Therapists in New York, NY

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Photo of Amanda Arena-Miller, Pre-Licensed Professional in New York, NY
Amanda Arena-Miller
Pre-Licensed Professional, PhD
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10011
Lacking confidence and a belief in your ability to achieve your goals often stems from unconscious negative thoughts and feelings about yourself that develop early in life. These negative thoughts and feelings often leave you unfulfilled in various aspects of your life because you do not believe that you can achieve the life that aligns with your authentic self. The therapeutic relationship is particularly rewarding as it allows you to access a more genuine version of yourself. However, it can be difficult to feel comfortable enough to truly open up to someone.
Lacking confidence and a belief in your ability to achieve your goals often stems from unconscious negative thoughts and feelings about yourself that develop early in life. These negative thoughts and feelings often leave you unfulfilled in various aspects of your life because you do not believe that you can achieve the life that aligns with your authentic self. The therapeutic relationship is particularly rewarding as it allows you to access a more genuine version of yourself. However, it can be difficult to feel comfortable enough to truly open up to someone.
(347) 427-5871 View (347) 427-5871
Photo of Naomi G. Marton, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Naomi G. Marton
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
New York, NY 10025  (Online Only)
I work with people who are struggling in various aspects of life, and help identify and alleviate barriers to affect positive change or acceptance, Whether you have difficulty managing anxiety; are experiencing depressed mood; feel stuck in negative patters of communication; or want to improve your relationships with others or with yourself, I create a nurturing environment to support and challenge you to express your feelings, explore personal problems and goals, make meaning out of negative experiences or patterns, and generate positive behaviors and coping styles.
I work with people who are struggling in various aspects of life, and help identify and alleviate barriers to affect positive change or acceptance, Whether you have difficulty managing anxiety; are experiencing depressed mood; feel stuck in negative patters of communication; or want to improve your relationships with others or with yourself, I create a nurturing environment to support and challenge you to express your feelings, explore personal problems and goals, make meaning out of negative experiences or patterns, and generate positive behaviors and coping styles.
(917) 789-1218 View (917) 789-1218
Photo of Wellness Entreated & Restored LLC-Kimara Runcie, Licensed Mental Health Counselor in New York, NY
Wellness Entreated & Restored LLC-Kimara Runcie
Licensed Mental Health Counselor, LMHC, NCC
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10001  (Online Only)
Counseling, educating and empowering individuals to live to their fullest potential is not only my profession but it is my calling. My professional areas of expertise are comprised of the following areas: Mental Health Counseling- (Individual, Group and Family counseling), Employee Training and development; Anger Management; Evidence Based practices- (Trauma Informed care, Motivational Interviewing and Person-Centered Planning).
Counseling, educating and empowering individuals to live to their fullest potential is not only my profession but it is my calling. My professional areas of expertise are comprised of the following areas: Mental Health Counseling- (Individual, Group and Family counseling), Employee Training and development; Anger Management; Evidence Based practices- (Trauma Informed care, Motivational Interviewing and Person-Centered Planning).
(718) 568-5906 View (718) 568-5906
Photo of Lindsay Huckaba, Marriage & Family Therapist in New York, NY
Lindsay Huckaba
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10016  (Online Only)
As a systemically trained therapist, I consider the various identities and systemic pressures that clients encompass. I work with individuals and couples to navigate these pressures within themselves and their relationships. I aim to create a collaborative and inclusive space to help clients reach their desired goals and help activate change.
As a systemically trained therapist, I consider the various identities and systemic pressures that clients encompass. I work with individuals and couples to navigate these pressures within themselves and their relationships. I aim to create a collaborative and inclusive space to help clients reach their desired goals and help activate change.
(347) 801-2939 View (347) 801-2939
Photo of Rosy Rosenkrantz, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Rosy Rosenkrantz
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10003
As a psychotherapist and psychoanalyst, I am interested in how relationships heal and transform individuals. I work closely with my patients to illuminate areas in which they feel disconnected from others, and then together, we come up with ways to bridge those gaps. I have specialties in work with survivors of incest and sexual abuse, couples counseling and parenting issues, lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer adolescents and adults, as well as experience working with dissociation due to trauma.
As a psychotherapist and psychoanalyst, I am interested in how relationships heal and transform individuals. I work closely with my patients to illuminate areas in which they feel disconnected from others, and then together, we come up with ways to bridge those gaps. I have specialties in work with survivors of incest and sexual abuse, couples counseling and parenting issues, lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer adolescents and adults, as well as experience working with dissociation due to trauma.
(646) 386-2304 View (646) 386-2304
Photo of Anushua Arif, Pre-Licensed Professional in New York, NY
Anushua Arif
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10016
The therapeutic journey is not about fixing yourself but about discovering your wholeness, which has been there all along. I am dedicated to working with individuals, couples, and families dealing with anxiety, stress, and interpersonal conflicts to help you navigate life’s complexities. As your therapist, I will collaborate with you to explore your inner world and rediscover your best self to achieve deep healing and emotional growth. I offer you a warm and non-judgmental environment to help you learn more about yourself and question the life stories that no longer serve you.
The therapeutic journey is not about fixing yourself but about discovering your wholeness, which has been there all along. I am dedicated to working with individuals, couples, and families dealing with anxiety, stress, and interpersonal conflicts to help you navigate life’s complexities. As your therapist, I will collaborate with you to explore your inner world and rediscover your best self to achieve deep healing and emotional growth. I offer you a warm and non-judgmental environment to help you learn more about yourself and question the life stories that no longer serve you.
(212) 335-0511 View (212) 335-0511
Photo of Joan Brady, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Joan Brady
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, BCD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
New York, NY 10003
I practice full time and have been teaching and supervising practicing psychotherapists for over 25 years. My speciality includes relationship difficulties, depression counseling, grief issues, anxiety issues and couples counseling. I practice psychodynamic psychotherapy with a focus on helping people to understand and overcome the barriers in their relationships, dealing with loss or grief, career, parenting or other issues. This we do together in the context of early life relationships and experiences in family and environment. The relationship we have in therapy is the most important to be able to do this work. Our relationship becomes part of you.
I practice full time and have been teaching and supervising practicing psychotherapists for over 25 years. My speciality includes relationship difficulties, depression counseling, grief issues, anxiety issues and couples counseling. I practice psychodynamic psychotherapy with a focus on helping people to understand and overcome the barriers in their relationships, dealing with loss or grief, career, parenting or other issues. This we do together in the context of early life relationships and experiences in family and environment. The relationship we have in therapy is the most important to be able to do this work. Our relationship becomes part of you.
(347) 997-1226 View (347) 997-1226
Photo of Nicole Fontenot, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Nicole Fontenot
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10001  (Online Only)
As a biracial clinician, I am focused on delivering affirming services to BIPOC and other marginalized identities. With a focus on trauma-informed and culturally inclusive therapy, I have experience working with folks managing mental health challenges, grief/loss, and neurodivergence. I’ve also worked with individuals struggling with family difficulties, school, and finances, particularly young women, expecting parents, and young mothers.
As a biracial clinician, I am focused on delivering affirming services to BIPOC and other marginalized identities. With a focus on trauma-informed and culturally inclusive therapy, I have experience working with folks managing mental health challenges, grief/loss, and neurodivergence. I’ve also worked with individuals struggling with family difficulties, school, and finances, particularly young women, expecting parents, and young mothers.
(646) 760-8836 View (646) 760-8836
Photo of Charles Cordova, Counselor in New York, NY
Charles Cordova
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10001  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
I am a bilingual (Spanish) therapist who approaches each session acknowledging that an individual's reality is unique, with a sense of humor, no judgement, and with a person-centered stance. Trust and vulnerability are not expectations that I hold for initial sessions. I understand that trust is earned and, without it, having an honest dialogue is challenging. You are your own best expert. Together we will tailor a treatment plan with the hope that our work will illuminate the path toward achieving your established goals.
I am a bilingual (Spanish) therapist who approaches each session acknowledging that an individual's reality is unique, with a sense of humor, no judgement, and with a person-centered stance. Trust and vulnerability are not expectations that I hold for initial sessions. I understand that trust is earned and, without it, having an honest dialogue is challenging. You are your own best expert. Together we will tailor a treatment plan with the hope that our work will illuminate the path toward achieving your established goals.
(929) 552-0803 View (929) 552-0803
Photo of Danielle I. Hamlin, Psychologist in New York, NY
Danielle I. Hamlin
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10023
Life can feel joyful and meaningful, but also quite challenging. We all experience difficulties and if you are feeling stuck, overwhelmed, distressed, or physically and emotionally unwell, your mind and body are trying to tell you that something is wrong. It can be intimidating and frightening to approach change, but you do not need to navigate it alone. I will create a warm, safe space, free of judgment, in which to empathically help you manage stressful life events/transitions, relationship issues, and painful losses. I also focus on addressing issues of anxiety, depression and trauma, toward enhancing joy and life satisfaction.
Life can feel joyful and meaningful, but also quite challenging. We all experience difficulties and if you are feeling stuck, overwhelmed, distressed, or physically and emotionally unwell, your mind and body are trying to tell you that something is wrong. It can be intimidating and frightening to approach change, but you do not need to navigate it alone. I will create a warm, safe space, free of judgment, in which to empathically help you manage stressful life events/transitions, relationship issues, and painful losses. I also focus on addressing issues of anxiety, depression and trauma, toward enhancing joy and life satisfaction.
(347) 851-8631 View (347) 851-8631
Photo of Judith R Kuskin, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Judith R Kuskin
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW, JD
Verified Verified
7 Endorsed
New York, NY 10014  (Online Only)
Feel less alone. Improve your relationship with your partner or spouse. Reconnect with your children, your family and friends. Co parent cooperatively with your ex. . Build healthy relationships. Heal the past. Renew hope for today and tomorrow. Therapy is effective when couples and families seek help together or when only one person is engaged in therapy. Increasing your self- confidence, becoming less worried and anxious will help you feel better about yourself and positively impact your relationships and your outlook toward the future.
Feel less alone. Improve your relationship with your partner or spouse. Reconnect with your children, your family and friends. Co parent cooperatively with your ex. . Build healthy relationships. Heal the past. Renew hope for today and tomorrow. Therapy is effective when couples and families seek help together or when only one person is engaged in therapy. Increasing your self- confidence, becoming less worried and anxious will help you feel better about yourself and positively impact your relationships and your outlook toward the future.
(908) 214-7344 View (908) 214-7344
Photo of Mary Genkins, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Mary Genkins
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, DSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10065
To quote my patients: "Isolation STINKS" "Remote work is EH", "When will I be able to date and see my friends" If these feelings resonate, I can help you work through them and come out stronger from the experience. Concurrent with my private practice, I worked as a clinical consultant for Right Management Associates, an outplacement firm. Subsequently, I was a partner at Harris, Rothenberg Int. (HRI), a global firm that provided psychological counseling to law firms and major organizations.
To quote my patients: "Isolation STINKS" "Remote work is EH", "When will I be able to date and see my friends" If these feelings resonate, I can help you work through them and come out stronger from the experience. Concurrent with my private practice, I worked as a clinical consultant for Right Management Associates, an outplacement firm. Subsequently, I was a partner at Harris, Rothenberg Int. (HRI), a global firm that provided psychological counseling to law firms and major organizations.
(646) 846-9415 View (646) 846-9415
Photo of Kimball Jones, Counselor in New York, NY
Kimball Jones
Counselor, PhD, LMHC
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10023
In the current atmosphere of political and social chaos many people are feeling angry, disenchanted, lost. As a spiritually oriented psychotherapist, I use mindfulness techniques as well as integrated therapy in working with the anxiety and depression that result from the current climate.
In the current atmosphere of political and social chaos many people are feeling angry, disenchanted, lost. As a spiritually oriented psychotherapist, I use mindfulness techniques as well as integrated therapy in working with the anxiety and depression that result from the current climate.
(646) 553-5811 View (646) 553-5811
Photo of David Braucher, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
David Braucher
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
New York, NY 10011
As a trained psychotherapist with over 25 years of clinical, supervisory and teaching experience, I have learned that we all suffer from common problems in living -- in love and in work. But the solutions that will work for each of us are as unique as we are. I have had extensive training in a variety of different approaches. We will find what works best for you!
As a trained psychotherapist with over 25 years of clinical, supervisory and teaching experience, I have learned that we all suffer from common problems in living -- in love and in work. But the solutions that will work for each of us are as unique as we are. I have had extensive training in a variety of different approaches. We will find what works best for you!
(212) 691-0688 View (212) 691-0688
Photo of Adam Last, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Adam Last
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW, CGP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
New York, NY 10028
First off, congratulations on taking a major step for yourself by seeking a therapist. It would be an honor to help you further develop your sense of self, explore the depth of what you've experienced and begin to find and celebrate the joy in your life. It is a pleasure to meet you, and i look forward to going through this process together. I have experience working with all age groups in multiple aspects of life. I worked as a therapist in multiple capacities, ranging from school settings, to a mobile crisis unit, to a substance abuse clinic. I specialize in grief and bereavement therapy.
First off, congratulations on taking a major step for yourself by seeking a therapist. It would be an honor to help you further develop your sense of self, explore the depth of what you've experienced and begin to find and celebrate the joy in your life. It is a pleasure to meet you, and i look forward to going through this process together. I have experience working with all age groups in multiple aspects of life. I worked as a therapist in multiple capacities, ranging from school settings, to a mobile crisis unit, to a substance abuse clinic. I specialize in grief and bereavement therapy.
(914) 825-5854 View (914) 825-5854
Photo of Barbara Couvadelli, Psychologist in New York, NY
Barbara Couvadelli
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10128
Dr. Couvadelli is an adult and pediatric Neuropsychologist/Psychologist with areas of expertise in clinical neuropsychology, cognitive rehabilitation and health psychology. Dr. Couvadelli obtained her PhD in Behavioral Medicine with a focus on Cognitive Neuroscience. She completed an internship in clinical psychology/neuropsychology, a fellowship in cognitive rehabilitation, and a three-year postdoctoral fellowship in neuropsychology. Dr. Couvadelli has served as the head of Pediatric Neuropsychology at JFK Medical Center, NJ and she holds the appointment of Assistant Professor of Neuroscience at Seton Hall University School of Health/Medical Sciences.
Dr. Couvadelli is an adult and pediatric Neuropsychologist/Psychologist with areas of expertise in clinical neuropsychology, cognitive rehabilitation and health psychology. Dr. Couvadelli obtained her PhD in Behavioral Medicine with a focus on Cognitive Neuroscience. She completed an internship in clinical psychology/neuropsychology, a fellowship in cognitive rehabilitation, and a three-year postdoctoral fellowship in neuropsychology. Dr. Couvadelli has served as the head of Pediatric Neuropsychology at JFK Medical Center, NJ and she holds the appointment of Assistant Professor of Neuroscience at Seton Hall University School of Health/Medical Sciences.
(855) 847-7806 View (855) 847-7806
Photo of Joy V Levinson, Psychologist in New York, NY
Joy V Levinson
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10028
In our work together, we form a safe, trusting relationship where you can share experiences, resolve challenges, and learn to approach life with more confidence, humor, and joy. I have been treating clients for over twenty years, from many different cultures, countries, and backgrounds. My style is best described as respectful, sincere, and empathic. I completed my Ph.D. in clinical psychology, have a specialty in couples, family, and bereavement therapy, and have post-doctoral training in psychoanalysis at New York University.
In our work together, we form a safe, trusting relationship where you can share experiences, resolve challenges, and learn to approach life with more confidence, humor, and joy. I have been treating clients for over twenty years, from many different cultures, countries, and backgrounds. My style is best described as respectful, sincere, and empathic. I completed my Ph.D. in clinical psychology, have a specialty in couples, family, and bereavement therapy, and have post-doctoral training in psychoanalysis at New York University.
(917) 563-4241 View (917) 563-4241
Photo of Dr. Nicole Benedicto Elden, Psychologist in New York, NY
Dr. Nicole Benedicto Elden
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10017
I applaud you on taking this important step in caring for yourself! Seeking help is not easy and requires hope and courage. As a psychologist for the past 17+ years, I have been privileged to share in the journey of many adults and couples as they navigate their emotions, identities and relationships. I am also a 1.5 generation immigrant (Filipina) and parent, interracially married, and comfortable with complexity and nuance. I know you are more than your roles, relationships and jobs. Together we will explore how to identify what may be getting in the way of you living a life of truth and authenticity based on your core values.
I applaud you on taking this important step in caring for yourself! Seeking help is not easy and requires hope and courage. As a psychologist for the past 17+ years, I have been privileged to share in the journey of many adults and couples as they navigate their emotions, identities and relationships. I am also a 1.5 generation immigrant (Filipina) and parent, interracially married, and comfortable with complexity and nuance. I know you are more than your roles, relationships and jobs. Together we will explore how to identify what may be getting in the way of you living a life of truth and authenticity based on your core values.
(929) 456-5696 View (929) 456-5696
Photo of Dr. Michele S. Piccolo, Psychologist in New York, NY
Dr. Michele S. Piccolo
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10010
Michele is an Italian name pronounced "Meek-ay-lay". I received training both in Europe and in New York. I specialize in depression and anxiety. Sometimes we are depressed/anxious because of natural events (e.g. a family loss, career challenges, etc...), and other times we feel depressed/anxious without knowing why, as if our mind was hiding the distress source. Whether we are able or unable to make out the reasons of our depression/anxiety, therapy can be a journey of self-discovery to alleviate these problems.
Michele is an Italian name pronounced "Meek-ay-lay". I received training both in Europe and in New York. I specialize in depression and anxiety. Sometimes we are depressed/anxious because of natural events (e.g. a family loss, career challenges, etc...), and other times we feel depressed/anxious without knowing why, as if our mind was hiding the distress source. Whether we are able or unable to make out the reasons of our depression/anxiety, therapy can be a journey of self-discovery to alleviate these problems.
(646) 759-1905 View (646) 759-1905
Photo of Adi Dina, Pre-Licensed Professional in New York, NY
Adi Dina
Pre-Licensed Professional, MSWI
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10023
At various points in our lives, we come across hurdles that can leave us feeling overwhelmed and discouraged. Whether you are coming to therapy due to life transitions, loss, relational issues, identity challenges, or distressing symptoms, my aim is to make you feel seen and heard as you navigate the complexities of life and work to undo patterns that are making you feel stuck. I honor the importance of the therapeutic relationship and lead with curiosity to cultivate an individualized, collaborative, and nonjudgmental space for you to engage in self-exploration.
At various points in our lives, we come across hurdles that can leave us feeling overwhelmed and discouraged. Whether you are coming to therapy due to life transitions, loss, relational issues, identity challenges, or distressing symptoms, my aim is to make you feel seen and heard as you navigate the complexities of life and work to undo patterns that are making you feel stuck. I honor the importance of the therapeutic relationship and lead with curiosity to cultivate an individualized, collaborative, and nonjudgmental space for you to engage in self-exploration.
(646) 956-2714 View (646) 956-2714

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in New York, NY

3,000+

Average cost per session

$200

Therapists in New York, NY who prioritize treating:

94% Anxiety
89% Depression
85% Relationship Issues
78% Self Esteem
67% Trauma and PTSD
66% Stress
63% Coping Skills

Average years in practice

12 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

78% Aetna
62% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
60% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in New York, NY see their clients

59% In Person and Online
41% Online Only

Gender breakdown

78% Female
21% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in New York?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.