Therapists in Grass Valley, CA

Photo of Sean Merrick, Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Sean Merrick
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
3 Endorsed
Grass Valley, CA 95945
Having a therapist who has experienced trauma, faced life's hardships, & has chosen a path of self-discovery. Provides a level of insight that fosters trust & safety. Which leads the way toward deeper self-understanding & a more healthy, authentic or aligned way of being. This trust & safety, toward self examination, uncovers deep hurts & wisdoms - this is the medicine. This is healing process that activates the courage for change.
Having a therapist who has experienced trauma, faced life's hardships, & has chosen a path of self-discovery. Provides a level of insight that fosters trust & safety. Which leads the way toward deeper self-understanding & a more healthy, authentic or aligned way of being. This trust & safety, toward self examination, uncovers deep hurts & wisdoms - this is the medicine. This is healing process that activates the courage for change.
(530) 429-8148 View (530) 429-8148
Photo of Elaine Johnson, Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, LPCC
Elaine Johnson
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, LPCC
Grass Valley, CA 95945
I am a licensed clinical counselor. I spent many years in social services prior to deciding to go back to school. I approach each client as an individual with unique responses to life and its challenges, and consider myself an ally to all communities. My focus areas are trauma, anxiety, depression, mood disorders, and domestic abuse in adults.
I am a licensed clinical counselor. I spent many years in social services prior to deciding to go back to school. I approach each client as an individual with unique responses to life and its challenges, and consider myself an ally to all communities. My focus areas are trauma, anxiety, depression, mood disorders, and domestic abuse in adults.
(341) 217-4301 View (341) 217-4301
Photo of Dr. Mandy Cisler, Counselor, PhD, LPCC
Dr. Mandy Cisler
Counselor, PhD, LPCC
Online Only
You may look capable on the outside, but inside feel anxious, overwhelmed, or stuck in familiar relationship patterns. You might be used to carrying a lot, people-pleasing, or holding yourself to impossibly high standards — even when it’s costing you. Therapy with me is a space to slow down, understand what’s been shaping these patterns, and work with both your mind and nervous system. Together, we focus on reducing anxiety, strengthening boundaries, and reconnecting with a steadier, more grounded sense of yourself so real, lasting change can take root.
You may look capable on the outside, but inside feel anxious, overwhelmed, or stuck in familiar relationship patterns. You might be used to carrying a lot, people-pleasing, or holding yourself to impossibly high standards — even when it’s costing you. Therapy with me is a space to slow down, understand what’s been shaping these patterns, and work with both your mind and nervous system. Together, we focus on reducing anxiety, strengthening boundaries, and reconnecting with a steadier, more grounded sense of yourself so real, lasting change can take root.
(530) 288-4573 View (530) 288-4573
Photo of Steve Navisky - Support and Solutions, Steve Navisky, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Support and Solutions, Steve Navisky, LMFT
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Online Only
PERSONAL STATEMENT Clear communication, taking risks and responsibility for one's actions and feelings, allow natural, self-healing resources to emerge from within us. Clients are encouraged to face fear and pain, live in the present moment, and not retreat into the past; thus, finding strength, courage and trust, leading to wholeness. A belief in a POWER, greater than our smaller selves, connects us to our healthier and truer SELF. This is a key factor in the healing process. We have experienced this greater SELF, often in times of great trial and/or great joy. It works!
PERSONAL STATEMENT Clear communication, taking risks and responsibility for one's actions and feelings, allow natural, self-healing resources to emerge from within us. Clients are encouraged to face fear and pain, live in the present moment, and not retreat into the past; thus, finding strength, courage and trust, leading to wholeness. A belief in a POWER, greater than our smaller selves, connects us to our healthier and truer SELF. This is a key factor in the healing process. We have experienced this greater SELF, often in times of great trial and/or great joy. It works!
(530) 588-0988 View (530) 588-0988
Photo of Lin Jovanovic, Psychologist, PhD
Lin Jovanovic
Psychologist, PhD
1 Endorsed
Grass Valley, CA 95945
Do you feel like you are disconnected from your partner or do you fight all the time? I know what these struggles feel like, and I know how painful it is to face those problems alone. Creating stronger and healthier relationships and sex lives is my primary focus. I have extensive training in helping couples and I get down to business in the very first session. I offer individual therapy, couples therapy, two day in person intensives for more complex issues, and Discernment Counseling. Get more information about my approach at my website: www.relationshipexplorations.com.
Do you feel like you are disconnected from your partner or do you fight all the time? I know what these struggles feel like, and I know how painful it is to face those problems alone. Creating stronger and healthier relationships and sex lives is my primary focus. I have extensive training in helping couples and I get down to business in the very first session. I offer individual therapy, couples therapy, two day in person intensives for more complex issues, and Discernment Counseling. Get more information about my approach at my website: www.relationshipexplorations.com.
(530) 491-4779 View (530) 491-4779
Photo of Victoria Eagle, Psychologist, PsyD
Victoria Eagle
Psychologist, PsyD
Online Only
I work with individual adult and adolescent clients to heal symptoms such as depression, anxiety, addictions, body image issues, somatic pain or illness, suicidal ideation, parent- child related difficulties, and attachment-based wounding. Through the lens of Internal Family Systems, a non-pathologizing approach to healing trauma, I help clients to align with their internal resource for healing, get to know the true meaning of their symptoms, and unburden the pain they carry. Clients report feeling greater connectedness, expanded perspective on their lives and compassion for themselves and others around them following treatment.
I work with individual adult and adolescent clients to heal symptoms such as depression, anxiety, addictions, body image issues, somatic pain or illness, suicidal ideation, parent- child related difficulties, and attachment-based wounding. Through the lens of Internal Family Systems, a non-pathologizing approach to healing trauma, I help clients to align with their internal resource for healing, get to know the true meaning of their symptoms, and unburden the pain they carry. Clients report feeling greater connectedness, expanded perspective on their lives and compassion for themselves and others around them following treatment.
(530) 435-7743 View (530) 435-7743
Photo of Laura L Sanchez, Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Laura L Sanchez
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Online Only
I understand that seeking therapy can be a significant step, especially when facing various challenges. If you're in California, I want you to know that I offer telehealth therapy, including evening appointments. As your therapist, my approach is rooted in empathy, compassion, and cultural sensitivity. I strive to create a safe and supportive space where you feel heard and understood. With my experience, I can assist you in setting meaningful goals for your therapy journey. I have experience with individuals from diverse cultural backgrounds including LGBTQI and BIPOC. Your mental health is important & I care about your well being.
I understand that seeking therapy can be a significant step, especially when facing various challenges. If you're in California, I want you to know that I offer telehealth therapy, including evening appointments. As your therapist, my approach is rooted in empathy, compassion, and cultural sensitivity. I strive to create a safe and supportive space where you feel heard and understood. With my experience, I can assist you in setting meaningful goals for your therapy journey. I have experience with individuals from diverse cultural backgrounds including LGBTQI and BIPOC. Your mental health is important & I care about your well being.
(530) 444-6857 View (530) 444-6857
Photo of Christine Shelton, Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Christine Shelton
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Grass Valley, CA 95945
I have a special heart to help people. I offer kind and compassionate therapy to help individuals, couples, families, teens, and children smooth out and overcome the bumps in life's path. I encourage, empower, and educate clients on using effective tools to help them on their journey through life. I am an experienced clinician and have been supporting individuals and families since 2002. I will help you gain tools to lead to positive change and a healthy, happy life. Call me to get help with anxiety, depression, communication, stages of life, trauma, self-esteem, stress, co-parenting and problem-solving.
I have a special heart to help people. I offer kind and compassionate therapy to help individuals, couples, families, teens, and children smooth out and overcome the bumps in life's path. I encourage, empower, and educate clients on using effective tools to help them on their journey through life. I am an experienced clinician and have been supporting individuals and families since 2002. I will help you gain tools to lead to positive change and a healthy, happy life. Call me to get help with anxiety, depression, communication, stages of life, trauma, self-esteem, stress, co-parenting and problem-solving.
(530) 802-8005 View (530) 802-8005
Photo of Betsy Perluss, Marriage & Family Therapist, PhD, LMFT, LPCC
Betsy Perluss
Marriage & Family Therapist, PhD, LMFT, LPCC
Online Only
Are you navigating a major life transition, feeling lost or overwhelmed, or sensing that something deeper is trying to get your attention? I’m a Jungian Analyst (IAAP), licensed psychotherapist (MFT and LPCC), and wilderness guide with over 30 years of experience helping people move through thresholds, grief, identity shifts, and the quiet sense that “the old way is no longer working.” My approach is warm, down-to-earth, and grounded in depth psychology, dreamwork, and Earth-based practices. I often work with creatives, seekers, and those who feel out of sync with the pace or expectations of modern culture.
Are you navigating a major life transition, feeling lost or overwhelmed, or sensing that something deeper is trying to get your attention? I’m a Jungian Analyst (IAAP), licensed psychotherapist (MFT and LPCC), and wilderness guide with over 30 years of experience helping people move through thresholds, grief, identity shifts, and the quiet sense that “the old way is no longer working.” My approach is warm, down-to-earth, and grounded in depth psychology, dreamwork, and Earth-based practices. I often work with creatives, seekers, and those who feel out of sync with the pace or expectations of modern culture.
(530) 665-8632 View (530) 665-8632
Photo of Gerry K Shea, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Gerry K Shea
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Grass Valley, CA 95945
I have over 35 years of experience in treating a variety of mental health issues. I bring that experience to my clients, and help them cope with life changes, relationship and family issues, work related issues and managing chronic mental illness. I can provide treatment for trauma using EMDR and other well known treatment modalities. I am committed to helping my clients reach their treatment and life goals and care about helping them succeed in life.
I have over 35 years of experience in treating a variety of mental health issues. I bring that experience to my clients, and help them cope with life changes, relationship and family issues, work related issues and managing chronic mental illness. I can provide treatment for trauma using EMDR and other well known treatment modalities. I am committed to helping my clients reach their treatment and life goals and care about helping them succeed in life.
(530) 453-0841 View (530) 453-0841
Photo of Agnes Cartry-Jacobsen, Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT, CCHT
Agnes Cartry-Jacobsen
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT, CCHT
5 Endorsed
Grass Valley, CA 95945
If you or your child is suffering from depression, anxiety, relational problems, eating disorders, ADHD, the effect of trauma, grief, loss, as well as a mood or personality disorder, I can help you develop skills in your present life aimed at restoring healthy and meaningful strategies in your daily experience.
If you or your child is suffering from depression, anxiety, relational problems, eating disorders, ADHD, the effect of trauma, grief, loss, as well as a mood or personality disorder, I can help you develop skills in your present life aimed at restoring healthy and meaningful strategies in your daily experience.
(530) 675-8464 View (530) 675-8464
Photo of Crystal Stichter, Pre-Licensed Professional, MS, AMFT
Crystal Stichter
Pre-Licensed Professional, MS, AMFT
Grass Valley, CA 95945
Inspired by Viktor Frankl’s profound insight, "When we are no longer able to change a situation, we are challenged to change ourselves." Each person carries a distinct narrative shaped by their experiences and challenges, and it is within these stories that we find the potential for growth and resilience. My approach to therapy is rooted in the belief that true healing occurs when we explore the deeper aspects of ourselves. My clients face trauma like flashbacks from past abuse, substance abuse (dependency cycles), crises (like loss or despair), and limiting beliefs hindering growth.
Inspired by Viktor Frankl’s profound insight, "When we are no longer able to change a situation, we are challenged to change ourselves." Each person carries a distinct narrative shaped by their experiences and challenges, and it is within these stories that we find the potential for growth and resilience. My approach to therapy is rooted in the belief that true healing occurs when we explore the deeper aspects of ourselves. My clients face trauma like flashbacks from past abuse, substance abuse (dependency cycles), crises (like loss or despair), and limiting beliefs hindering growth.
(530) 853-3855 View (530) 853-3855
Photo of Windy DiPietro, Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT, Coach, RYT
Windy DiPietro
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT, Coach, RYT
Grass Valley, CA 95949
For Couples and Individuals! Are you feeling anxious, overwhelmed, or stuck in patterns you can’t seem to change—no matter how much insight you have? You may look “high-functioning” on the outside, yet feel exhausted, disconnected, or unsure of yourself. Perhaps anxiety, self-doubt, or old relationship wounds keep resurfacing. Maybe you’re longing for deeper connection—with your partner, your body, or your true self—but don’t know how to get there safely. You don’t need to be fixed. You need support that understands how your nervous system, history, and relationships intersect—and how to gently help you return to balance.
For Couples and Individuals! Are you feeling anxious, overwhelmed, or stuck in patterns you can’t seem to change—no matter how much insight you have? You may look “high-functioning” on the outside, yet feel exhausted, disconnected, or unsure of yourself. Perhaps anxiety, self-doubt, or old relationship wounds keep resurfacing. Maybe you’re longing for deeper connection—with your partner, your body, or your true self—but don’t know how to get there safely. You don’t need to be fixed. You need support that understands how your nervous system, history, and relationships intersect—and how to gently help you return to balance.
(530) 734-3180 View (530) 734-3180
Photo of Emily Jones, Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Emily Jones
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Online Only
I help individuals silence anxiety and perfectionism to heal from self doubt and OCD-style overthinking (even when depression has drained their confidence and motivation), and finally feel calm and confident. Having overcome panic disorder myself when I was young, I understand how scary and intense anxiety can be. I aim to empower you to reduce your anxiety and depression and heal the effects of trauma with practical tools that you can start using right away.
I help individuals silence anxiety and perfectionism to heal from self doubt and OCD-style overthinking (even when depression has drained their confidence and motivation), and finally feel calm and confident. Having overcome panic disorder myself when I was young, I understand how scary and intense anxiety can be. I aim to empower you to reduce your anxiety and depression and heal the effects of trauma with practical tools that you can start using right away.
(530) 389-7929 View (530) 389-7929
Photo of Kristine Allworth, Associate Professional Clinical Counselor, APCC
Kristine Allworth
Associate Professional Clinical Counselor, APCC
Online Only
I hold a Master’s degree in Clinical Mental Health Counseling and a Bachelor’s in Social Work (Supervised by: Lori Burciaga). My practice is grounded in a trauma-informed perspective, and I am committed to establishing a safe and supportive therapeutic environment. I regard life as a dynamic journey, presenting both challenges and opportunities for growth. Recognizing that navigating difficulties can be isolating, I draw on my experience at a domestic violence nonprofit, where I earned certifications in Domestic Violence Training and Batterer's Intervention. I offer faith-based counseling if desired.
I hold a Master’s degree in Clinical Mental Health Counseling and a Bachelor’s in Social Work (Supervised by: Lori Burciaga). My practice is grounded in a trauma-informed perspective, and I am committed to establishing a safe and supportive therapeutic environment. I regard life as a dynamic journey, presenting both challenges and opportunities for growth. Recognizing that navigating difficulties can be isolating, I draw on my experience at a domestic violence nonprofit, where I earned certifications in Domestic Violence Training and Batterer's Intervention. I offer faith-based counseling if desired.
(530) 444-1538 View (530) 444-1538
Photo of Suzanne McMaster, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Suzanne McMaster
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Online Only
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with over 10 years of experience. I enjoy helping individuals uncover and get connected to who they really are. I truly believe that each person is their own best expert in their life. I use Motivational Interviewing, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, Solution Focused, and Narrative techniques to help people get connected to their own values and set themselves on a path to live the fulfilling life that they want to live. I find that we often need to uncover conditioned beliefs that have been instilled by culture and family systems that don't align with our true selves.
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with over 10 years of experience. I enjoy helping individuals uncover and get connected to who they really are. I truly believe that each person is their own best expert in their life. I use Motivational Interviewing, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, Solution Focused, and Narrative techniques to help people get connected to their own values and set themselves on a path to live the fulfilling life that they want to live. I find that we often need to uncover conditioned beliefs that have been instilled by culture and family systems that don't align with our true selves.
(951) 406-6671 View (951) 406-6671
Photo of Danielle Daviscourt, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA, AMFT, APCC
Danielle Daviscourt
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA, AMFT, APCC
4 Endorsed
Online Only
Welcome! I'm Danielle, a psychodynamic depth therapist and alum of Pacifica Graduate Institute. As a registered associate MFT, and PCC, Reiki Master, and Coach, I work remotely with clients across California to offer a holistic and integrative approach to therapy, focusing on the physical, spiritual, social, energetic, and psychological aspects of self. My passion for Jungian works, dreams, spirituality, rites of passage, and initiations enriches our work, assisting with transformative healing experiences. Together, we can navigate the ups and downs, finding inspiration in every season of life.
Welcome! I'm Danielle, a psychodynamic depth therapist and alum of Pacifica Graduate Institute. As a registered associate MFT, and PCC, Reiki Master, and Coach, I work remotely with clients across California to offer a holistic and integrative approach to therapy, focusing on the physical, spiritual, social, energetic, and psychological aspects of self. My passion for Jungian works, dreams, spirituality, rites of passage, and initiations enriches our work, assisting with transformative healing experiences. Together, we can navigate the ups and downs, finding inspiration in every season of life.
(650) 547-1438 View (650) 547-1438
Photo of Alice Folger Stine, Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Alice Folger Stine
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Grass Valley, CA 95945
Waitlist for new clients
I have a quiet approach to helping clients deal with loss, anxiety, and weathering transitions. I have been a licensed MFT for 37 years. In addition to treating those in locked psychiatric hospitals, I was the clinical director for two different residential treatment programs for over 25 years and have supervised over 100 interns.
I have a quiet approach to helping clients deal with loss, anxiety, and weathering transitions. I have been a licensed MFT for 37 years. In addition to treating those in locked psychiatric hospitals, I was the clinical director for two different residential treatment programs for over 25 years and have supervised over 100 interns.
(530) 665-8582 View (530) 665-8582
Photo of Julie Brown, Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, MA
Julie Brown
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, MA
1 Endorsed
Grass Valley, CA 95945
Feeling overwhelmed, stuck, or disconnected from yourself or others? You're not alone — and therapy can help. I work with individuals navigating anxiety, depression, trauma, and stress. I also support those experiencing burnout, relationship challenges, or life transitions. My goal is to create a safe, compassionate space where you feel heard and supported as we work together toward meaningful change. I aim to create a nonjudgemental space where you can explore challenges, gain clarity, and develop tools to thrive. Whether you're looking for short-term support or deeper healing work, we’ll move at a pace that feels right for you.
Feeling overwhelmed, stuck, or disconnected from yourself or others? You're not alone — and therapy can help. I work with individuals navigating anxiety, depression, trauma, and stress. I also support those experiencing burnout, relationship challenges, or life transitions. My goal is to create a safe, compassionate space where you feel heard and supported as we work together toward meaningful change. I aim to create a nonjudgemental space where you can explore challenges, gain clarity, and develop tools to thrive. Whether you're looking for short-term support or deeper healing work, we’ll move at a pace that feels right for you.
(530) 404-5126 View (530) 404-5126
Photo of Sylvia Wenninger, Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Sylvia Wenninger
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
4 Endorsed
Grass Valley, CA 95945
Not accepting new clients
If you feel stuck -- whether it's the loneliness of an unfulfilling relationship, the dark hole of depression, or the bewilderment of grief -- I would welcome the chance to connect with you. In my fifteen years of practice, I have helped clients to emerge renewed from some of life's hardest places.
If you feel stuck -- whether it's the loneliness of an unfulfilling relationship, the dark hole of depression, or the bewilderment of grief -- I would welcome the chance to connect with you. In my fifteen years of practice, I have helped clients to emerge renewed from some of life's hardest places.
(415) 799-4207 View (415) 799-4207

See more therapy options for Grass Valley

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Grass Valley, CA

100+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Grass Valley, CA who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
89% Depression
83% Trauma and PTSD
80% Relationship Issues
79% Grief
73% Self Esteem
68% Stress

Average years in practice

14 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

56% Aetna
46% Anthem
42% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in Grass Valley, CA see their clients

64% In Person and Online
36% Online Only

Gender breakdown

81% Female
18% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Grass Valley?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.