Therapists in Pittsburgh, PA

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Photo of William Bishop, Pre-Licensed Professional in Pittsburgh, PA
William Bishop
Pre-Licensed Professional, MEd, MA
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Pittsburgh, PA 15235
30 years of experience working with children, teens, men, women, and families has taught me that the most important thing in life is relationships. It's relationships that help us weather life's storms, and breakdowns in key relationships are usually what lead to a great deal of our distress and turmoil. My help to clients is first and foremost in the form of a positive, affirming relationship, and through that, I have been able to help countless people move toward wholeness and restoration within themselves, and with those that are important to them. I truly look forward to meeting and working with you.
30 years of experience working with children, teens, men, women, and families has taught me that the most important thing in life is relationships. It's relationships that help us weather life's storms, and breakdowns in key relationships are usually what lead to a great deal of our distress and turmoil. My help to clients is first and foremost in the form of a positive, affirming relationship, and through that, I have been able to help countless people move toward wholeness and restoration within themselves, and with those that are important to them. I truly look forward to meeting and working with you.
(412) 538-6083 View (412) 538-6083
Photo of Paula Kauffman Oberly, Licensed Professional Counselor in Pittsburgh, PA
Paula Kauffman Oberly
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, NCC, BCC, ACS
Verified Verified
21 Endorsed
Pittsburgh, PA 15222
My goal is to help you gain the insights & tools to feel successful and satisfied. I have an eclectic strengths-based approach integrating Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Adlerian Theory, creative expression and bibliotherapy. I provide a variety of services, including: Individual, Family, and Group Therapy for all ages. Including Grief and Parent Counseling.
My goal is to help you gain the insights & tools to feel successful and satisfied. I have an eclectic strengths-based approach integrating Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Adlerian Theory, creative expression and bibliotherapy. I provide a variety of services, including: Individual, Family, and Group Therapy for all ages. Including Grief and Parent Counseling.
(412) 387-7595 View (412) 387-7595
Photo of Outside the Lines Creative & Relational Therapies, Pre-Licensed Professional in Pittsburgh, PA
Outside the Lines Creative & Relational Therapies
Pre-Licensed Professional, MEd, MMT, MT-BC
Verified Verified
Pittsburgh, PA 15221
Due to my own lived experiences, I strive to create an affirming space for those who are fat, queer, polyamorous/non-monogamous, in/visibly disabled, gender-expansive, and/or expectant parents. Together, we will 1) gain a deeper understanding of your relationships to Self and others, 2) deconstruct systems & expand your knowledge of your own privileged & marginalized positions, and 3) learn about your attachment style & family systems position. Additionally, creatives who wish to expand our process beyond discussion and into music, poetry, and other expressive arts will find that those mediums can be interwoven into our work.
Due to my own lived experiences, I strive to create an affirming space for those who are fat, queer, polyamorous/non-monogamous, in/visibly disabled, gender-expansive, and/or expectant parents. Together, we will 1) gain a deeper understanding of your relationships to Self and others, 2) deconstruct systems & expand your knowledge of your own privileged & marginalized positions, and 3) learn about your attachment style & family systems position. Additionally, creatives who wish to expand our process beyond discussion and into music, poetry, and other expressive arts will find that those mediums can be interwoven into our work.
(412) 293-0570 View (412) 293-0570
Photo of Brittany M. Kiefer, Licensed Professional Counselor in Pittsburgh, PA
Brittany M. Kiefer
Licensed Professional Counselor, NCC, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Pittsburgh, PA 15217
At times we may struggle with intense and confusing emotions that interfere with reaching our daily goals and aspirations. By working collaboratively within in a calm, supportive and non-judgmental atmosphere, we can begin to become more curious about desired changes. Therapy can serve as a guide to help you gain a better understanding of yourself, how you relate and navigate the interpersonal relationships in your life, and within your environment. I also believe it is imperative to view therapy through the lens of trauma-informed care, while respecting each individual's background, where trauma's may have left unspoken words.
At times we may struggle with intense and confusing emotions that interfere with reaching our daily goals and aspirations. By working collaboratively within in a calm, supportive and non-judgmental atmosphere, we can begin to become more curious about desired changes. Therapy can serve as a guide to help you gain a better understanding of yourself, how you relate and navigate the interpersonal relationships in your life, and within your environment. I also believe it is imperative to view therapy through the lens of trauma-informed care, while respecting each individual's background, where trauma's may have left unspoken words.
(412) 207-3438 View (412) 207-3438
Photo of Mikael Ferm, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Pittsburgh, PA
Mikael Ferm
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Pittsburgh, PA 15218  (Online Only)
Clients often describe me as authentic, determined, and insightful. My therapeutic approach is conversational and casual with a clear direction and purpose. I offer direct solutions and evidence-based techniques to help you solve your problems, or we can dive deeper and explore the roots behind your troubles and true self. Many clients want to do both, which is absolutely doable.
Clients often describe me as authentic, determined, and insightful. My therapeutic approach is conversational and casual with a clear direction and purpose. I offer direct solutions and evidence-based techniques to help you solve your problems, or we can dive deeper and explore the roots behind your troubles and true self. Many clients want to do both, which is absolutely doable.
(412) 991-2030 View (412) 991-2030
Photo of Sheray Anthony, Licensed Professional Counselor in Pittsburgh, PA
Sheray Anthony
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Pittsburgh, PA 15203
I enjoy working with young adults going through transitions and adjustment issues. These young adults may struggle with moving forward due to unresolved childhood trauma, or an individual may struggle to establish better boundaries within their interpersonal/intimate relationships, or even an individual struggling to meet their goals due to a substance use disorder they are facing. I enjoy working with these individuals, especially if they have moderate-high motivation, but I am also willing to assist patients in the population who are struggling with motivation altogether.
I enjoy working with young adults going through transitions and adjustment issues. These young adults may struggle with moving forward due to unresolved childhood trauma, or an individual may struggle to establish better boundaries within their interpersonal/intimate relationships, or even an individual struggling to meet their goals due to a substance use disorder they are facing. I enjoy working with these individuals, especially if they have moderate-high motivation, but I am also willing to assist patients in the population who are struggling with motivation altogether.
(412) 998-7508 View (412) 998-7508
Photo of Jon Weingarden, Psychologist in Pittsburgh, PA
Jon Weingarden
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Pittsburgh, PA 15215
I am a Pittsburgher and I'm proud to practice psychology in my home community. My goal is to see each client as a person first, and provide individualized healthcare. I see therapy as collaborative, and including both skill-building and self-exploration. In terms of self-exploration, I see the client as the expert in their own life, while a therapist is attuned to noticing themes or patterns that the client would have otherwise missed or avoided.
I am a Pittsburgher and I'm proud to practice psychology in my home community. My goal is to see each client as a person first, and provide individualized healthcare. I see therapy as collaborative, and including both skill-building and self-exploration. In terms of self-exploration, I see the client as the expert in their own life, while a therapist is attuned to noticing themes or patterns that the client would have otherwise missed or avoided.
(412) 207-3477 View (412) 207-3477
Photo of Stephanie Golden, Psychologist in Pittsburgh, PA
Stephanie Golden
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Pittsburgh, PA 15217
I'm a licensed psychologist specializing in trauma, anxiety, depression, body image, and relationship concerns. I strive to cultivate a safe and open environment to explore each client’s experience with curiosity and compassion. I support each client’s goals and desire for meaningful change through a collaborative and nonjudgmental approach. With clients, I will strive to work towards genuine growth and self-understanding about the past and present, while strengthening coping skills and relationships.
I'm a licensed psychologist specializing in trauma, anxiety, depression, body image, and relationship concerns. I strive to cultivate a safe and open environment to explore each client’s experience with curiosity and compassion. I support each client’s goals and desire for meaningful change through a collaborative and nonjudgmental approach. With clients, I will strive to work towards genuine growth and self-understanding about the past and present, while strengthening coping skills and relationships.
(724) 530-3828 View (724) 530-3828
Photo of Erika L Gilmore, Licensed Professional Counselor in Pittsburgh, PA
Erika L Gilmore
Licensed Professional Counselor, MSEd, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Pittsburgh, PA 15224
Not accepting new clients
Daytime availability only. Erika is an experienced psychotherapist with a diverse background in the mental health field. She has treated a range of clients such as toddlers, school-age children, teenagers, children in foster care, adoptees, college-age students, and adults in counseling settings. Erika works with both adults and children on healing the wounds that trauma has created in their lives, as well as those experiencing other symptoms that are impacting their lives. When working with clients, Erika utilizes an integrative approach to best meet the needs of the client. This therapeutic space is LGBTQIA+-affirming.
Daytime availability only. Erika is an experienced psychotherapist with a diverse background in the mental health field. She has treated a range of clients such as toddlers, school-age children, teenagers, children in foster care, adoptees, college-age students, and adults in counseling settings. Erika works with both adults and children on healing the wounds that trauma has created in their lives, as well as those experiencing other symptoms that are impacting their lives. When working with clients, Erika utilizes an integrative approach to best meet the needs of the client. This therapeutic space is LGBTQIA+-affirming.
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Photo of Dan Murphy, Psychologist in Pittsburgh, PA
Dan Murphy
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Pittsburgh, PA 15217
While my training in clinical psychology focused on making the right diagnosis and finding the right treatment, I also believe that, in most cases, the most essential and supportive element of psychotherapy is the therapeutic relationship itself, the success of which can depend on intangible qualities like warmth, trust, credibility, openness, rapport, alliance, and authenticity. I believe the process of building a successful therapeutic relationship requires the science of psychotherapy to give way to the art of being human, and so my approach to this process is unique to every individual, couple, and family I work with.
While my training in clinical psychology focused on making the right diagnosis and finding the right treatment, I also believe that, in most cases, the most essential and supportive element of psychotherapy is the therapeutic relationship itself, the success of which can depend on intangible qualities like warmth, trust, credibility, openness, rapport, alliance, and authenticity. I believe the process of building a successful therapeutic relationship requires the science of psychotherapy to give way to the art of being human, and so my approach to this process is unique to every individual, couple, and family I work with.
(412) 850-4515 x122 View (412) 850-4515 x122
Photo of Monique Bivins, Licensed Professional Counselor in Pittsburgh, PA
Monique Bivins
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Pittsburgh, PA 15212  (Online Only)
I recognize that at times life presents significant challenges, and also that there are transitional seasons of life that are very difficult to navigate alone. I would love to work with you to help you identify practical approaches to overcome the obstacles you are currently facing in your life. I am going to meet you where you are, without judgement, and strive to cultivate a safe space that causes you to feel heard, understood and respected, no matter what you say! I believe that my role is to listen, support, and empower you to rediscover the ability that you have inside of yourself to overcome!
I recognize that at times life presents significant challenges, and also that there are transitional seasons of life that are very difficult to navigate alone. I would love to work with you to help you identify practical approaches to overcome the obstacles you are currently facing in your life. I am going to meet you where you are, without judgement, and strive to cultivate a safe space that causes you to feel heard, understood and respected, no matter what you say! I believe that my role is to listen, support, and empower you to rediscover the ability that you have inside of yourself to overcome!
(412) 991-2415 View (412) 991-2415
Photo of Courtney Pfohlman, Licensed Professional Counselor in Pittsburgh, PA
Courtney Pfohlman
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC, NCC, LADC
Verified Verified
Pittsburgh, PA 15210  (Online Only)
I am a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) who specializes working with adults and couples. I am an EMDR trained clinician and have a history of working with clients in treatment facilities for substance use disorders, co-occuring disorders including trauma and anxiety, and completing forensic assessments.
I am a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) who specializes working with adults and couples. I am an EMDR trained clinician and have a history of working with clients in treatment facilities for substance use disorders, co-occuring disorders including trauma and anxiety, and completing forensic assessments.
(702) 329-4261 View (702) 329-4261
Photo of Steven Mollura, Counselor in Pittsburgh, PA
Steven Mollura
Counselor, LMHC, LPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Pittsburgh, PA 15221  (Online Only)
Accepting new clients. Sometimes when we feel things that are overwhelming and painful, our first thought is to blame ourselves and keep doing things the exact same way, praying for different results and hoping to become a different person. I provide a warm, safe, and open place so that clients can learn to both accept themselves as they are, and improve themselves into the person they always wanted to be. You can take control of your life in the way that you want. You are allowed to be who you are and feel how you feel, even while facing the stress and challenges of life. Together we can embrace self-acceptance and self-improvement
Accepting new clients. Sometimes when we feel things that are overwhelming and painful, our first thought is to blame ourselves and keep doing things the exact same way, praying for different results and hoping to become a different person. I provide a warm, safe, and open place so that clients can learn to both accept themselves as they are, and improve themselves into the person they always wanted to be. You can take control of your life in the way that you want. You are allowed to be who you are and feel how you feel, even while facing the stress and challenges of life. Together we can embrace self-acceptance and self-improvement
(321) 306-0359 View (321) 306-0359
Photo of Jean McClung, Psychologist in Pittsburgh, PA
Jean McClung
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Pittsburgh, PA 15237
A psychologist for over 20 years, I work primarily with adults and adolescents in individual therapy. In my practice, I see clients with a broad range of issues, including depression, anxiety, panic disorder, life transitions, relationship issues, divorce, under-achievement, low self-esteem, career and school issues. My goal is to help individuals self-actualize and flourish in our rapidly changing world. My full time practice allows me flexibility in scheduling clients. Evening appointments are often available.
A psychologist for over 20 years, I work primarily with adults and adolescents in individual therapy. In my practice, I see clients with a broad range of issues, including depression, anxiety, panic disorder, life transitions, relationship issues, divorce, under-achievement, low self-esteem, career and school issues. My goal is to help individuals self-actualize and flourish in our rapidly changing world. My full time practice allows me flexibility in scheduling clients. Evening appointments are often available.
(412) 532-1425 x3 View (412) 532-1425 x3
Photo of Lauren J Richey, Licensed Professional Counselor in Pittsburgh, PA
Lauren J Richey
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Pittsburgh, PA 15218
Unconditional Positive Regard is something that we are all deserving of. A lot of times, life becomes all-consuming, and not only do we feel a lack of acceptance from others; but many of us internalize our experiences in a way that keeps us from feeling confident. Self-Actualization is a fancy way to say "I love myself and I trust myself". It takes a lot of courage to step into the realm of discomfort and as for support - but it's not out of our reach.
Unconditional Positive Regard is something that we are all deserving of. A lot of times, life becomes all-consuming, and not only do we feel a lack of acceptance from others; but many of us internalize our experiences in a way that keeps us from feeling confident. Self-Actualization is a fancy way to say "I love myself and I trust myself". It takes a lot of courage to step into the realm of discomfort and as for support - but it's not out of our reach.
(412) 844-2379 View (412) 844-2379
Photo of Karen D.Kiely,PhD, Psychologist in Pittsburgh, PA
Karen D.Kiely,PhD
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Pittsburgh, PA 15217  (Online Only)
People seek therapy when they feel that what they are experiencing is beyond their capacity to help themselves.This is a powerful moment in a life because it creates a crack through which something new can come in.I feel privileged to have been invited into people's lives over the last 30 years to begin a process that can be transformative.
People seek therapy when they feel that what they are experiencing is beyond their capacity to help themselves.This is a powerful moment in a life because it creates a crack through which something new can come in.I feel privileged to have been invited into people's lives over the last 30 years to begin a process that can be transformative.
(412) 453-3241 View (412) 453-3241
Photo of Dr. Waggy Zeleke, Licensed Professional Counselor in Pittsburgh, PA
Dr. Waggy Zeleke
Licensed Professional Counselor, EdD, LCPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Pittsburgh, PA 15222  (Online Only)
Are you seeking counseling on relationship issues, depression, trauma, anxiety, autism, adoption, parenting, and attachment issues? I have over 15 years of experience working with various populations doing individual, couples, family, and group psychotherapy and psychological testing. Call now to make an appointment, or visit www.ubuntucounseling.com to learn about me. Together, we will work to bring strength and healing to your life. I specialized in clinical mental health counseling and psychotherapy.
Are you seeking counseling on relationship issues, depression, trauma, anxiety, autism, adoption, parenting, and attachment issues? I have over 15 years of experience working with various populations doing individual, couples, family, and group psychotherapy and psychological testing. Call now to make an appointment, or visit www.ubuntucounseling.com to learn about me. Together, we will work to bring strength and healing to your life. I specialized in clinical mental health counseling and psychotherapy.
(412) 612-2434 View (412) 612-2434
Photo of Loving Me Solutions, Licensed Professional Counselor in Pittsburgh, PA
Loving Me Solutions
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Pittsburgh, PA 15206
Waitlist for new clients
Hi! I'm Anne Forrest, a Licensed Professional Counselor and Self-Esteem Coach. I believe that feeling good about ourselves is our birthright, and I help clients to love themselves through individual counseling and self-esteem workshops. I use Gestalt therapy and other approaches which are experiential, feelings-focused, and include the body. I love to work with people who struggle with trauma issues, addictions, and LGBTQIA issues, as well as low self-esteem, depression, anxiety, grief, and codependency. I like people who are unconventional, whether that is in their spirituality, gender identity, or any other area.
Hi! I'm Anne Forrest, a Licensed Professional Counselor and Self-Esteem Coach. I believe that feeling good about ourselves is our birthright, and I help clients to love themselves through individual counseling and self-esteem workshops. I use Gestalt therapy and other approaches which are experiential, feelings-focused, and include the body. I love to work with people who struggle with trauma issues, addictions, and LGBTQIA issues, as well as low self-esteem, depression, anxiety, grief, and codependency. I like people who are unconventional, whether that is in their spirituality, gender identity, or any other area.
(412) 923-4494 View (412) 923-4494
Photo of Ann Frerotte, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Pittsburgh, PA
Ann Frerotte
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, RN , LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Pittsburgh, PA 15201
It is powerful, life changing and brave when we take steps toward understanding ourselves and how we interact with the world around us. At first this can sound daunting but with a solid set of tools and healthy introspection and exploration, this is a superpower. This is where our freedom lies. Things in life are often not clearly delineated. Oftentimes, we judge ourselves harshly and feel like we can’t move ahead. In therapy, we will work collaboratively to help you weather life's ups and downs while developing self-compassion.
It is powerful, life changing and brave when we take steps toward understanding ourselves and how we interact with the world around us. At first this can sound daunting but with a solid set of tools and healthy introspection and exploration, this is a superpower. This is where our freedom lies. Things in life are often not clearly delineated. Oftentimes, we judge ourselves harshly and feel like we can’t move ahead. In therapy, we will work collaboratively to help you weather life's ups and downs while developing self-compassion.
(412) 910-1053 View (412) 910-1053
Photo of Suzanne Burkley, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Pittsburgh, PA
Suzanne Burkley
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LPC
Verified Verified
Pittsburgh, PA 15213
Suzanne M. Burkley is a Licensed Professional Counselor in Pennsylvania who has been practicing since 2003. She attended Indiana University of PA for Criminology and received a Bachelor of Arts (BA) in 1990 and attended Duquesne University and received a Master of Science Education (MSED) in 1998. Suzanne is skilled at several different evidenced based practices (CBT, DBT, MI, Brief Solution Focus, Exposure Therapy, Person Center, TF-CBT) and is able to apply specific approaches, methods and/or strategies to fit the need of the client at that particular time.
Suzanne M. Burkley is a Licensed Professional Counselor in Pennsylvania who has been practicing since 2003. She attended Indiana University of PA for Criminology and received a Bachelor of Arts (BA) in 1990 and attended Duquesne University and received a Master of Science Education (MSED) in 1998. Suzanne is skilled at several different evidenced based practices (CBT, DBT, MI, Brief Solution Focus, Exposure Therapy, Person Center, TF-CBT) and is able to apply specific approaches, methods and/or strategies to fit the need of the client at that particular time.
(412) 218-3514 View (412) 218-3514

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Pittsburgh, PA

1,000+

Average cost per session

$125

Therapists in Pittsburgh, PA who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
88% Depression
77% Self Esteem
71% Relationship Issues
69% Trauma and PTSD
69% Coping Skills
66% Stress

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

81% Highmark
74% Aetna
67% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Pittsburgh, PA see their clients

59% In Person and Online
41% Online Only

Gender breakdown

78% Female
19% Male
3% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Pittsburgh?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.