Therapists in Ridgewood, NJ

Photo of Jeanine Klotzkin, Licensed Professional Counselor in Ridgewood, NJ
Jeanine Klotzkin
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Ridgewood, NJ 07450
Anxiety, depression, trauma and addiction can be enormously challenging. They are often intertwined with physical issues and can disrupt lives, including the lives of the people around them. As a therapist with over 30 years of experience I can share the good news that healing is possible when given the right care. My expertise is helping people with complex issues get strong and move beyond the their past. I offer a deeply compassionate, non-judgmental presence, so clients can feel safe, hopeful and heal. My experience as clinical director, clinician and supervisor allow me to bring you the highest level of evidenced based care.
Anxiety, depression, trauma and addiction can be enormously challenging. They are often intertwined with physical issues and can disrupt lives, including the lives of the people around them. As a therapist with over 30 years of experience I can share the good news that healing is possible when given the right care. My expertise is helping people with complex issues get strong and move beyond the their past. I offer a deeply compassionate, non-judgmental presence, so clients can feel safe, hopeful and heal. My experience as clinical director, clinician and supervisor allow me to bring you the highest level of evidenced based care.
(551) 299-0537 View (551) 299-0537
Photo of Heather Wilke, Licensed Professional Counselor in Ridgewood, NJ
Heather Wilke
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, LCADC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Ridgewood, NJ 07450
Not accepting new clients
The cornerstone of my practice is a simple but incredibly vital one: providing empathy. I will listen to you and work to truly see and hear you. We all have different, unique stories and it’s so important to honor those in our therapeutic work together. By better understanding your story, I can then assist you in breaking down the challenges you’re facing into more manageable pieces so you don’t have to feel defined or limited by them. I will also guide you in recognizing your own strengths and work actively with you to develop healthy coping strategies to better manage your anxiety, depression, everyday stress or life transitions.
The cornerstone of my practice is a simple but incredibly vital one: providing empathy. I will listen to you and work to truly see and hear you. We all have different, unique stories and it’s so important to honor those in our therapeutic work together. By better understanding your story, I can then assist you in breaking down the challenges you’re facing into more manageable pieces so you don’t have to feel defined or limited by them. I will also guide you in recognizing your own strengths and work actively with you to develop healthy coping strategies to better manage your anxiety, depression, everyday stress or life transitions.
(551) 239-9525 View (551) 239-9525
Photo of Marvin Leibowtiz PhD, LLC, Psychologist in Ridgewood, NJ
Marvin Leibowtiz PhD, LLC
Psychologist, PhD, ABPP
Verified Verified
Ridgewood, NJ 07450
I have over 45 years of experiuence working with every age group, individuals, couples, and families. I am particularly interested in self growth, creativity, and leading a meaningful life. I believe that a person cannot go forward until they know themselves deeply. The relationship that is developed between the person and myself is essential to gaining this awareness and making the choices that bring both personal fulfillment and gratifying relationships.
I have over 45 years of experiuence working with every age group, individuals, couples, and families. I am particularly interested in self growth, creativity, and leading a meaningful life. I believe that a person cannot go forward until they know themselves deeply. The relationship that is developed between the person and myself is essential to gaining this awareness and making the choices that bring both personal fulfillment and gratifying relationships.
(201) 445-6378 View (201) 445-6378
Photo of Chamomile Counseling LLC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Ridgewood, NJ
Chamomile Counseling LLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Ridgewood, NJ 07450
Are you feeling stuck in your daily life? Are you feeling burned out? Do you feel no motivation to wake up and make changes that you think are necessary? I believe therapy can make changes in your daily life so that you feel motivated and empowered to continue which will result in a significant decrease in general stress level. As a trained therapist, I will walk with you to help you to see where you are and where you are heading within a holistic, client-centered approach. You will encounter small and large challenges throughout your life. You can benefit from therapy sessions by learning how to better manage these stressors.
Are you feeling stuck in your daily life? Are you feeling burned out? Do you feel no motivation to wake up and make changes that you think are necessary? I believe therapy can make changes in your daily life so that you feel motivated and empowered to continue which will result in a significant decrease in general stress level. As a trained therapist, I will walk with you to help you to see where you are and where you are heading within a holistic, client-centered approach. You will encounter small and large challenges throughout your life. You can benefit from therapy sessions by learning how to better manage these stressors.
(551) 282-9146 View (551) 282-9146
Photo of Diana Bernstein, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Ridgewood, NJ
Diana Bernstein
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LCADC
Verified Verified
Ridgewood, NJ 07451
The most important thing to me as a therapist is to create a safe, warm, and comfortable environment where you can feel free to share whatever is on your mind without judgement. My goal is to provide you with the support, guidance and the tools necessary in order to make lasting change and find the answers you seek.
The most important thing to me as a therapist is to create a safe, warm, and comfortable environment where you can feel free to share whatever is on your mind without judgement. My goal is to provide you with the support, guidance and the tools necessary in order to make lasting change and find the answers you seek.
(551) 303-7997 View (551) 303-7997
Photo of Robin Kanen, Psychologist in Ridgewood, NJ
Robin Kanen
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Ridgewood, NJ 07450
As a licensed psychologist in practice for over 25 years, I have been so fortunate to have fostered personal growth and fulfillment in those I have worked with. I help people to build on their strengths in order to enjoy their lives. The first sign of strength is recognizing that there is a problem and coming for help. I work with people of all ages, but specialize in adolescents and young adults. I deal with a wide variety of emotional difficulties and have experience helping with adjustment to college and early adulthood, anxiety, depression, relationship issues, and parenting concerns.
As a licensed psychologist in practice for over 25 years, I have been so fortunate to have fostered personal growth and fulfillment in those I have worked with. I help people to build on their strengths in order to enjoy their lives. The first sign of strength is recognizing that there is a problem and coming for help. I work with people of all ages, but specialize in adolescents and young adults. I deal with a wide variety of emotional difficulties and have experience helping with adjustment to college and early adulthood, anxiety, depression, relationship issues, and parenting concerns.
(201) 380-7283 View (201) 380-7283
Photo of Leila Ostad, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Ridgewood, NJ
Leila Ostad
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MBS
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Ridgewood, NJ 07450
As a specialist in supporting adults and teens with High-Functioning Autism, ADHD/ADD, and emotional regulation challenges, I believe in a collaborative approach that honors your unique experiences and strengths. From in-depth diagnostic evaluation and testing of ADHD and Autism Spectrum Disorder to individual therapy and supportive groups, I offer a wide range of options to help you manage frustrations, explore emotions, and build the skills you need for a calmer mind, healthier relationships, and a life on your terms.
As a specialist in supporting adults and teens with High-Functioning Autism, ADHD/ADD, and emotional regulation challenges, I believe in a collaborative approach that honors your unique experiences and strengths. From in-depth diagnostic evaluation and testing of ADHD and Autism Spectrum Disorder to individual therapy and supportive groups, I offer a wide range of options to help you manage frustrations, explore emotions, and build the skills you need for a calmer mind, healthier relationships, and a life on your terms.
(201) 632-3050 View (201) 632-3050
Photo of Kristen Forman, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Ridgewood, NJ
Kristen Forman
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Ridgewood, NJ 07450
I am a warm and empathetic therapist, who has many years of experience working with people who have struggled with disordered eating. This can include Binge Eating Disorder, Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa, and generalized disordered eating. I work with teens and adults in both individual sessions as well as groups specific to eating disorders.
I am a warm and empathetic therapist, who has many years of experience working with people who have struggled with disordered eating. This can include Binge Eating Disorder, Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa, and generalized disordered eating. I work with teens and adults in both individual sessions as well as groups specific to eating disorders.
(551) 291-2056 View (551) 291-2056
Photo of Paul D. Kreisinger, LCSW, LLC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Ridgewood, NJ
Paul D. Kreisinger, LCSW, LLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, JD
Verified Verified
Ridgewood, NJ 07450
Thomas Ogden wrote "The most fundamental human need is that of being and becoming more fully oneself...becoming more fully present and alive to one's thoughts, feelings and bodily states; becoming better able to sense one's own unique creative potentials and finding forms in which to develop them; feeling that one is speaking one's own ideas with a voice of one's own; becoming a larger person in one's relationships with others; developing more fully a humane and just value system and set of ethical standards."
Thomas Ogden wrote "The most fundamental human need is that of being and becoming more fully oneself...becoming more fully present and alive to one's thoughts, feelings and bodily states; becoming better able to sense one's own unique creative potentials and finding forms in which to develop them; feeling that one is speaking one's own ideas with a voice of one's own; becoming a larger person in one's relationships with others; developing more fully a humane and just value system and set of ethical standards."
(201) 877-5156 View (201) 877-5156
Photo of Catherine Illenye, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Ridgewood, NJ
Catherine Illenye
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MA, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Ridgewood, NJ 07450
Many of my clients feel stuck or have reached an impasse in their lives that they have not yet been able to find a way around. Many feel frustrated, or even doubt that it will get better. Many are feeling overwhelmed with chronic stress, feel exhausted, and keep pushing themselves to pull through. Many, understandably feel they have to do it themselves and know of no other way of being. I find working with these strong individuals to be the most rewarding, as I feel honored to witness their meaningful process unfold.
Many of my clients feel stuck or have reached an impasse in their lives that they have not yet been able to find a way around. Many feel frustrated, or even doubt that it will get better. Many are feeling overwhelmed with chronic stress, feel exhausted, and keep pushing themselves to pull through. Many, understandably feel they have to do it themselves and know of no other way of being. I find working with these strong individuals to be the most rewarding, as I feel honored to witness their meaningful process unfold.
(973) 832-1952 View (973) 832-1952
Photo of Unity Counseling LLC: Couples, Adults, Youth, Licensed Professional Counselor in Ridgewood, NJ
Unity Counseling LLC: Couples, Adults, Youth
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Ridgewood, NJ 07450
I am an experienced therapist specializing in individual and couples work. I am also a certified school psychologist working with kids 8+. For adult individuals, I use CBT and a family systems lens to help clients reduce anxiety and stress, gain clarity, and make decisions. With couples, I use Gottman Method Couples Counseling to target relationship challenges and build better communication skills. With children, I draw on my school psychology training to reduce problem behaviors and improve family connection. See my calendar and request appointments here: https:/www.UnityCounselingNJ.com
I am an experienced therapist specializing in individual and couples work. I am also a certified school psychologist working with kids 8+. For adult individuals, I use CBT and a family systems lens to help clients reduce anxiety and stress, gain clarity, and make decisions. With couples, I use Gottman Method Couples Counseling to target relationship challenges and build better communication skills. With children, I draw on my school psychology training to reduce problem behaviors and improve family connection. See my calendar and request appointments here: https:/www.UnityCounselingNJ.com
(201) 272-1616 View (201) 272-1616
Photo of Pauline Carides, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Ridgewood, NJ
Pauline Carides
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Ridgewood, NJ 07450  (Online Only)
I enjoy my work as a therapist. The cornerstone of my success is my ability to provide a safe environment, listen intently, and genuinely engage with the individuals and families that I meet. Perhaps you are on the precipice of change, and you just can't take the first step. Maybe you are taking inventory of your life, and you need guidance on how to sum up your past and learn how to make new decisions in this moment with your eyes wide open. Together, we can sort out the transition and help you move toward positive transformation.
I enjoy my work as a therapist. The cornerstone of my success is my ability to provide a safe environment, listen intently, and genuinely engage with the individuals and families that I meet. Perhaps you are on the precipice of change, and you just can't take the first step. Maybe you are taking inventory of your life, and you need guidance on how to sum up your past and learn how to make new decisions in this moment with your eyes wide open. Together, we can sort out the transition and help you move toward positive transformation.
(201) 632-3925 View (201) 632-3925
Photo of Dr. Michele LaCouture, LLC, Licensed Professional Counselor in Ridgewood, NJ
Dr. Michele LaCouture, LLC
Licensed Professional Counselor, PhD, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Ridgewood, NJ 07450
I perform Court Ordered Services to include Child Custody Evaluations, Parenting Time Plans, Reunification Therapy, and Mental Health Assessments.
I perform Court Ordered Services to include Child Custody Evaluations, Parenting Time Plans, Reunification Therapy, and Mental Health Assessments.
(917) 259-6401 View (917) 259-6401
Photo of Stephen Andreopoulos, Psychologist in Ridgewood, NJ
Stephen Andreopoulos
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Ridgewood, NJ 07450
I am a clinical psychologist helping adolescents, individual adults and couples through life's challenges for over 20 years. My style is interpersonal; I tend to give feedback and try to maintain a goal-oriented perspective. My specialties include the treatment of anxiety, depression, addictions and psychological trauma. I am comfortable integrating religious/spiritual concerns into the therapy. I will use my experience and knowledge to help you live your best life and reach your relationship and personal goals.
I am a clinical psychologist helping adolescents, individual adults and couples through life's challenges for over 20 years. My style is interpersonal; I tend to give feedback and try to maintain a goal-oriented perspective. My specialties include the treatment of anxiety, depression, addictions and psychological trauma. I am comfortable integrating religious/spiritual concerns into the therapy. I will use my experience and knowledge to help you live your best life and reach your relationship and personal goals.
(201) 885-4098 View (201) 885-4098
Photo of Christina Athanasatos, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Ridgewood, NJ
Christina Athanasatos
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Ridgewood, NJ 07450
Everyone has a unique and special story and life experiences that have brought them to the place they are in now. I am here to listen empathically without judgement and help understand the person you are and the struggles and challenges you are facing. I use various modalities of therapy customized to meet my clients needs. I will implement a personalized therapeutic approach dependent on the assessment of your individual circumstances and needs . When needed, I collaborate with various other professionals including psychiatrists, dietitians, treatment programs, and other programs suited for my individualized client's needs.
Everyone has a unique and special story and life experiences that have brought them to the place they are in now. I am here to listen empathically without judgement and help understand the person you are and the struggles and challenges you are facing. I use various modalities of therapy customized to meet my clients needs. I will implement a personalized therapeutic approach dependent on the assessment of your individual circumstances and needs . When needed, I collaborate with various other professionals including psychiatrists, dietitians, treatment programs, and other programs suited for my individualized client's needs.
(201) 762-0294 View (201) 762-0294
Photo of Katherine Acosta, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Ridgewood, NJ
Katherine Acosta
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Ridgewood, NJ 07450
Finding the right therapist can feel like an overwhelming task, especially when you have concerns about speaking openly about personal matters. At HERO, we recognize how hard this can be and will dedicate ourselves to providing you with the appropriate therapy designed for your specific needs. Our aim is to assist you in identifying and attaining the goals that you would like to achieve while helping you gain insight and self-awareness. We provide help to individuals and families who struggle with life changes, anxiety, or depression.
Finding the right therapist can feel like an overwhelming task, especially when you have concerns about speaking openly about personal matters. At HERO, we recognize how hard this can be and will dedicate ourselves to providing you with the appropriate therapy designed for your specific needs. Our aim is to assist you in identifying and attaining the goals that you would like to achieve while helping you gain insight and self-awareness. We provide help to individuals and families who struggle with life changes, anxiety, or depression.
(551) 292-7523 View (551) 292-7523
Photo of Dr. Catherine O'Sullivan, Psychologist in Ridgewood, NJ
Dr. Catherine O'Sullivan
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Ridgewood, NJ 07450
Welcome! I specialize in working with children, teens, and adults who are experiencing emotional challenges and behavioral difficulties. I also work with parents at any stage of parenthood, including pregnancy and postpartum periods, to help parents and children work through difficult feelings and challenging situations. I enjoy taking a positive and compassionate approach to helping all of my clients. I use humor, compassion and empathy in order to build connection with my clients and support them in working towards their goals.
Welcome! I specialize in working with children, teens, and adults who are experiencing emotional challenges and behavioral difficulties. I also work with parents at any stage of parenthood, including pregnancy and postpartum periods, to help parents and children work through difficult feelings and challenging situations. I enjoy taking a positive and compassionate approach to helping all of my clients. I use humor, compassion and empathy in order to build connection with my clients and support them in working towards their goals.
(551) 250-1017 x2 View (551) 250-1017 x2
Photo of Justin Scott Rudolph, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Ridgewood, NJ
Justin Scott Rudolph
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Ridgewood, NJ 07450
Justin Rudolph, LCSW received his masters degree in Social Work from Yeshiva University and specializes in cognitive-behavioral therapy with families, individuals, adults, and adolescents. He utilizes the most up-to-date cognitive-behavioral techniques and has extensive training and experience with mindfulness-based practices, acceptance and commitment therapy, rational emotive behavioral therapy, and EMDR. Justin operates from a compassionate, client-centered approach and will help to guide you on your path towards self-actualization and inner freedom.
Justin Rudolph, LCSW received his masters degree in Social Work from Yeshiva University and specializes in cognitive-behavioral therapy with families, individuals, adults, and adolescents. He utilizes the most up-to-date cognitive-behavioral techniques and has extensive training and experience with mindfulness-based practices, acceptance and commitment therapy, rational emotive behavioral therapy, and EMDR. Justin operates from a compassionate, client-centered approach and will help to guide you on your path towards self-actualization and inner freedom.
(551) 230-7640 View (551) 230-7640
Photo of Norine L. Mohle Phd Psychologist, Psychologist in Ridgewood, NJ
Norine L. Mohle Phd Psychologist
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Ridgewood, NJ 07450
I believe in the power of psychology to change people's lives. I have been successful in helping clients better appreciate and transform the energy of their emotions. They have become more hopeful to be able to solve their problems as they give up judgment and are freer to seek solutions with curiosity and motivation. Individuals with anxiety , depression, difficult life transitions, and chronic health issues have gained better coping skills and a more positive outlook toward their personal challenges.
I believe in the power of psychology to change people's lives. I have been successful in helping clients better appreciate and transform the energy of their emotions. They have become more hopeful to be able to solve their problems as they give up judgment and are freer to seek solutions with curiosity and motivation. Individuals with anxiety , depression, difficult life transitions, and chronic health issues have gained better coping skills and a more positive outlook toward their personal challenges.
(201) 371-4447 View (201) 371-4447
Photo of Christopher Tullo, Pre-Licensed Professional in Ridgewood, NJ
Christopher Tullo
Pre-Licensed Professional, LAC
Verified Verified
Ridgewood, NJ 07450
Stress can impact people in many ways. I work with clients from pre-adolescence through adulthood to help them find healthy ways to cope with life's challenges. Clients often find me after struggling with anxiety and depression. They may have found themselves overusing devices or digital media as a way to escape the stress of life. I'm here to help them begin to face their challenges. Together, we can learn to process life's triggers and address unhealthy thoughts that may be contributing to avoidance, unhappiness, and worry.
Stress can impact people in many ways. I work with clients from pre-adolescence through adulthood to help them find healthy ways to cope with life's challenges. Clients often find me after struggling with anxiety and depression. They may have found themselves overusing devices or digital media as a way to escape the stress of life. I'm here to help them begin to face their challenges. Together, we can learn to process life's triggers and address unhealthy thoughts that may be contributing to avoidance, unhappiness, and worry.
(551) 250-1017 x10 View (551) 250-1017 x10

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Ridgewood, NJ

300+

Average cost per session

$180

Therapists in Ridgewood, NJ who prioritize treating:

95% Anxiety
89% Depression
82% Relationship Issues
76% Self Esteem
69% Coping Skills
62% Parenting
61% Grief

Average years in practice

17 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

57% Aetna
45% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
41% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in Ridgewood, NJ see their clients

80% In Person and Online
20% Online Only

Gender breakdown

79% Female
20% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Ridgewood?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.