949) 828-6793
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How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Irvine, CA

1,000+

Average cost per session

$175

Therapists in Irvine, CA who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
89% Depression
79% Relationship Issues
73% Self Esteem
67% Trauma and PTSD
67% Stress
66% Coping Skills

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

69% Aetna
64% Cigna and Evernorth
51% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Irvine, CA see their clients

68% In Person and Online
32% Online Only

Gender breakdown

80% Female
19% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Irvine?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.