Therapists in Durham, CA

Photo of Terrence Hoffman, MA, Marriage & Family Therapist
Terrence Hoffman
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Durham, CA 95938
Primary Interest: Helping those struggling with emotions related to separation and loss, unrequited love, abandonment issues, attachment wounds, "on-again/off again" relationships, low self-esteem, obsessive thinking related to romantic-attachment loss, and unresolved grief.
Primary Interest: Helping those struggling with emotions related to separation and loss, unrequited love, abandonment issues, attachment wounds, "on-again/off again" relationships, low self-esteem, obsessive thinking related to romantic-attachment loss, and unresolved grief.
(530) 903-8969 View (530) 903-8969
Photo of Heather Marie Boggs, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Heather Marie Boggs
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Durham, CA 95938
"It takes a village to raise a child". I have over 15 year experience working with children, teens, and families to enhance relationships, decrease behavior problems, and improve communication within family systems. I believe that all individuals and families have the capacity for change and growth, but sometimes need a little support. My passion is to help parents and children strengthen relationships and decrease negative behaviors.
"It takes a village to raise a child". I have over 15 year experience working with children, teens, and families to enhance relationships, decrease behavior problems, and improve communication within family systems. I believe that all individuals and families have the capacity for change and growth, but sometimes need a little support. My passion is to help parents and children strengthen relationships and decrease negative behaviors.
(530) 554-1149 View (530) 554-1149
Photo of Melissa Pierce, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Melissa Pierce
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Durham, CA 95938
At our core, I believe we are all uniquely perfect. There may be things that get in the way of our realizing our wonderfulness and potential such as trauma, grief, crisis, old ideas, habits, negative patterns of thinking about ourselves, others or our lives. We all need support, new information or skill building at times in life. I bring fresh perspectives and serve as a positive guide and collaborator to people who wish to grow and change. Developing an authentic, trusting rapport, rich in empathy and acceptance are the foundation upon which functional, joyous, harmonious and fulfilling lives can evolve.
At our core, I believe we are all uniquely perfect. There may be things that get in the way of our realizing our wonderfulness and potential such as trauma, grief, crisis, old ideas, habits, negative patterns of thinking about ourselves, others or our lives. We all need support, new information or skill building at times in life. I bring fresh perspectives and serve as a positive guide and collaborator to people who wish to grow and change. Developing an authentic, trusting rapport, rich in empathy and acceptance are the foundation upon which functional, joyous, harmonious and fulfilling lives can evolve.
(530) 723-1398 View (530) 723-1398
Photo of Mary V Allport, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Mary V Allport
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Durham, CA 95938
Living your life fully is an ongoing process of learning how to allow your authentic self to survive and thrive despite life's challenges. When we are hurting, we forget that at the core of our being we have inner greatness, unique gifts, and a legacy that needs to be liberated and brought forth into this life. When we are wounded we tend to get trapped by the defenses we build to protect ourselves. These ways of protecting ourselves cause relationship issues, create ongoing patterns of pain and conflict for ourselves and others, and prevent us from living fully who we are. In the journey together we move at your pace in compassionately exploring and liberating your inner authentic self.
Living your life fully is an ongoing process of learning how to allow your authentic self to survive and thrive despite life's challenges. When we are hurting, we forget that at the core of our being we have inner greatness, unique gifts, and a legacy that needs to be liberated and brought forth into this life. When we are wounded we tend to get trapped by the defenses we build to protect ourselves. These ways of protecting ourselves cause relationship issues, create ongoing patterns of pain and conflict for ourselves and others, and prevent us from living fully who we are. In the journey together we move at your pace in compassionately exploring and liberating your inner authentic self.
(530) 419-4767 View (530) 419-4767
Photo of Janette Giralico-Wyman, MS, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Janette Giralico-Wyman
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
Online Only
I am a Licensed Marriage Family Therapist. My orientation is attachment based therapies.  I specialize in attachment based trauma focused techniques to include Emotionally Focused Therapy (EFT), Emotionally Focused Family Therapy (EFFT), Trauma Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (TF-CBT), and Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT), which I utilize in my work with adults, couples, and families.
I am a Licensed Marriage Family Therapist. My orientation is attachment based therapies.  I specialize in attachment based trauma focused techniques to include Emotionally Focused Therapy (EFT), Emotionally Focused Family Therapy (EFFT), Trauma Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (TF-CBT), and Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT), which I utilize in my work with adults, couples, and families.
(530) 232-4615 View (530) 232-4615
Photo of Cindy Paxton, PhD, MS, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Cindy Paxton
Marriage & Family Therapist, PhD, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
Online Only
As human beings we can develop painful, dysfunctional habits that keep us from connecting fully to self and others. At those times an objective therapist using a variety of approaches can help reconnect with self and others in healthier, more collaborative ways. I know that strong, collaborative interpersonal relationships provide the healing force for our emotional wounds and other stressors. Target populations: couples, children and teens struggling with life situations, Gender Identity and transitions; firefighters and police officers experiencing acute and chronic stress related symptoms at work and home.
As human beings we can develop painful, dysfunctional habits that keep us from connecting fully to self and others. At those times an objective therapist using a variety of approaches can help reconnect with self and others in healthier, more collaborative ways. I know that strong, collaborative interpersonal relationships provide the healing force for our emotional wounds and other stressors. Target populations: couples, children and teens struggling with life situations, Gender Identity and transitions; firefighters and police officers experiencing acute and chronic stress related symptoms at work and home.
(909) 963-1473 View (909) 963-1473
Photo of Brandi Callison, MA, LMFT, 116763, Marriage & Family Therapist
Brandi Callison
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT, 116763
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Durham, CA 95938
Are you struggling to navigate significant life transitions? Feeling challenged by your relationships with self and / or others? Overwhelmed by self-doubt, negativity, sadness, or toxic habits? Seeking authenticity and deeper connections? Caught up in the oftentimes messiness of beIng human? I invite all of this and more...Using an integrative approach we will co-create a plan to uncover the best version of yourself.
Are you struggling to navigate significant life transitions? Feeling challenged by your relationships with self and / or others? Overwhelmed by self-doubt, negativity, sadness, or toxic habits? Seeking authenticity and deeper connections? Caught up in the oftentimes messiness of beIng human? I invite all of this and more...Using an integrative approach we will co-create a plan to uncover the best version of yourself.
(530) 433-5133 View (530) 433-5133
Photo of Sophie Madsen, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Sophie Madsen
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Online Only
NEW! Now providing individual clinical supervision for registered interns in pre-licensure. My goal as a therapist is to empower my clients on their journey towards mental wellness. Through a blend of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), mindfulness practices, and emotional regulation techniques, I work collaboratively with clients to navigate anxiety, depression, and various mental health challenges. By fostering self-awareness, resilience, and positive coping strategies, I aim to support my clients in achieving lasting emotional well-being and a renewed sense of purpose in their lives.
NEW! Now providing individual clinical supervision for registered interns in pre-licensure. My goal as a therapist is to empower my clients on their journey towards mental wellness. Through a blend of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), mindfulness practices, and emotional regulation techniques, I work collaboratively with clients to navigate anxiety, depression, and various mental health challenges. By fostering self-awareness, resilience, and positive coping strategies, I aim to support my clients in achieving lasting emotional well-being and a renewed sense of purpose in their lives.
(530) 404-5193 View (530) 404-5193
Photo of Cody Scheer, MS, AMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate
Cody Scheer
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MS, AMFT
Verified Verified
6 Endorsed
Durham, CA 95938
I am a young therapist who is passionate about helping people who are struggling with life's issues. I have experience working with depression, anxiety, self-esteem issues, and anger management. Growing up as teenager and young adult I experienced many of these afflictions myself and have dedicated my work towards helping those suffering from the same things. If you need help solving lifes problems or just becoming the best version of yourself, I can help you. I specialize in children, teens, and young adults, but am open to working with all ages.
I am a young therapist who is passionate about helping people who are struggling with life's issues. I have experience working with depression, anxiety, self-esteem issues, and anger management. Growing up as teenager and young adult I experienced many of these afflictions myself and have dedicated my work towards helping those suffering from the same things. If you need help solving lifes problems or just becoming the best version of yourself, I can help you. I specialize in children, teens, and young adults, but am open to working with all ages.
(530) 444-6461 View (530) 444-6461

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Tom Galtress, MSW, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Tom Galtress
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Chico, CA 95926
Some of the main challenges I assist clients in overcoming include: feelings of hopelessness, fears about the future, feelings of distraction from past traumas, anger or shame over behaviors or addictions, challenges of being “stuck” and difficulties managing overwhelming emotions. I have the most experience treating adults with addiction, depression, anxiety, domestic violence, trauma, shame, grief, to name a few.
Some of the main challenges I assist clients in overcoming include: feelings of hopelessness, fears about the future, feelings of distraction from past traumas, anger or shame over behaviors or addictions, challenges of being “stuck” and difficulties managing overwhelming emotions. I have the most experience treating adults with addiction, depression, anxiety, domestic violence, trauma, shame, grief, to name a few.
(805) 243-1349 View (805) 243-1349
Photo of Nicholas Malone, MA, MFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Nicholas Malone
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, MFT
Verified Verified
Online Only
While I have trained extensively in different therapy models, which has provided me with an in-depth psychological reference, many years of working with people has taught me relationship is central to the heart of therapy. Relationship with oneself, relationship with the therapist and my relationship with myself. The creation of an authentic relationship is a personal process that requires an open heart and an informed sensitive approach. I enjoy getting to know people. Learning about and developing relationship with my clients as well as participating in their growth brings richness to my life.I look forward to meeting you.
While I have trained extensively in different therapy models, which has provided me with an in-depth psychological reference, many years of working with people has taught me relationship is central to the heart of therapy. Relationship with oneself, relationship with the therapist and my relationship with myself. The creation of an authentic relationship is a personal process that requires an open heart and an informed sensitive approach. I enjoy getting to know people. Learning about and developing relationship with my clients as well as participating in their growth brings richness to my life.I look forward to meeting you.
(530) 392-4263 View (530) 392-4263
Photo of Robert Garza, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Robert Garza
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Chico, CA 95926
I’m excited to join PATH as a Therapist. I’m a highly experienced Therapist (LCSW) with 20 years of experience. I have worked across various Behavioral Health Programs. I received my bachelor’s degree in criminal justice, and substance abuse from Stanislaus State University and my master’s degree in Social Work from California State University Stanislaus. I also received specialized substance abuse addiction while completing my master’s degree. I was also instrumental in the leadership program bringing the Substance Abuse Program to Stanislaus State University.
I’m excited to join PATH as a Therapist. I’m a highly experienced Therapist (LCSW) with 20 years of experience. I have worked across various Behavioral Health Programs. I received my bachelor’s degree in criminal justice, and substance abuse from Stanislaus State University and my master’s degree in Social Work from California State University Stanislaus. I also received specialized substance abuse addiction while completing my master’s degree. I was also instrumental in the leadership program bringing the Substance Abuse Program to Stanislaus State University.
(559) 934-5158 View (559) 934-5158
Photo of Jessica Wilkerson - Inspired Life Counseling, LMFT
Inspired Life Counseling
LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Chico, CA 95926
When you've been walking along in life, doing the best you can, and it seems your best is never good enough. You're either letting yourself down or disappointing someone you care about. Regardless, the things around you just aren't going like they're supposed to. There's a statement that goes "not bad enough to leave, and not good enough to stay." Life isn't horrible and it's not great, it's just meh. And you're getting kind of tired of meh.
When you've been walking along in life, doing the best you can, and it seems your best is never good enough. You're either letting yourself down or disappointing someone you care about. Regardless, the things around you just aren't going like they're supposed to. There's a statement that goes "not bad enough to leave, and not good enough to stay." Life isn't horrible and it's not great, it's just meh. And you're getting kind of tired of meh.
(530) 298-8606 View (530) 298-8606
Photo of Laurette Lipman - Embracing Life Psychotherapy, MA, LPCC
Embracing Life Psychotherapy
MA, LPCC
Verified Verified
Chico, CA 95926
We are here to help individuals and families find the support they need through life's daily challenges. We work with most ages ranging from young children to older adults and are able to focus on a variety of areas including, depression, anxiety, relationship issues, self esteem, career, parenting stress, grief, trauma and substance use/addiction. You don't have to go through things alone! Please reach out to us for a free consultation to see how we may be able to help you.
We are here to help individuals and families find the support they need through life's daily challenges. We work with most ages ranging from young children to older adults and are able to focus on a variety of areas including, depression, anxiety, relationship issues, self esteem, career, parenting stress, grief, trauma and substance use/addiction. You don't have to go through things alone! Please reach out to us for a free consultation to see how we may be able to help you.
(707) 289-9660 View (707) 289-9660
Photo of Victoria Vorpagel, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Victoria Vorpagel
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Paradise, CA 95967
Not accepting new clients
Is there something about your life that is not working? Do your struggles interfere with your ability to be happy and have satisfying relationships? Together, we can explore and discover the best way to approach your unique circumstances. I work with individuals and couples from an integrative approach in order to create a nurturing, encouraging and productive environment where we will address conflicts and patterns that are negatively affecting you. The origin of these issues often have their roots in unresolved childhood trauma and attachment deficits.
Is there something about your life that is not working? Do your struggles interfere with your ability to be happy and have satisfying relationships? Together, we can explore and discover the best way to approach your unique circumstances. I work with individuals and couples from an integrative approach in order to create a nurturing, encouraging and productive environment where we will address conflicts and patterns that are negatively affecting you. The origin of these issues often have their roots in unresolved childhood trauma and attachment deficits.
(530) 322-5088 View (530) 322-5088
Photo of Michelle Gutierrez, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Michelle Gutierrez
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Chico, CA 95926
Hi there! My name is Michelle Gutierrez, a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist. As humans, we all go through obstacles and life-changing events. My goal is to provide a safe place where you feel supported without the fear of judgment. I provide psychotherapy with a client/centered approach, meaning that my work is a collaborative process where client's expressed goals are a guide for their treatment. I utilize a few approaches including psychodynamic, Dialectical Behavioral Therapy, Solution Focused, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, as well as Motivational Interviewing.
Hi there! My name is Michelle Gutierrez, a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist. As humans, we all go through obstacles and life-changing events. My goal is to provide a safe place where you feel supported without the fear of judgment. I provide psychotherapy with a client/centered approach, meaning that my work is a collaborative process where client's expressed goals are a guide for their treatment. I utilize a few approaches including psychodynamic, Dialectical Behavioral Therapy, Solution Focused, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, as well as Motivational Interviewing.
(323) 997-8611 View (323) 997-8611
Photo of DeLynn M Jacobsen, LMFT, CATC, Marriage & Family Therapist
DeLynn M Jacobsen
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, CATC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Oroville, CA 95966
Hi and Welcome! I am honored to be your guide to healing and to help you get through life and whatever obstacles may be in the way. As a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist (LMFT) & Certified Addiction Treatment Counselor (CATC), I'm pretty awesome at inspiring change by empowering you, helping you identify strengths and celebrating your efforts. We work together, from a client-centered venue, to process, create goals and cultivate your ideal self.
Hi and Welcome! I am honored to be your guide to healing and to help you get through life and whatever obstacles may be in the way. As a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist (LMFT) & Certified Addiction Treatment Counselor (CATC), I'm pretty awesome at inspiring change by empowering you, helping you identify strengths and celebrating your efforts. We work together, from a client-centered venue, to process, create goals and cultivate your ideal self.
(530) 771-6294 View (530) 771-6294
Photo of Jenna Quinn, MA, MFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Jenna Quinn
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, MFT
Verified Verified
Online Only
Are you feeling depressed, anxious, or insecure in your current situation? Do you struggle with feeling sad or blue, or with letting go of trauma from the past? Do you notice what is wrong more than right? Do your thoughts tend to loop and get stuck in your mind? Are you lonely, indecisive, questioning of your purpose and goals? Are you in a life transition, struggling with feelings that come up related to trauma, grief, relationship, social life? Are you longing for a safe and private place to unburden yourself of thoughts and feelings you've been carrying inside? Does life sometimes feel like too much to handle on your own?
Are you feeling depressed, anxious, or insecure in your current situation? Do you struggle with feeling sad or blue, or with letting go of trauma from the past? Do you notice what is wrong more than right? Do your thoughts tend to loop and get stuck in your mind? Are you lonely, indecisive, questioning of your purpose and goals? Are you in a life transition, struggling with feelings that come up related to trauma, grief, relationship, social life? Are you longing for a safe and private place to unburden yourself of thoughts and feelings you've been carrying inside? Does life sometimes feel like too much to handle on your own?
(530) 319-5021 View (530) 319-5021
Photo of Alejandra Flores (Bilingual-Spanish), LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Alejandra Flores (Bilingual-Spanish)
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Online Only
“When we keep it all in, we get overwhelmed and struggle to keep it together.” My name is Alejandra I am founder of Serenity Minds Counseling Services, and I want to help you find your outlet. My goal is to empower you with effective coping strategies by creating a blueprint to improve the challenges you are experiencing so that you are spendings less time overwhelmed and more time enjoying life.
“When we keep it all in, we get overwhelmed and struggle to keep it together.” My name is Alejandra I am founder of Serenity Minds Counseling Services, and I want to help you find your outlet. My goal is to empower you with effective coping strategies by creating a blueprint to improve the challenges you are experiencing so that you are spendings less time overwhelmed and more time enjoying life.
(530) 771-6130 View (530) 771-6130
Photo of Maralee Whitaker, ACSW, MSW
Maralee Whitaker
Associate Clinical Social Worker, ACSW, MSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Online Only
Greetings, I am delighted to introduce myself as a dedicated practitioner with over 25 years of experience in working with trauma in various capacities. Armed with a BSW and MSW, my journey has been enriched by a deep commitment to guiding individuals towards healing and growth. My extensive experience has been my greatest teacher. Through the years, I've had the privilege of working closely with diverse groups, including disabled clients, the elderly, and neurodivergent individuals. My personality, characterized by its straightforward nature and a hearty sense of humor, forms the backdrop for my therapeutic approach.
Greetings, I am delighted to introduce myself as a dedicated practitioner with over 25 years of experience in working with trauma in various capacities. Armed with a BSW and MSW, my journey has been enriched by a deep commitment to guiding individuals towards healing and growth. My extensive experience has been my greatest teacher. Through the years, I've had the privilege of working closely with diverse groups, including disabled clients, the elderly, and neurodivergent individuals. My personality, characterized by its straightforward nature and a hearty sense of humor, forms the backdrop for my therapeutic approach.
(209) 263-4387 View (209) 263-4387

See more therapy options for Durham

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Durham, CA

< 10

Therapists in Durham, CA who prioritize treating:

100% Depression
100% Anxiety
67% Relationship Issues
67% Trauma and PTSD
67% Family Conflict
67% Coping Skills
67% Self Esteem

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

80% Other
60% Medi-Cal
40% Anthem

How Therapists in Durham, CA see their clients

67% In Person and Online
33% Online Only

Gender breakdown

78% Female
22% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Durham?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.