Therapists in Chula Vista, CA

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Photo of Norma E Quiroz, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Norma E Quiroz
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Online Only
I have over 15 years of experience as a Licensed Marriage & Family Therapist. I have helped individuals who struggle with depression, anxiety, life adjustments, grief and loss, relationship challenges and life transitions. I have worked with individuals of different cultural backgrounds, from different walks of life and am able to create a supportive, non judgmental environment for people to explore and find solutions to their individual problems/challenges.
I have over 15 years of experience as a Licensed Marriage & Family Therapist. I have helped individuals who struggle with depression, anxiety, life adjustments, grief and loss, relationship challenges and life transitions. I have worked with individuals of different cultural backgrounds, from different walks of life and am able to create a supportive, non judgmental environment for people to explore and find solutions to their individual problems/challenges.
(619) 616-2993 View (619) 616-2993
Photo of Socorro Espinosa Saavedra, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Socorro Espinosa Saavedra
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Chula Vista, CA 91910
Hello/Hola, I'm Socorro- My name is Socorro Saavedra, I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) based in California. My goal in therapy is to help clients reach their full potential by healing past trauma and support maintain their mental well-being. I work with children, adults, couples, and families facing depression, anxiety, significant life transitions as well as challenges in parenting.
Hello/Hola, I'm Socorro- My name is Socorro Saavedra, I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) based in California. My goal in therapy is to help clients reach their full potential by healing past trauma and support maintain their mental well-being. I work with children, adults, couples, and families facing depression, anxiety, significant life transitions as well as challenges in parenting.
(619) 439-1940 View (619) 439-1940
Photo of Paul Abe - Grow Through Life Counseling Eastlake, Chula Vista, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Grow Through Life Counseling Eastlake, Chula Vista
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Chula Vista, CA 91914
Hello and welcome! Grow Through Life Counseling is a group private practice welcoming in person clients in Eastlake, Chula Vista CA and via Telehealth in CA. We have immediate openings and are accepting new clients. Our Mission is to provide quality counseling for all ages throughout life. We provide culturally sensitive and inclusive care for all children, teens, adults, couples and families. We respect each family member's unique identities, perspectives and experiences in life. With effective and creative psychotherapeutic interventions, we support emotional growth and development through various stages of life to be healthier.
Hello and welcome! Grow Through Life Counseling is a group private practice welcoming in person clients in Eastlake, Chula Vista CA and via Telehealth in CA. We have immediate openings and are accepting new clients. Our Mission is to provide quality counseling for all ages throughout life. We provide culturally sensitive and inclusive care for all children, teens, adults, couples and families. We respect each family member's unique identities, perspectives and experiences in life. With effective and creative psychotherapeutic interventions, we support emotional growth and development through various stages of life to be healthier.
(619) 514-1487 View (619) 514-1487
Photo of Emmapreet Bal, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Emmapreet Bal
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Chula Vista, CA 91911
My name is Emma Bal and I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) based in Sacramento, California and working with clients statewide via telehealth. My role as a therapist is to help create a safe and inclusive space where you can explore the complexities of your identity and how they intersect with the challenges you may face. I work with adults, ranging from younger adults to older adults, with a focus on trauma (including intimate partner violence and sexual trauma), anxiety, depression, grief/loss, and intrusive/negative thoughts.
My name is Emma Bal and I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) based in Sacramento, California and working with clients statewide via telehealth. My role as a therapist is to help create a safe and inclusive space where you can explore the complexities of your identity and how they intersect with the challenges you may face. I work with adults, ranging from younger adults to older adults, with a focus on trauma (including intimate partner violence and sexual trauma), anxiety, depression, grief/loss, and intrusive/negative thoughts.
(858) 786-1490 View (858) 786-1490
Photo of Anna Yee, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Anna Yee
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Chula Vista, CA 91913
How would you like to enhance your life with more positive feelings, a better sense of control, and increased options for the future? Welcome to psychotherapy through PATH’s network of therapists! I am Anna Yee, LCSW, a therapist with more than 25 years of experience collaborating with clients to find their own unique paths to resilience. Through compassion and expertise, I will guide you to start healing from anxiety, depression, life’s difficult challenges, and the stress that they bring.
How would you like to enhance your life with more positive feelings, a better sense of control, and increased options for the future? Welcome to psychotherapy through PATH’s network of therapists! I am Anna Yee, LCSW, a therapist with more than 25 years of experience collaborating with clients to find their own unique paths to resilience. Through compassion and expertise, I will guide you to start healing from anxiety, depression, life’s difficult challenges, and the stress that they bring.
(619) 759-7883 View (619) 759-7883
Photo of Cristina Zamora, Marriage & Family Therapist
Cristina Zamora
Marriage & Family Therapist
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Chula Vista, CA 91910
Not accepting new clients
My works is for people to be embraced and receive the guidance of truth. Over the 20 years of my work I witness the power of Truth in it's transformative nature. Being embraced by a healing relationship requires vulnerability and truth baring requires courage, and courage requires hope. I want to invite you to take the wildest journey you can imagine. A journey into yourself with open arms to embrace who you were meant to be.
My works is for people to be embraced and receive the guidance of truth. Over the 20 years of my work I witness the power of Truth in it's transformative nature. Being embraced by a healing relationship requires vulnerability and truth baring requires courage, and courage requires hope. I want to invite you to take the wildest journey you can imagine. A journey into yourself with open arms to embrace who you were meant to be.
(619) 404-5837 View (619) 404-5837
Photo of Chaitanya Pabbati - Headlight/East Lake
Headlight/East Lake
Verified Verified
Chula Vista, CA 91914
Headlight is proud to offer Chula Vista, CA a full circle of mental health care services, including therapy, coaching, support groups, medication management, and an online library of self-care resources. We make world-class mental health care accessible for everyone!
Headlight is proud to offer Chula Vista, CA a full circle of mental health care services, including therapy, coaching, support groups, medication management, and an online library of self-care resources. We make world-class mental health care accessible for everyone!
(619) 367-1309 View (619) 367-1309
Photo of Julia Malone, MA, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Julia Malone
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
9 Endorsed
Chula Vista, CA 91914
Feeling like "It's me, HI, I'm the problem it's me"? The anxiety and overwhelm just feel too much and you're looking for a place to unpack some painful memories from the past. As you've gotten older, navigated relationships, or have had children of your own, you have really been struggling to feel confident and find clarity in navigating life's challenges. I'm Julia and I help adults work through generational (complex) trauma alleviate their anxiety, change patterns of perfectionism, people pleasing, and codependency and connect deeply with themselves and those they love. Let's break cycles of generational trauma together!
Feeling like "It's me, HI, I'm the problem it's me"? The anxiety and overwhelm just feel too much and you're looking for a place to unpack some painful memories from the past. As you've gotten older, navigated relationships, or have had children of your own, you have really been struggling to feel confident and find clarity in navigating life's challenges. I'm Julia and I help adults work through generational (complex) trauma alleviate their anxiety, change patterns of perfectionism, people pleasing, and codependency and connect deeply with themselves and those they love. Let's break cycles of generational trauma together!
(619) 503-3526 View (619) 503-3526
Photo of Brenda Duarte, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Brenda Duarte
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Chula Vista, CA 91914
Brenda Duarte has provided supportive therapy services to clients across the life cycle for the last 10 years. Brenda believes in a diverse and comprehensive approach to healing with a special emphasis on Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT), Solution-focused, Narrative, and Person-Centered Therapy models. Brenda attended college at UCLA and completed her Master’s in Psychology with an emphasis in MFT at Alliant International University San Diego. Brenda is bilingual and can provide therapy in Spanish.
Brenda Duarte has provided supportive therapy services to clients across the life cycle for the last 10 years. Brenda believes in a diverse and comprehensive approach to healing with a special emphasis on Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT), Solution-focused, Narrative, and Person-Centered Therapy models. Brenda attended college at UCLA and completed her Master’s in Psychology with an emphasis in MFT at Alliant International University San Diego. Brenda is bilingual and can provide therapy in Spanish.
(858) 326-9609 View (858) 326-9609
Photo of Naomi Jimenez, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Naomi Jimenez
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Chula Vista, CA 91910
Hello, I'm Naomi Jimenez and I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist (LMFT) based in California and working with clients statewide using a telehealth platform. I work with adolescents, preteens, and teenagers from a variety of backgrounds who struggle with anxiety, grief, and trauma.
Hello, I'm Naomi Jimenez and I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist (LMFT) based in California and working with clients statewide using a telehealth platform. I work with adolescents, preteens, and teenagers from a variety of backgrounds who struggle with anxiety, grief, and trauma.
(619) 626-2177 View (619) 626-2177
Photo of Holly Bates, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Holly Bates
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Chula Vista, CA 91914
Holly Bates, LCSW, is a board licensed clinical social worker, with a Bachelor degree in Psychology, a Masters in Social Work, and 12+ years of experience in outpatient therapy settings. Her work extends to individuals, couples, families, and teens. Her therapeutic work focuses on women’s issues, trauma, anxiety, anger management, depression and mood disorders, grief and loss, relationship concerns, attachment difficulties, self esteem challenges, life transitions, and adjustment stressors. Holly has led Intensive Outpatient Programs treating at risk teens.
Holly Bates, LCSW, is a board licensed clinical social worker, with a Bachelor degree in Psychology, a Masters in Social Work, and 12+ years of experience in outpatient therapy settings. Her work extends to individuals, couples, families, and teens. Her therapeutic work focuses on women’s issues, trauma, anxiety, anger management, depression and mood disorders, grief and loss, relationship concerns, attachment difficulties, self esteem challenges, life transitions, and adjustment stressors. Holly has led Intensive Outpatient Programs treating at risk teens.
(858) 786-1767 View (858) 786-1767
Photo of Glen F Pastores, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Glen F Pastores
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Chula Vista, CA 91914
Today you are one step closer to a new you where you feel empowered and on a positive path to growth and well-being. My goal is to help you uncover your true potential and lead a life that is worth celebrating. While we can't change difficult situations, we can work together to better understand and resolve the challenges to them. My therapeutic approach is to provide support and practical feedback to help clients effectively address personal life challenges.I integrate complementary methodologies and techniques to offer a highly personalized approach tailored to each client.
Today you are one step closer to a new you where you feel empowered and on a positive path to growth and well-being. My goal is to help you uncover your true potential and lead a life that is worth celebrating. While we can't change difficult situations, we can work together to better understand and resolve the challenges to them. My therapeutic approach is to provide support and practical feedback to help clients effectively address personal life challenges.I integrate complementary methodologies and techniques to offer a highly personalized approach tailored to each client.
(858) 952-0824 View (858) 952-0824
Photo of Tania Beaudoin, LCSW, MPP, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Tania Beaudoin
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MPP
Verified Verified
Online Only
With all the responsibilities we have, life can sometimes feel overwhelming. Sometimes, the things we once enjoyed—our loved ones, our hobbies, our work—can start to feel draining, leaving us feeling disconnected or alone. I know that therapy can sound scary and that reaching out feels big. I also know that you already have strengths. Together, we can figure out how to best use your strengths and skills to bring meaning and joy back into your day.
With all the responsibilities we have, life can sometimes feel overwhelming. Sometimes, the things we once enjoyed—our loved ones, our hobbies, our work—can start to feel draining, leaving us feeling disconnected or alone. I know that therapy can sound scary and that reaching out feels big. I also know that you already have strengths. Together, we can figure out how to best use your strengths and skills to bring meaning and joy back into your day.
(619) 728-2502 View (619) 728-2502
Photo of Kelly Rathmann, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Kelly Rathmann
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Chula Vista, CA 91911
Hi, my name is Kelly, and I am a licensed clinical social worker. I have been working with individuals of all ages for over a decade to support clients as they navigate the challenges of life changes and process past traumas and difficult family and relationship dynamics. I typically work with adults, young adults, and older teens (15-19). I often treat anxiety, including mild OCD, depression, trauma, inner critic/negative self-perception, perfectionism, ADHD/focus issues, and life-cycle transitions. I work well with clients who are willing to self-reflect and seeking change.
Hi, my name is Kelly, and I am a licensed clinical social worker. I have been working with individuals of all ages for over a decade to support clients as they navigate the challenges of life changes and process past traumas and difficult family and relationship dynamics. I typically work with adults, young adults, and older teens (15-19). I often treat anxiety, including mild OCD, depression, trauma, inner critic/negative self-perception, perfectionism, ADHD/focus issues, and life-cycle transitions. I work well with clients who are willing to self-reflect and seeking change.
(619) 724-4541 View (619) 724-4541
Photo of Linda Anne Proctor, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Linda Anne Proctor
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Chula Vista, CA 91910
I bring 40 years of clinical experience with diverse populations. Advanced training in Couples Therapy, Grief Recovery, trauma treatment and mind-body modalities. Clients describe me as having strong intuition/attunement. My gentle, but direct approach has helped them with self-compassion and more effective coping strategies. Couples have said ʻyou are not only taking in our words, but also understand and translate for us both in a language so we can understand each other.ʻ Additionally, ʻyou help us see whatʻs driving our reaction, opening up creativity and empathy; fostering a deeper connection.ʻ
I bring 40 years of clinical experience with diverse populations. Advanced training in Couples Therapy, Grief Recovery, trauma treatment and mind-body modalities. Clients describe me as having strong intuition/attunement. My gentle, but direct approach has helped them with self-compassion and more effective coping strategies. Couples have said ʻyou are not only taking in our words, but also understand and translate for us both in a language so we can understand each other.ʻ Additionally, ʻyou help us see whatʻs driving our reaction, opening up creativity and empathy; fostering a deeper connection.ʻ
(619) 775-1473 View (619) 775-1473
Photo of Irving Martinez, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Irving Martinez
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Chula Vista, CA 91911
My name is Irving Martinez, and I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) based out of Los Angeles, CA, and working with clients in California via telehealth. I work with both adolescents/adults and specialize in anxiety, depression, and trauma using Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Dialectical Behavioral Therapy in order to help my clients create change and move towards a better path.
My name is Irving Martinez, and I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) based out of Los Angeles, CA, and working with clients in California via telehealth. I work with both adolescents/adults and specialize in anxiety, depression, and trauma using Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Dialectical Behavioral Therapy in order to help my clients create change and move towards a better path.
(619) 914-2978 View (619) 914-2978
Photo of Gina Reynoso, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Gina Reynoso
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Chula Vista, CA 91910
I have extensive experience working with trauma through domestic violence survivors. In addition to specializing in all relationship issues, anxiety, depression, and couple's therapy, I have taught parenting classes and facilitated domestic violence groups for children and women survivors of domestic violence. I also facilitated groups on healthy relationships and women's empowerment groups.
I have extensive experience working with trauma through domestic violence survivors. In addition to specializing in all relationship issues, anxiety, depression, and couple's therapy, I have taught parenting classes and facilitated domestic violence groups for children and women survivors of domestic violence. I also facilitated groups on healthy relationships and women's empowerment groups.
(310) 956-4360 View (310) 956-4360
Photo of Joy Cornell, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Joy Cornell
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Chula Vista, CA 91911
Joy Cornell is a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist with 24 years of counseling experience. She obtained her Master of Arts degree in Clinical Psychology with an emphasis in Marriage and Family Therapy from Pepperdine University. Joy has experience working with children and adults in community counseling centers. She has also served the public for over 12 years while working as a Mental Health Clinician for the Los Angeles County Department of Mental Health. Joy has many years of experience in the areas of depression, anxiety, relationship issues, victims of abuse, codependency and trauma resolution.
Joy Cornell is a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist with 24 years of counseling experience. She obtained her Master of Arts degree in Clinical Psychology with an emphasis in Marriage and Family Therapy from Pepperdine University. Joy has experience working with children and adults in community counseling centers. She has also served the public for over 12 years while working as a Mental Health Clinician for the Los Angeles County Department of Mental Health. Joy has many years of experience in the areas of depression, anxiety, relationship issues, victims of abuse, codependency and trauma resolution.
(858) 951-1765 View (858) 951-1765
Photo of Chantal Marie Wilson, MS, LMFT, CCTP, IFS 1, Marriage & Family Therapist
Chantal Marie Wilson
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT, CCTP, IFS 1
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Online Only
Are you tired of feeling alone while caring for others in your life? Are you ready to increase feelings of connections with those around you, and increase feeling connected to yourself? Many of the people that I work with are use to taking care of other people while pushing down their own feelings and challenging experiences. Many of the people I work with struggle to share their own challenge, often reporting feeling like a "burden" or that they "have to be the strong one." The people that I work with often have had to be stronger than they should have had to be. Having a space to talk about and focus on you is what I provide.
Are you tired of feeling alone while caring for others in your life? Are you ready to increase feelings of connections with those around you, and increase feeling connected to yourself? Many of the people that I work with are use to taking care of other people while pushing down their own feelings and challenging experiences. Many of the people I work with struggle to share their own challenge, often reporting feeling like a "burden" or that they "have to be the strong one." The people that I work with often have had to be stronger than they should have had to be. Having a space to talk about and focus on you is what I provide.
(619) 345-6954 View (619) 345-6954
Photo of Karina Valdez, LMFT, CCTP, Marriage & Family Therapist
Karina Valdez
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, CCTP
Verified Verified
Chula Vista, CA 91910
I have created and founded La Verdad Therapy with the vision of reaching many under the embrace and guidance of truth. Truth can be perceived as a relative concept evaded by so many and held in the eye of the beholder. I have had the honor to witness the power of Truth in a transformative nature. Wisdom is not far by telling us that the Truth shall set you free. Truth baring requires courage, and courage requires vulnerability. I want to invite you to take the wildest journey you can imagine. A journey into yourself with open arms and ready to embrace the truth of who you were created to be.
I have created and founded La Verdad Therapy with the vision of reaching many under the embrace and guidance of truth. Truth can be perceived as a relative concept evaded by so many and held in the eye of the beholder. I have had the honor to witness the power of Truth in a transformative nature. Wisdom is not far by telling us that the Truth shall set you free. Truth baring requires courage, and courage requires vulnerability. I want to invite you to take the wildest journey you can imagine. A journey into yourself with open arms and ready to embrace the truth of who you were created to be.
(858) 786-0872 View (858) 786-0872
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How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Chula Vista, CA

300+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Chula Vista, CA who prioritize treating:

92% Anxiety
88% Depression
69% Coping Skills
69% Self Esteem
64% Relationship Issues
64% Trauma and PTSD
63% Stress

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

88% Aetna
80% Cigna and Evernorth
75% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Chula Vista, CA see their clients

77% In Person and Online
23% Online Only

Gender breakdown

79% Female
20% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Chula Vista?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.