Therapists in Fullerton, CA

Photo of Jolene Shull, Marriage & Family Therapist in Fullerton, CA
Jolene Shull
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
Fullerton, CA 92831  (Online Only)
Are you struggling through day-to-day life? Are you feeling that there is no hope? Asking for help takes courage, and you have taken the first step towards feeling like yourself again. I provide a supportive and accepting environment that allows you the freedom to express your feelings and a place to feel safe and comfortable. As a wife and mother, I know that life can sometimes be a struggle. I know what it's like to hurt and to be hurt.
Are you struggling through day-to-day life? Are you feeling that there is no hope? Asking for help takes courage, and you have taken the first step towards feeling like yourself again. I provide a supportive and accepting environment that allows you the freedom to express your feelings and a place to feel safe and comfortable. As a wife and mother, I know that life can sometimes be a struggle. I know what it's like to hurt and to be hurt.
(909) 443-2554 View (909) 443-2554
Photo of Sharon Lewis-Bultsma, Psy.D., Psychologist in Fullerton, CA
Sharon Lewis-Bultsma, Psy.D.
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Fullerton, CA 92831
Not accepting new clients
"If I only knew then what I know now." People often think about how their lives might be different if they had made different choices. Many experience the outgrowth of therapy in similar ways to the maturity, wisdom and peace gained in the latter stages of life. Within the confines of a safe and nurturing environment, I can help you explore why you think, feel and behave the way you do. With me walking alongside you, you can begin to develop a stronger sense of who you are and make positive changes in your life and relationships.
"If I only knew then what I know now." People often think about how their lives might be different if they had made different choices. Many experience the outgrowth of therapy in similar ways to the maturity, wisdom and peace gained in the latter stages of life. Within the confines of a safe and nurturing environment, I can help you explore why you think, feel and behave the way you do. With me walking alongside you, you can begin to develop a stronger sense of who you are and make positive changes in your life and relationships.
(949) 829-3962 View (949) 829-3962
Photo of Mary E Madracki, Marriage & Family Therapist in Fullerton, CA
Mary E Madracki
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
Fullerton, CA 92831
Therapy can help you overcome challenges such as addressing negative feelings, making behavioral change, managing a transition, or dealing with grief, loss, and trauma. Therapy is also a great place to learn about strengthening relationships, setting goals, and challenging yourself to be the person you want to be. I have been working with and advocating for individuals, children, and families since 2005. I welcome all clients, but found my techniques to be particularly helpful in working with anxiety, depression, life transition, trauma history, PTSD, grief or loss, and couple & family dynamic issues.
Therapy can help you overcome challenges such as addressing negative feelings, making behavioral change, managing a transition, or dealing with grief, loss, and trauma. Therapy is also a great place to learn about strengthening relationships, setting goals, and challenging yourself to be the person you want to be. I have been working with and advocating for individuals, children, and families since 2005. I welcome all clients, but found my techniques to be particularly helpful in working with anxiety, depression, life transition, trauma history, PTSD, grief or loss, and couple & family dynamic issues.
(714) 660-2921 View (714) 660-2921
Photo of Dr. Amy G. Mena, Psychologist in Fullerton, CA
Dr. Amy G. Mena
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Fullerton, CA 92832
I am passionate about helping women work through the barriers keeping them from being their best selves. If you feel overwhelmed with life transitions, motherhood, work, school, or relationship stressors, know there is hope and you don't have to go through life's challenges alone. My goal is to help with symptom reduction and, more importantly, help you grow in your self-confidence and coping skills.
I am passionate about helping women work through the barriers keeping them from being their best selves. If you feel overwhelmed with life transitions, motherhood, work, school, or relationship stressors, know there is hope and you don't have to go through life's challenges alone. My goal is to help with symptom reduction and, more importantly, help you grow in your self-confidence and coping skills.
(714) 831-5076 View (714) 831-5076
Photo of Andrea Tieu, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in Fullerton, CA
Andrea Tieu
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MS, AMFT, APCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Fullerton, CA 92835  (Online Only)
Hello! I am an Associate Marriage and Family Therapist and Associate Professional Clinical Counselor who is passionate about serving individuals from historically marginalized communities. I believe that therapy and healing are culturally unique and a political and intergenerational process. Sometimes, the obstacles we face relate to systemic issues, such as systems of patriarchy, racism, colonization, homophobia and transphobia, and capitalism. I aim to provide an affirming space to guide clients in exploring the interaction of their identities, beliefs about their self-concept, and perception of their relationships.
Hello! I am an Associate Marriage and Family Therapist and Associate Professional Clinical Counselor who is passionate about serving individuals from historically marginalized communities. I believe that therapy and healing are culturally unique and a political and intergenerational process. Sometimes, the obstacles we face relate to systemic issues, such as systems of patriarchy, racism, colonization, homophobia and transphobia, and capitalism. I aim to provide an affirming space to guide clients in exploring the interaction of their identities, beliefs about their self-concept, and perception of their relationships.
(714) 872-9316 View (714) 872-9316
Photo of Shawn Roth, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in Fullerton, CA
Shawn Roth
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, AMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Fullerton, CA 92832  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
Do you find yourself smiling through your emotional pain, chronic pain or illness, your trauma or your addiction? Does your past continue to interfere with your daily life; affecting your relationships, your sense of safety and your sense of purpose? As a healer who has struggled with chronic pain, diabetes, addiction and has found healing through processing my trauma, I work with my clients from both a professional and personal lens to find peace through healing.
Do you find yourself smiling through your emotional pain, chronic pain or illness, your trauma or your addiction? Does your past continue to interfere with your daily life; affecting your relationships, your sense of safety and your sense of purpose? As a healer who has struggled with chronic pain, diabetes, addiction and has found healing through processing my trauma, I work with my clients from both a professional and personal lens to find peace through healing.
(949) 868-7765 View (949) 868-7765
Photo of Shantell Harris, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Fullerton, CA
Shantell Harris
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Fullerton, CA 92831  (Online Only)
Are you finding it hard to deal with life’s challenges and experiencing varying levels of distress? If the answer is yes or you are unsure what it is, let me help you through it. In our work together, I will provide a safe and non judgmental space for you to process your life experiences. Remember, you are the expert in your own life, and I will be the assistant. I will assist with problem solving, processing deep rooted emotions, and developing healthy coping skills.
Are you finding it hard to deal with life’s challenges and experiencing varying levels of distress? If the answer is yes or you are unsure what it is, let me help you through it. In our work together, I will provide a safe and non judgmental space for you to process your life experiences. Remember, you are the expert in your own life, and I will be the assistant. I will assist with problem solving, processing deep rooted emotions, and developing healthy coping skills.
(714) 408-2417 View (714) 408-2417
Photo of Maria A. Vazquez, Associate Clinical Social Worker in Fullerton, CA
Maria A. Vazquez
Associate Clinical Social Worker, ACSW
Verified Verified
Fullerton, CA 92835
As a mental health professional, I provide support to individuals struggling with a broad spectrum of compulsive behaviors that have thrown a wrench in their lives such as those struggles with substance (drugs and/or alcohol), sex and porn addiction, family issues, work/school stress related issues, emotional struggles, past traumas, and much more. I believe in meeting the client where they are at, being direct and maintaining an open and honest line of communication with them.
As a mental health professional, I provide support to individuals struggling with a broad spectrum of compulsive behaviors that have thrown a wrench in their lives such as those struggles with substance (drugs and/or alcohol), sex and porn addiction, family issues, work/school stress related issues, emotional struggles, past traumas, and much more. I believe in meeting the client where they are at, being direct and maintaining an open and honest line of communication with them.
(562) 784-9114 View (562) 784-9114
Photo of Melissa Ann Dias, Marriage & Family Therapist in Fullerton, CA
Melissa Ann Dias
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
Fullerton, CA 92835
I am very passionate about getting results for my clients, I love my job! The ideal client for me is one who will be an active participant in the therapy process. I am definitely a therapist who will be interactive, and we will work together to achieve your goals. My areas of expertise include anxiety, marriage and infidelity issues and past trauma. I am trained in EMDR. I have been in practice over 25 years and have dealt with a wide variety of issues. My favorite part of being a therapist is building intimate relationships with my clients based on trust and mutual respect.
I am very passionate about getting results for my clients, I love my job! The ideal client for me is one who will be an active participant in the therapy process. I am definitely a therapist who will be interactive, and we will work together to achieve your goals. My areas of expertise include anxiety, marriage and infidelity issues and past trauma. I am trained in EMDR. I have been in practice over 25 years and have dealt with a wide variety of issues. My favorite part of being a therapist is building intimate relationships with my clients based on trust and mutual respect.
(714) 677-8120 View (714) 677-8120
Photo of Jack Gershfeld, Marriage & Family Therapist in Fullerton, CA
Jack Gershfeld
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, EFT, LMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Fullerton, CA 92831
If you have difficulties in your relationship, now is the time to restore and to heal it. Whether it is your spouse, partner, friend, adult child, or parent, make the first step toward closeness, understanding, and connection. Join me as we will journey together from frustration, isolation, and despair to love, care, and safety utilizing the evidence-based Emotionally Focused Therapy process for relationship distress recovery. Don't spend another day wondering if your relationship can be better. Yes, it can! You can be happier, feel safe, and connected to the person you love.
If you have difficulties in your relationship, now is the time to restore and to heal it. Whether it is your spouse, partner, friend, adult child, or parent, make the first step toward closeness, understanding, and connection. Join me as we will journey together from frustration, isolation, and despair to love, care, and safety utilizing the evidence-based Emotionally Focused Therapy process for relationship distress recovery. Don't spend another day wondering if your relationship can be better. Yes, it can! You can be happier, feel safe, and connected to the person you love.
(714) 902-2961 View (714) 902-2961
Photo of Angie Brinkman, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in Fullerton, CA
Angie Brinkman
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA, AMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Fullerton, CA 92831
Have you ever felt overwhelmed, stuck, or hopeless, or just needed someone to listen? Coming alongside others to help them find HOPE, or the ability to Hold On with Patient Expectation that a better tomorrow is possible, is a passion of mine. It is an honor and privilege to be chosen as your therapist and a relationship I value and protect.I approach therapy as a collaboration, with you as the expert of your life. Together, we will determine what your goals are and how to get there. I work from a strength-based integrative approach using various techniques and modalities including EMDR.
Have you ever felt overwhelmed, stuck, or hopeless, or just needed someone to listen? Coming alongside others to help them find HOPE, or the ability to Hold On with Patient Expectation that a better tomorrow is possible, is a passion of mine. It is an honor and privilege to be chosen as your therapist and a relationship I value and protect.I approach therapy as a collaboration, with you as the expert of your life. Together, we will determine what your goals are and how to get there. I work from a strength-based integrative approach using various techniques and modalities including EMDR.
(657) 999-1971 View (657) 999-1971
Photo of Bryan Balvaneda, Psychologist in Fullerton, CA
Bryan Balvaneda
Psychologist, LCP
Verified Verified
Fullerton, CA 92833
Hi there, I'm Dr. Bryan Balvaneda, PhD, and I am a Licensed Clinical Psychologist based in San Diego, California. I consider myself a guide - I help you head toward your goals in a healthy and meaningful manner, whether these goals are about relieving stress, a mental health issue, or pursuing personal growth. I enjoy working with people across the spectrum of adulthood. I have the most experience working with students in university settings and navigating high-stress environments.
Hi there, I'm Dr. Bryan Balvaneda, PhD, and I am a Licensed Clinical Psychologist based in San Diego, California. I consider myself a guide - I help you head toward your goals in a healthy and meaningful manner, whether these goals are about relieving stress, a mental health issue, or pursuing personal growth. I enjoy working with people across the spectrum of adulthood. I have the most experience working with students in university settings and navigating high-stress environments.
(714) 844-8895 View (714) 844-8895
Photo of Therese Lee, Marriage & Family Therapist in Fullerton, CA
Therese Lee
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Fullerton, CA 92831
“There are times where our lives and our experiences make us forget how wonderful we are as human beings.” You might have deep wounds that you carry on your shoulders. You might have certain beliefs about yourself- how you make sense in the world in which we live, and are troubled by them. You might be struggling with everyday life and need support in how to navigate it. Wherever you are in this Journey of life; I welcome you with an open heart and offer you a safe and non-judgmental space to heal and grow.
“There are times where our lives and our experiences make us forget how wonderful we are as human beings.” You might have deep wounds that you carry on your shoulders. You might have certain beliefs about yourself- how you make sense in the world in which we live, and are troubled by them. You might be struggling with everyday life and need support in how to navigate it. Wherever you are in this Journey of life; I welcome you with an open heart and offer you a safe and non-judgmental space to heal and grow.
(657) 500-0401 View (657) 500-0401
Photo of Daisy Jiwon Back, Marriage & Family Therapist in Fullerton, CA
Daisy Jiwon Back
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Fullerton, CA 92832  (Online Only)
The journey to your inner world is one worth being accompanied. There are many moments in life that need our intentional care and attention. Do you have trouble navigating through the trauma wounds of your past? Do you have relationship issues that hinder the way you want to deeply connect with others? Do you have trouble achieving and accomplishing your dreams due to low self-esteem? I provide a safe and warm place for you to explore and enter into the restorative process that therapy offers. I aim to provide presence, warmth, and insight to the many unraveling moments of your life on your path to healing.
The journey to your inner world is one worth being accompanied. There are many moments in life that need our intentional care and attention. Do you have trouble navigating through the trauma wounds of your past? Do you have relationship issues that hinder the way you want to deeply connect with others? Do you have trouble achieving and accomplishing your dreams due to low self-esteem? I provide a safe and warm place for you to explore and enter into the restorative process that therapy offers. I aim to provide presence, warmth, and insight to the many unraveling moments of your life on your path to healing.
(714) 276-8691 View (714) 276-8691
Photo of Ryan Mychal Taylor, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in Fullerton, CA
Ryan Mychal Taylor
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MS, AMFT
Verified Verified
Fullerton, CA 92832
Hello, my name is Ryan Taylor. I have been practicing for the past five years, servicing a variety of groups of people. I hold dear to the belief that therapy is a vehicle for self-realization of the whole person. To achieve this, I believe that a person can work to be fully intuned with their mind, body and spiritual self. My approach as a therapist is Mindfulness Cognitive Behavioral Therapy primarily. ​
Hello, my name is Ryan Taylor. I have been practicing for the past five years, servicing a variety of groups of people. I hold dear to the belief that therapy is a vehicle for self-realization of the whole person. To achieve this, I believe that a person can work to be fully intuned with their mind, body and spiritual self. My approach as a therapist is Mindfulness Cognitive Behavioral Therapy primarily. ​
(657) 571-1464 View (657) 571-1464
Photo of Sharon Kiel, Marriage & Family Therapist in Fullerton, CA
Sharon Kiel
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
Fullerton, CA 92835
How on earth do you choose from all these therapists? We must all start to sound alike! I recommend you call at least 3-5 of us, or email even more, and trust your gut feeling. It's important to help you feel emotionally safe with me, in order to share your struggles, so that you don't have to carry them alone anymore. I strive to help you get to the root of your pain, in order to heal it, rather than put a band aid on it. Many people seem to believe that they will have to carry the effects of prior trauma forever. I want you to know that is not the case. You CAN heal.
How on earth do you choose from all these therapists? We must all start to sound alike! I recommend you call at least 3-5 of us, or email even more, and trust your gut feeling. It's important to help you feel emotionally safe with me, in order to share your struggles, so that you don't have to carry them alone anymore. I strive to help you get to the root of your pain, in order to heal it, rather than put a band aid on it. Many people seem to believe that they will have to carry the effects of prior trauma forever. I want you to know that is not the case. You CAN heal.
(714) 794-5972 View (714) 794-5972
Photo of Rachel Drabecki, Marriage & Family Therapist in Fullerton, CA
Rachel Drabecki
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Fullerton, CA 92833
Hi, my name is Rachel Drabecki, and I am a Licensed Marriage & Family Therapist (128153). My approach to therapy is generally very client-centered and collaborative, and I enjoy working with clients of all ages and backgrounds. As a mainly client-centered and humanistic therapist, I find it helpful to focus on the present. I strive to meet you where you are and to gain a deep understand you. I also often employ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy to help you move through your feelings and circumstances, rather than working around or avoiding them.
Hi, my name is Rachel Drabecki, and I am a Licensed Marriage & Family Therapist (128153). My approach to therapy is generally very client-centered and collaborative, and I enjoy working with clients of all ages and backgrounds. As a mainly client-centered and humanistic therapist, I find it helpful to focus on the present. I strive to meet you where you are and to gain a deep understand you. I also often employ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy to help you move through your feelings and circumstances, rather than working around or avoiding them.
(714) 643-8768 View (714) 643-8768
Photo of Maria Gonzalez, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Fullerton, CA
Maria Gonzalez
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Fullerton, CA 92833
My name is Maria A. Gonzalez, and I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) working with clients statewide via telehealth. As a dedicated mental health therapist, I am deeply committed to supporting individuals struggling with depression, anxiety, and stress. Utilizing Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Solution Focus therapy and mindfulness training allows me to help my clients make progress and start feeling better.
My name is Maria A. Gonzalez, and I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) working with clients statewide via telehealth. As a dedicated mental health therapist, I am deeply committed to supporting individuals struggling with depression, anxiety, and stress. Utilizing Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Solution Focus therapy and mindfulness training allows me to help my clients make progress and start feeling better.
(714) 844-0517 View (714) 844-0517
Photo of Noelle Schwarz, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in Fullerton, CA
Noelle Schwarz
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, AMFT, APCC
Verified Verified
Fullerton, CA 92832  (Online Only)
Let’s face it, adolescence is a tough time in life. You’re not a child, but you’re not an adult. It can be a confusing and frustrating time of change. Imagine you could have someone along side you as you deal with the anxiety, stress, perfectionism, obsessive thinking, depression, sadness, isolation, self-esteem challenges, and big life changes that all seem to happen at this life stage. Imagine having a partner help you build future goals, learn social skills, set boundaries, and improve relationships.
Let’s face it, adolescence is a tough time in life. You’re not a child, but you’re not an adult. It can be a confusing and frustrating time of change. Imagine you could have someone along side you as you deal with the anxiety, stress, perfectionism, obsessive thinking, depression, sadness, isolation, self-esteem challenges, and big life changes that all seem to happen at this life stage. Imagine having a partner help you build future goals, learn social skills, set boundaries, and improve relationships.
(657) 571-4461 View (657) 571-4461
Photo of Jessica Foss, Psychologist in Fullerton, CA
Jessica Foss
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Fullerton, CA 92831
No one should have to feel alone or unsupported during life's difficulties. Many of my clients come to therapy because they are experiencing depression, anxiety, or loneliness. These difficulties are often related to their relationships, identity struggles, trauma, or major life transitions. I enjoy working with individuals who feel overwhelmed/stuck, and/or disconnected from themselves, peers, or significant others, in order to help them regain confidence and connection. Additionally, I often work with couples (engaged/dating/married) who are distressed and struggling to connect, communicate, and find peace in their relationships.
No one should have to feel alone or unsupported during life's difficulties. Many of my clients come to therapy because they are experiencing depression, anxiety, or loneliness. These difficulties are often related to their relationships, identity struggles, trauma, or major life transitions. I enjoy working with individuals who feel overwhelmed/stuck, and/or disconnected from themselves, peers, or significant others, in order to help them regain confidence and connection. Additionally, I often work with couples (engaged/dating/married) who are distressed and struggling to connect, communicate, and find peace in their relationships.
(714) 930-2124 View (714) 930-2124

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Fullerton, CA

400+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Fullerton, CA who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
91% Depression
80% Relationship Issues
73% Self Esteem
69% Grief
69% Trauma and PTSD
68% Coping Skills

Average years in practice

12 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

69% Cigna and Evernorth
64% Aetna
64% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Fullerton, CA see their clients

76% In Person and Online
24% Online Only

Gender breakdown

77% Female
22% Male
1% Non-Binary

FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Fullerton?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.