Therapists in Freehold, NJ

Photo of Siobhan McDermott, Licensed Professional Counselor in Freehold, NJ
Siobhan McDermott
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, LCADC, SEP
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Freehold, NJ 07728
Taking the first step to attend therapy can be nerve wrecking and intimidating but can also demonstrate great insight and self-empowerment. My belief and intention in providing therapy is to collaboratively work with individuals to meet their unique needs and to develop a healthy and positive sense of self in order to accomplish personal goals. I also believe the therapeutic process is most effective when a strong therapeutic relationship is established; therefore, I provide an empathic, supportive, open, direct, and nonjudgmental environment with some humor mixed in when appropriate.
Taking the first step to attend therapy can be nerve wrecking and intimidating but can also demonstrate great insight and self-empowerment. My belief and intention in providing therapy is to collaboratively work with individuals to meet their unique needs and to develop a healthy and positive sense of self in order to accomplish personal goals. I also believe the therapeutic process is most effective when a strong therapeutic relationship is established; therefore, I provide an empathic, supportive, open, direct, and nonjudgmental environment with some humor mixed in when appropriate.
(732) 756-1252 View (732) 756-1252
Photo of Sandra Von Der Fecht, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Freehold, NJ
Sandra Von Der Fecht
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Freehold, NJ 07728
I am genuine, straight forward and compassionate in my approach to treating children, adolescents,adults and families.
I am genuine, straight forward and compassionate in my approach to treating children, adolescents,adults and families.
(732) 253-4272 View (732) 253-4272
Photo of Jody Weiner Davis, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Freehold, NJ
Jody Weiner Davis
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MA, MSW, DCSW, BCD, LMFT
Verified Verified
Freehold, NJ 07728  (Online Only)
I enjoy helping people to change, to improve their lives, and to achieve their goals that we set out to work on together in therapy. I provide Individual, Couple, Family therapy, treating children and adults. I enjoy the diversity of my practice. I am the type of therapist that interacts in the session: feedback, questions, homework... I have specialized experience in the treatment of: Anxiety Disorder; Grief and Loss; Depression; Attention Deficit Disorder in children and adults; Asperger's Syndrome; Obsessive Compulsive Disorder; Binge/Compulsive Eating; Marriage Counseling; Divorce/ Remarried Family Counseling; Infertility and Adoption Counseling; Postpartum Depression; School Related Problems; Stress Management.
I enjoy helping people to change, to improve their lives, and to achieve their goals that we set out to work on together in therapy. I provide Individual, Couple, Family therapy, treating children and adults. I enjoy the diversity of my practice. I am the type of therapist that interacts in the session: feedback, questions, homework... I have specialized experience in the treatment of: Anxiety Disorder; Grief and Loss; Depression; Attention Deficit Disorder in children and adults; Asperger's Syndrome; Obsessive Compulsive Disorder; Binge/Compulsive Eating; Marriage Counseling; Divorce/ Remarried Family Counseling; Infertility and Adoption Counseling; Postpartum Depression; School Related Problems; Stress Management.
(732) 853-1888 View (732) 853-1888
Photo of Anna Falisiewicz, Drug & Alcohol Counselor in Freehold, NJ
Anna Falisiewicz
Drug & Alcohol Counselor, LSW, LCADC
Verified Verified
Freehold, NJ 07728  (Online Only)
Anna (she/her) received a master’s of social work from Rutgers University in the Addiction Counselor Training program. She is a Licensed Social Worker (LSW) in the state of New Jersey. She has accrued experience working for several agencies in the state which treat adults seeking help for substance use, problem gambling, and co-occurring disorders, in both residential and outpatient levels of care. In addition to substance use, behavioral addictions, and co-occurring disorders, Anna also is proficient in other areas, including: depression, anxiety, adoption, and grief.
Anna (she/her) received a master’s of social work from Rutgers University in the Addiction Counselor Training program. She is a Licensed Social Worker (LSW) in the state of New Jersey. She has accrued experience working for several agencies in the state which treat adults seeking help for substance use, problem gambling, and co-occurring disorders, in both residential and outpatient levels of care. In addition to substance use, behavioral addictions, and co-occurring disorders, Anna also is proficient in other areas, including: depression, anxiety, adoption, and grief.
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Photo of Nonie M Nicklas, Marriage & Family Therapist in Freehold, NJ
Nonie M Nicklas
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Freehold, NJ 07728
My belief is life can be good. I have confidence that together you and I can bring health into your situation. As a Licensed Clinical Marriage and Family Therapist, I have over 20 years experience with individuals, families and couples resolving struggles and improving life. My training enables me to look at problems in the context of all areas of your life; including, but not limited to, family and other important relationships, jobs, illnesses, and stressors. I incorporate Christian spirituality, if that is your desire.
My belief is life can be good. I have confidence that together you and I can bring health into your situation. As a Licensed Clinical Marriage and Family Therapist, I have over 20 years experience with individuals, families and couples resolving struggles and improving life. My training enables me to look at problems in the context of all areas of your life; including, but not limited to, family and other important relationships, jobs, illnesses, and stressors. I incorporate Christian spirituality, if that is your desire.
(732) 333-8200 View (732) 333-8200
Photo of Anna M Hudak, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Freehold, NJ
Anna M Hudak
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Freehold, NJ 07728
I am the Director at Monarch Wellness Center in Freehold and Spring Lake, NJ. Monarch Wellness Center is a place of healing and a place to focus on you. I specialize in treating young adults - adults struggling with anxiety, depression, addictions, and relationship issues. My emphasis focuses on supporting healthy communication in all relationships, adapting positive behavioral patterns, and addressing emotional struggles to alleviate chronic anxiety and depression.
I am the Director at Monarch Wellness Center in Freehold and Spring Lake, NJ. Monarch Wellness Center is a place of healing and a place to focus on you. I specialize in treating young adults - adults struggling with anxiety, depression, addictions, and relationship issues. My emphasis focuses on supporting healthy communication in all relationships, adapting positive behavioral patterns, and addressing emotional struggles to alleviate chronic anxiety and depression.
(908) 760-0584 View (908) 760-0584
Photo of Lynn Kaplarczuk - Mind & Body CCS , Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Freehold, NJ
Lynn Kaplarczuk - Mind & Body CCS
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
7 Endorsed
Freehold, NJ 07728
I work primarily with adult populations, and have experience with a variety of clientele coming from over 15 years of work as a mental health professional in community healthcare. My personality and approach can be described as empathic, positive, and encouraging. I like to create a comfortable space that is client centered and maintains an open mind for whatever you would like to bring to your session together. I take an affirming and supportive approach to assessing your individualized needs. It's my hope that my clients see themselves on a fulfilling journey together as I guide you to discover a path to meeting your goals.
I work primarily with adult populations, and have experience with a variety of clientele coming from over 15 years of work as a mental health professional in community healthcare. My personality and approach can be described as empathic, positive, and encouraging. I like to create a comfortable space that is client centered and maintains an open mind for whatever you would like to bring to your session together. I take an affirming and supportive approach to assessing your individualized needs. It's my hope that my clients see themselves on a fulfilling journey together as I guide you to discover a path to meeting your goals.
(732) 475-0043 View (732) 475-0043
Photo of Cristina Keresztes, Counselor in Freehold, NJ
Cristina Keresztes
Counselor, LAC, NCC
Verified Verified
Freehold, NJ 07728
My ideal client ranges from adolescence to adulthood and is looking to work collaboratively on challenges such as anxiety, depression, mood disorders, behavioral issues, life changes and stressors, addiction recovery, family and relationship issues and trauma. My goal is to actively listen, meet my clients where they are and provide a safe, comfortable and stable environment to grow and make positive progress in life.
My ideal client ranges from adolescence to adulthood and is looking to work collaboratively on challenges such as anxiety, depression, mood disorders, behavioral issues, life changes and stressors, addiction recovery, family and relationship issues and trauma. My goal is to actively listen, meet my clients where they are and provide a safe, comfortable and stable environment to grow and make positive progress in life.
(848) 600-6731 View (848) 600-6731
Photo of Jason Suleski, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Freehold, NJ
Jason Suleski
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Freehold, NJ 07728
Hi my name is Jason Suleski and I’ve been working in the field of social work for over 25 years. I consider it an important privilege to be able to listen to people and help them on their own personal journey to wellness. I enjoy working with all types of clients and issues. I have spent a great deal of my professional career working with children and families and I consider this to be a specialty area for me.
Hi my name is Jason Suleski and I’ve been working in the field of social work for over 25 years. I consider it an important privilege to be able to listen to people and help them on their own personal journey to wellness. I enjoy working with all types of clients and issues. I have spent a great deal of my professional career working with children and families and I consider this to be a specialty area for me.
(732) 592-5266 View (732) 592-5266
Photo of Kimberly McCabe, Licensed Social Worker in Freehold, NJ
Kimberly McCabe
Licensed Social Worker, Kim, McCabe, LSW
Verified Verified
Freehold, NJ 07728
My name is Kim McCabe, and I am a licensed social worker. I received my bachelor’s in psychology from Monmouth University, and my master’s in social work from New York University. I am currently working in the group practice of Angela Nasca Toto and strive to help clients reach their goals in whatever way I can whether that is serving them myself or helping them to find referrals within the field.
My name is Kim McCabe, and I am a licensed social worker. I received my bachelor’s in psychology from Monmouth University, and my master’s in social work from New York University. I am currently working in the group practice of Angela Nasca Toto and strive to help clients reach their goals in whatever way I can whether that is serving them myself or helping them to find referrals within the field.
(732) 795-5898 View (732) 795-5898
Photo of Lea Zoldan, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Freehold, NJ
Lea Zoldan
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Freehold, NJ 07728
My mission is to improve the lives and empower my clients while at the same time I will be helping them to identify the underlying issues that maintain their present psychological struggles that are impeding them from living calm, productive, and meaningful lives.
My mission is to improve the lives and empower my clients while at the same time I will be helping them to identify the underlying issues that maintain their present psychological struggles that are impeding them from living calm, productive, and meaningful lives.
(732) 592-5963 View (732) 592-5963
Photo of Pathways Neuropsychology Associates, Psychologist in Freehold, NJ
Pathways Neuropsychology Associates
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Freehold, NJ 07728  (Online Only)
Dr. Vierbuchen specializes in child, adult, and family therapy. She believes therapy is an opportunity for people to understand their problems in new ways and learn skills that allow them to lead healthier and more fulfilling lives. Her approach is compassionate and competence-based and utilizes cognitive-behavioral, interpersonal, and systemic strategies to promote change.
Dr. Vierbuchen specializes in child, adult, and family therapy. She believes therapy is an opportunity for people to understand their problems in new ways and learn skills that allow them to lead healthier and more fulfilling lives. Her approach is compassionate and competence-based and utilizes cognitive-behavioral, interpersonal, and systemic strategies to promote change.
(848) 246-2188 x3 View (848) 246-2188 x3
Photo of Jean Eljay in Freehold, NJ
Jean Eljay
PhD, CNLP, CH, CI, AdvHC
Verified Verified
Freehold, NJ 07728
Are you struggling with extreme physical or emotional pain? Dr. Jean - creator of HypnoBiosis - helps you eliminate anxiety, stress, chronic pain and sleep disorders. His healing methods help transform cancer, congenital disorders, chronic disease patients into energized, healthy, happy individuals. With thousands of clients counseled, 2000+ research studies initiated, a Doctorate in Medical Genetics and Master's in Molecular Biology from one of the top 3 ranked hospitals in the world by U.S. News and World Report, Dr. Jean Eljay is credited as a top professional in stress, anxiety, pain and sleep problem solutions.
Are you struggling with extreme physical or emotional pain? Dr. Jean - creator of HypnoBiosis - helps you eliminate anxiety, stress, chronic pain and sleep disorders. His healing methods help transform cancer, congenital disorders, chronic disease patients into energized, healthy, happy individuals. With thousands of clients counseled, 2000+ research studies initiated, a Doctorate in Medical Genetics and Master's in Molecular Biology from one of the top 3 ranked hospitals in the world by U.S. News and World Report, Dr. Jean Eljay is credited as a top professional in stress, anxiety, pain and sleep problem solutions.
(484) 483-4907 View (484) 483-4907
Photo of Amy Altenhaus, Psychologist in Freehold, NJ
Amy Altenhaus
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Freehold, NJ 07728  (Online Only)
I work with people who are feeling stuck in life who want to feel more in control of their life, no matter what age they are, whether they are a young adult, in their mid life or deciding whether to retire or contintue to work in their later years.
I work with people who are feeling stuck in life who want to feel more in control of their life, no matter what age they are, whether they are a young adult, in their mid life or deciding whether to retire or contintue to work in their later years.
(848) 220-1626 View (848) 220-1626
Photo of Lauren Ruggiero, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Freehold, NJ
Lauren Ruggiero
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Freehold, NJ 07728
I've been working in the field of Social Work for the past 9 years and have worked with various age groups and a variety of needs; such as attachment disorder, anxiety, depression, and self-esteem/self-image. The treatment modalities that I have experience in are cognitive behavioral therapy and dialectical behavioral therapy. I am certified in Emotional Freedom Technique (EFT/Tapping). Whether you are looking for services for your teen or for yourself, please don't hesitate to reach out. We can work together to overcome personal and mental health obstacles.
I've been working in the field of Social Work for the past 9 years and have worked with various age groups and a variety of needs; such as attachment disorder, anxiety, depression, and self-esteem/self-image. The treatment modalities that I have experience in are cognitive behavioral therapy and dialectical behavioral therapy. I am certified in Emotional Freedom Technique (EFT/Tapping). Whether you are looking for services for your teen or for yourself, please don't hesitate to reach out. We can work together to overcome personal and mental health obstacles.
(732) 410-5853 View (732) 410-5853
Nicole Davis
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Freehold, NJ 07728
My experience includes working with children, adolescents and adults. I am committed to fostering a relationship based on mutual respect while providing a safe and nurturing environment where the client can develop coping skills and emotional resilience to overcome life's challenges. As a parent/caregiver, one of the most difficult experiences is watching your child struggle socially, emotionally and/or behaviorally. I believe in the importance of giving children a voice and the ability to to express themselves. My approach is a client and family centered approach utilizing evidence based strategies and techniques.
My experience includes working with children, adolescents and adults. I am committed to fostering a relationship based on mutual respect while providing a safe and nurturing environment where the client can develop coping skills and emotional resilience to overcome life's challenges. As a parent/caregiver, one of the most difficult experiences is watching your child struggle socially, emotionally and/or behaviorally. I believe in the importance of giving children a voice and the ability to to express themselves. My approach is a client and family centered approach utilizing evidence based strategies and techniques.
(732) 655-2437 View (732) 655-2437
Photo of Jaclyn Pryor, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Freehold, NJ
Jaclyn Pryor
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Freehold, NJ 07728
Not accepting new clients
Do you find your mind racing and yourself constantly overthinking? Do you feel paralyzed in taking action and making decisions? Are you struggling with anxiety and is that getting in the way of the life you desire to live? Maybe you are feeling depressed and are having difficulty finding joy in your life-your days just feel like ground hogs day. Maybe life stressors have been piling up and you just don't know what to do or even who to talk too? Therapy may be the answer and what probably lead you to this page! You want to feel better and ASAP!
Do you find your mind racing and yourself constantly overthinking? Do you feel paralyzed in taking action and making decisions? Are you struggling with anxiety and is that getting in the way of the life you desire to live? Maybe you are feeling depressed and are having difficulty finding joy in your life-your days just feel like ground hogs day. Maybe life stressors have been piling up and you just don't know what to do or even who to talk too? Therapy may be the answer and what probably lead you to this page! You want to feel better and ASAP!
(732) 605-4843 View (732) 605-4843
Photo of Toni Teixeira, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Freehold, NJ
Toni Teixeira
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, BC-TMH
Verified Verified
29 Endorsed
Freehold, NJ 07728  (Online Only)
What would life be like if that didn’t happen? The years of tears, self-doubt and anger have ruled your life. Being in survival mode is exhausting. You know you can't go back and change the past, but you desperately want to. Sometimes it feels like you you are suffocating. There is no denying it anymore. You are suffering. You see people smile and want to know what it is like to be happy. Is it even possible to have a “normal” life (whatever that is)? No one really gets you. It feels like you’re all alone. It truly sucks.
What would life be like if that didn’t happen? The years of tears, self-doubt and anger have ruled your life. Being in survival mode is exhausting. You know you can't go back and change the past, but you desperately want to. Sometimes it feels like you you are suffocating. There is no denying it anymore. You are suffering. You see people smile and want to know what it is like to be happy. Is it even possible to have a “normal” life (whatever that is)? No one really gets you. It feels like you’re all alone. It truly sucks.
(732) 592-5843 View (732) 592-5843
Photo of Tynisha Clarke, Licensed Professional Counselor in Freehold, NJ
Tynisha Clarke
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, LCADC, NCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Freehold, NJ 07728  (Online Only)
Congratulations, on taking a positive step for your wellbeing by reaching out! My name is Tynisha Clarke, and I am a Licensed Professional Counselor and Licensed Clinical Alcohol and Drug Counselor. I always knew that I wanted to live a life where I served others, so it was no surprise that I went into the Mental Health field as a therapist, giving me the opportunity to counsel, encourage, and guide those who are in need. Through my faith I am able to perfect my craft and operate in spiritual counsel. Like many others, I am no stranger to adversity, and I use my triumph to relate and encourage others.
Congratulations, on taking a positive step for your wellbeing by reaching out! My name is Tynisha Clarke, and I am a Licensed Professional Counselor and Licensed Clinical Alcohol and Drug Counselor. I always knew that I wanted to live a life where I served others, so it was no surprise that I went into the Mental Health field as a therapist, giving me the opportunity to counsel, encourage, and guide those who are in need. Through my faith I am able to perfect my craft and operate in spiritual counsel. Like many others, I am no stranger to adversity, and I use my triumph to relate and encourage others.
(848) 274-3785 View (848) 274-3785
Photo of Serenity Counseling Center NJ LLC, Licensed Professional Counselor in Freehold, NJ
Serenity Counseling Center NJ LLC
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC, LCADC, NCC, CCS
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Freehold, NJ 07728
At Serenity Counseling Center NJ we have Licensed Counselors with multiple years of experience. We are committed to helping clients reach their treatment goals and learn skills to cope with any life challenges. We provide a safe, comfortable therapeutic environment and utilize various treatment approaches that best meet the needs of each client. Skilled in Motivational Interviewing, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Group Therapy, Crisis Intervention, and Mental Health Counseling. Owner of practice has Master's degree in Science and Counseling Psychology from Monmouth University LPC. Visit us at www.serenitycounselingcenternj.org
At Serenity Counseling Center NJ we have Licensed Counselors with multiple years of experience. We are committed to helping clients reach their treatment goals and learn skills to cope with any life challenges. We provide a safe, comfortable therapeutic environment and utilize various treatment approaches that best meet the needs of each client. Skilled in Motivational Interviewing, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Group Therapy, Crisis Intervention, and Mental Health Counseling. Owner of practice has Master's degree in Science and Counseling Psychology from Monmouth University LPC. Visit us at www.serenitycounselingcenternj.org
(848) 251-0184 View (848) 251-0184

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Freehold, NJ

200+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Freehold, NJ who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
90% Depression
80% Self Esteem
77% Coping Skills
75% Relationship Issues
69% Stress
64% Family Conflict

Average years in practice

13 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

78% Aetna
70% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
65% Horizon Blue Cross and Blue Shield

How Therapists in Freehold, NJ see their clients

77% In Person and Online
23% Online Only

Gender breakdown

81% Female
19% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Freehold?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.