Therapists in Oakland, CA

View neighborhoods in Oakland
Photo of Next Steps Neuropsychology, Psychologist in Oakland, CA
Next Steps Neuropsychology
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94610
We provide neuropsychological assessment and psychotherapy for adults. Common concerns for our clients include: Autism, ADHD, depression, anxiety, trauma, post-concussion syndrome, TBI, aging, and cognition. Specialty areas of competency include: neuropsychological assessment, gender diversity, gender affirming evaluations for medical care, veterans, and longstanding medical care.
We provide neuropsychological assessment and psychotherapy for adults. Common concerns for our clients include: Autism, ADHD, depression, anxiety, trauma, post-concussion syndrome, TBI, aging, and cognition. Specialty areas of competency include: neuropsychological assessment, gender diversity, gender affirming evaluations for medical care, veterans, and longstanding medical care.
(510) 602-2895 View (510) 602-2895
Photo of Esther Wang, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Oakland, CA
Esther Wang
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94619  (Online Only)
My clients sometimes think of themselves as outsiders, and in our sessions they find validation, safety, and hope. We collaborate on issues like finding community, discovering your voice, and freeing your internal advocate. Everyone can use extra support from time to time, and that's what I'm here for. Let’s be curious about your challenges and search together for solutions that come from the context of your life.
My clients sometimes think of themselves as outsiders, and in our sessions they find validation, safety, and hope. We collaborate on issues like finding community, discovering your voice, and freeing your internal advocate. Everyone can use extra support from time to time, and that's what I'm here for. Let’s be curious about your challenges and search together for solutions that come from the context of your life.
(510) 338-9419 View (510) 338-9419
Photo of Kaitlin Dougherty, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in Oakland, CA
Kaitlin Dougherty
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, AMFT
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94611
Hello! I am a Jungian psychotherapist, primarily based in the East Bay. I work with children, teens and adults. Most of my clients are people who have experienced being othered or marginalized, either by society or by family and friends. Many of my clients are queer, and/or neurodivergent, and/or have experienced trauma through abuse and loss. All of my clients are seeking to cultivate healthy relationships with themselves and others. Our work together aims to heal the wounds that get in the way of that happening.
Hello! I am a Jungian psychotherapist, primarily based in the East Bay. I work with children, teens and adults. Most of my clients are people who have experienced being othered or marginalized, either by society or by family and friends. Many of my clients are queer, and/or neurodivergent, and/or have experienced trauma through abuse and loss. All of my clients are seeking to cultivate healthy relationships with themselves and others. Our work together aims to heal the wounds that get in the way of that happening.
(408) 752-5298 View (408) 752-5298
Photo of Bianca Hovda, Marriage & Family Therapist in Oakland, CA
Bianca Hovda
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT, SEP
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94610
I am a dedicated and passionate healer, Psychotherapist and Somatic Experiencing Practitioner. I believe that we are all unique in our journeys and yet deeply connected in our collective human experience. I provide a safe, warm, compassionate space in which to share your unique story, deepen your relationship to self, others, and your community, identify and break down internal/external barriers and challenges, and have more meaningful and joyful experiences in your life.
I am a dedicated and passionate healer, Psychotherapist and Somatic Experiencing Practitioner. I believe that we are all unique in our journeys and yet deeply connected in our collective human experience. I provide a safe, warm, compassionate space in which to share your unique story, deepen your relationship to self, others, and your community, identify and break down internal/external barriers and challenges, and have more meaningful and joyful experiences in your life.
(510) 851-9419 View (510) 851-9419
Photo of Kathy Brady, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Oakland, CA
Kathy Brady
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94609
Life in the Bay Area is challenging and the additional stress associated with being LGBTQ+, a woman, pregnant, a parent or all of the above can push it over the edge. Sometimes, especially if you didn’t feel protected or cared for as a child or if something bad has happened to you, life can feel like you’re in over your head. Relationships feel out of control and painful, sleeping is hard and you can’t seem to take care of yourself the way you know you should. Emotions can feel like a roller coaster and daily responsibilities like work or kids are overwhelming. It is possible to feel better and good therapy can help.
Life in the Bay Area is challenging and the additional stress associated with being LGBTQ+, a woman, pregnant, a parent or all of the above can push it over the edge. Sometimes, especially if you didn’t feel protected or cared for as a child or if something bad has happened to you, life can feel like you’re in over your head. Relationships feel out of control and painful, sleeping is hard and you can’t seem to take care of yourself the way you know you should. Emotions can feel like a roller coaster and daily responsibilities like work or kids are overwhelming. It is possible to feel better and good therapy can help.
(628) 300-3570 View (628) 300-3570
Photo of Gretchen Reid, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Oakland, CA
Gretchen Reid
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94612  (Online Only)
With great courage and a sense of curiosity, you’ve already taken the hardest step towards feeling better—reaching out for help. Maybe you’ve been feeling "stuck" or overwhelmed? Perhaps you and your significant other find it difficult to communicate each other's feelings and needs. Or maybe you're trying to make sense of a life experience and don’t know where to start. I would like to reassure you, you don’t have to endure the pain or confusion alone. We, as humans, have all experienced moment(s) in life where we feel disconnected from our true selves and even our loved ones. Sometimes we just need some support along the way.
With great courage and a sense of curiosity, you’ve already taken the hardest step towards feeling better—reaching out for help. Maybe you’ve been feeling "stuck" or overwhelmed? Perhaps you and your significant other find it difficult to communicate each other's feelings and needs. Or maybe you're trying to make sense of a life experience and don’t know where to start. I would like to reassure you, you don’t have to endure the pain or confusion alone. We, as humans, have all experienced moment(s) in life where we feel disconnected from our true selves and even our loved ones. Sometimes we just need some support along the way.
(510) 616-9574 View (510) 616-9574
Photo of Heather Genschmer, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Oakland, CA
Heather Genschmer
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94618
Do you find yourself repeating unhealthy patterns in your life? Are you a new parent and finding that you are struggling to stay connected to your partner? Have you adopted a child and need parenting support? I work with individuals and couples (same and opposite sex) interested in reaching a deeper understanding of themselves and their interactions with the rest of the world. In my practice, I provide a supportive and safe environment for individuals to be heard and understood; at the same time, I am active and engaging.
Do you find yourself repeating unhealthy patterns in your life? Are you a new parent and finding that you are struggling to stay connected to your partner? Have you adopted a child and need parenting support? I work with individuals and couples (same and opposite sex) interested in reaching a deeper understanding of themselves and their interactions with the rest of the world. In my practice, I provide a supportive and safe environment for individuals to be heard and understood; at the same time, I am active and engaging.
(510) 878-6452 View (510) 878-6452
Photo of Mark Fromm, Psychologist in Oakland, CA
Mark Fromm
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94602
As Psychology Today's "Ask Our Therapist" columnist and executive director/psychologist for our Ask Our Therapist online service, every day I learn about and respond to the very diverse and meaningful struggles that people share.
As Psychology Today's "Ask Our Therapist" columnist and executive director/psychologist for our Ask Our Therapist online service, every day I learn about and respond to the very diverse and meaningful struggles that people share.
(510) 730-3034 View (510) 730-3034
Photo of Elke Ullmer-Strempke, Marriage & Family Therapist in Oakland, CA
Elke Ullmer-Strempke
Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT, MA, BFA
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94611
Do you find yourself stuck in stifling patterns? I offer facilitated inward journeys to increase personal agency, liveliness, and fulfillment. I offer sensitive, open-hearted, humorous, and real contact as you navigate all the inner and outer hardships of being human. I enjoy working with folks from all backgrounds, races, sexual orientations, gender identities, and abilities. Together, we will help you find a way forward that feels in alignment with your highest well-being.
Do you find yourself stuck in stifling patterns? I offer facilitated inward journeys to increase personal agency, liveliness, and fulfillment. I offer sensitive, open-hearted, humorous, and real contact as you navigate all the inner and outer hardships of being human. I enjoy working with folks from all backgrounds, races, sexual orientations, gender identities, and abilities. Together, we will help you find a way forward that feels in alignment with your highest well-being.
(415) 802-0804 View (415) 802-0804
Photo of Michael MacLafferty, Marriage & Family Therapist in Oakland, CA
Michael MacLafferty
Marriage & Family Therapist, MFTI
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94612
I provide a spacious and patient setting that works especially well for those who struggle with feeling different/not fitting in, self-criticism, and/or setting firm boundaries. I believe there is a natural movement toward wholeness and integrity, given the right environment. I believe all parts of you are valuable, even the ones that seem dark and nasty. Many clients have appreciated a place to say things that could not be spoken elsewhere. I give guidance now and then, but am more interested in seeing where the process goes naturally and spontaneously, through conversation and understanding.
I provide a spacious and patient setting that works especially well for those who struggle with feeling different/not fitting in, self-criticism, and/or setting firm boundaries. I believe there is a natural movement toward wholeness and integrity, given the right environment. I believe all parts of you are valuable, even the ones that seem dark and nasty. Many clients have appreciated a place to say things that could not be spoken elsewhere. I give guidance now and then, but am more interested in seeing where the process goes naturally and spontaneously, through conversation and understanding.
(415) 475-0837 View (415) 475-0837
Photo of Maudisa Meroe, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Oakland, CA
Maudisa Meroe
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, EMDR
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94612  (Online Only)
Live your truth. Follow your bliss. Do you. Sounds simple, right? Except that, all too often, we convince ourselves that who we are is not enough, that what we want is undeserved. So we stifle our talents, ignore our truth and deny our deepest desires. Before we know it, we’re living someone else’s life, satisfying everyone’s expectations but our own. All to earn the love and acceptance we don’t feel worthy of otherwise. But it doesn’t have to be this way.
Live your truth. Follow your bliss. Do you. Sounds simple, right? Except that, all too often, we convince ourselves that who we are is not enough, that what we want is undeserved. So we stifle our talents, ignore our truth and deny our deepest desires. Before we know it, we’re living someone else’s life, satisfying everyone’s expectations but our own. All to earn the love and acceptance we don’t feel worthy of otherwise. But it doesn’t have to be this way.
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Photo of Bay Area Dating Coach, Marriage & Family Therapist in Oakland, CA
Bay Area Dating Coach
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, RDT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94612  (Online Only)
Dating can be scary. Because when you’re looking for real love (not just a fling), dating matters, and that can make it stressful. Add to that being an introvert and struggling with anxiety, and it can feel like a lonely battle! Thankfully, you don’t need to go through this alone. At Bay Area Dating Coach, our team of experienced, caring therapists want to support you and help you find your Person. We're here to help you discover what’s holding you back in dating and get the tools you need to find love. We’ll guide & support you in your journey to understand yourself and find the loving relationship you’re dreaming about.
Dating can be scary. Because when you’re looking for real love (not just a fling), dating matters, and that can make it stressful. Add to that being an introvert and struggling with anxiety, and it can feel like a lonely battle! Thankfully, you don’t need to go through this alone. At Bay Area Dating Coach, our team of experienced, caring therapists want to support you and help you find your Person. We're here to help you discover what’s holding you back in dating and get the tools you need to find love. We’ll guide & support you in your journey to understand yourself and find the loving relationship you’re dreaming about.
(415) 650-1844 View (415) 650-1844
Photo of Roni Khol, Psychologist in Oakland, CA
Roni Khol
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94618
My specialty area is in helping people heal from chronic depression and complex trauma. Many of my clients come from backgrounds that predispose them to these problems - such as having a parent with a substance use problem, being the oldest sibling in a high-need family, or coming from an immigrant household. These environments teach you to grow up quickly and you learn to prioritize the needs of others over your own. Later in life, the self-sufficiency that was a strength in childhood can become a barrier to fulfilling adult relationships. No one taught you skills like saying no, setting boundaries, and reaching out for support.
My specialty area is in helping people heal from chronic depression and complex trauma. Many of my clients come from backgrounds that predispose them to these problems - such as having a parent with a substance use problem, being the oldest sibling in a high-need family, or coming from an immigrant household. These environments teach you to grow up quickly and you learn to prioritize the needs of others over your own. Later in life, the self-sufficiency that was a strength in childhood can become a barrier to fulfilling adult relationships. No one taught you skills like saying no, setting boundaries, and reaching out for support.
(510) 500-5470 View (510) 500-5470
Photo of Chinmay Surpur, Pre-Licensed Professional in Oakland, CA
Chinmay Surpur
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94610
Waitlist for new clients
Are you experiencing difficulties concentrating? Do you ever feel that your mood is so low you can’t get out of bed? Do you struggle with anxiety or obsessive thoughts? Are you finding yourself wrestling with existential thoughts? Maybe you’re experiencing a combination of issues that just don’t let you feel like yourself? Whatever you’re experiencing, I’m here to help. Through our work together, we can identify your core issues and make a plan to address them using an individually-tailored and holistic approach to achieve your goals. Let’s embark on this journey of healing together!
Are you experiencing difficulties concentrating? Do you ever feel that your mood is so low you can’t get out of bed? Do you struggle with anxiety or obsessive thoughts? Are you finding yourself wrestling with existential thoughts? Maybe you’re experiencing a combination of issues that just don’t let you feel like yourself? Whatever you’re experiencing, I’m here to help. Through our work together, we can identify your core issues and make a plan to address them using an individually-tailored and holistic approach to achieve your goals. Let’s embark on this journey of healing together!
(510) 422-0827 View (510) 422-0827
Photo of Alex Momtchiloff, Marriage & Family Therapist in Oakland, CA
Alex Momtchiloff
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, MFT
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94618
I offer effective and compassionate support to adult individuals and couples, as well as cofounders, coworkers, and adult family members. You might be struggling with anxiety or depression, a personal challenge, or a major life transition. As a couple, you may be facing a challenge such as infidelity, loss of intimacy, communication breakdown; you may be anticipating a major change - a move, marriage, starting a family; or you may be looking for a way to end your relationship as gracefully as possible. I also have extensive experience working with cofounders and co-leaders, especially those whose relationship extends outside work.
I offer effective and compassionate support to adult individuals and couples, as well as cofounders, coworkers, and adult family members. You might be struggling with anxiety or depression, a personal challenge, or a major life transition. As a couple, you may be facing a challenge such as infidelity, loss of intimacy, communication breakdown; you may be anticipating a major change - a move, marriage, starting a family; or you may be looking for a way to end your relationship as gracefully as possible. I also have extensive experience working with cofounders and co-leaders, especially those whose relationship extends outside work.
(510) 640-8569 View (510) 640-8569
Photo of Anglyn Sasser, Psychologist in Oakland, CA
Anglyn Sasser
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94612  (Online Only)
I believe that mental health is an important part of overall good health. Often we feel too busy and rushed to pay attention to taking care of ourselves, including paying attention to our mental and emotional needs. I am a clinical psychologist with 20+ years of professional experience working with individuals, couples and groups. I enjoy working with people to explore healthier ways to address issues and problems in their lives. I've found that therapy is most effective when there is a safe environment and a strong working relationship between myself and my clients.
I believe that mental health is an important part of overall good health. Often we feel too busy and rushed to pay attention to taking care of ourselves, including paying attention to our mental and emotional needs. I am a clinical psychologist with 20+ years of professional experience working with individuals, couples and groups. I enjoy working with people to explore healthier ways to address issues and problems in their lives. I've found that therapy is most effective when there is a safe environment and a strong working relationship between myself and my clients.
(510) 463-1324 View (510) 463-1324
Photo of Zahra Heydari Dayeni, Marriage & Family Therapist in Oakland, CA
Zahra Heydari Dayeni
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94612  (Online Only)
I have 15 years of experience in mental health services as a therapist and coach. I specialize in couples counseling and coaching, crisis intervention, depression/anxiety and self-esteem issues. I work within a holistic approach that includes addressing the whole person, body, mind and spirit. My methods of therapy include mindfulness-based therapy, inner child work, meditation, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, and Dialectical Behavior Therapy, with a client-centered, solution-based focus on the diverse needs of the individual.
I have 15 years of experience in mental health services as a therapist and coach. I specialize in couples counseling and coaching, crisis intervention, depression/anxiety and self-esteem issues. I work within a holistic approach that includes addressing the whole person, body, mind and spirit. My methods of therapy include mindfulness-based therapy, inner child work, meditation, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, and Dialectical Behavior Therapy, with a client-centered, solution-based focus on the diverse needs of the individual.
(510) 327-8683 View (510) 327-8683
Photo of Liberty Star Velez, Marriage & Family Therapist in Oakland, CA
Liberty Star Velez
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94610
Are you ready to make changes? Are you feeling stuck? Does it feel like the same story in your mind? I am here to help you create a different chapter. I utilize evidence based approached grounded in attachment/internal family sytems based therapy to help you heal your hurts parts and develop tools that help address your situation. I am an attachment focused EMDR therapist. I am authentic, provide feedback, and consider myself an engaged thought partner in your process. I also treat addiction issues as well.
Are you ready to make changes? Are you feeling stuck? Does it feel like the same story in your mind? I am here to help you create a different chapter. I utilize evidence based approached grounded in attachment/internal family sytems based therapy to help you heal your hurts parts and develop tools that help address your situation. I am an attachment focused EMDR therapist. I am authentic, provide feedback, and consider myself an engaged thought partner in your process. I also treat addiction issues as well.
(626) 466-3497 View (626) 466-3497
Photo of Maiga Berzins, Psychologist in Oakland, CA
Maiga Berzins
Psychologist
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94605  (Online Only)
One of the universal traits of humanity is the desire to seek connection with others and be understood. I seek to reach a deep understanding both of my clients and to help them understand themselves, their relationships and their lives better. I believe that with this understanding can come richer relationships and a sense of satisfaction and fulfillment. Although we often have loved ones with whom we share our life experiences, having someone to talk to outside this circle can allow a greater depth of understanding of one's past, present and internal world.
One of the universal traits of humanity is the desire to seek connection with others and be understood. I seek to reach a deep understanding both of my clients and to help them understand themselves, their relationships and their lives better. I believe that with this understanding can come richer relationships and a sense of satisfaction and fulfillment. Although we often have loved ones with whom we share our life experiences, having someone to talk to outside this circle can allow a greater depth of understanding of one's past, present and internal world.
(510) 993-5432 View (510) 993-5432
Photo of Tina Kopko, Marriage & Family Therapist in Oakland, CA
Tina Kopko
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT, CGRS
Verified Verified
9 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94609
When grief hasn't been fully addressed, it can look like depression, anxiety, isolation, addictive behaviors to escape the pain, workaholism, relationships that are fragile, a lack of motivation, or feeling overwhelming resentment and bitterness. And grief can occur after a variety of losses that many people don't realize: divorce, moving, graduation, empty nest, retirement, an impactful change in financial position or physical abilities, a pandemic. My clients acutely feel how unresolved grief has become an impediment to living their lives in full, having healthy relationships, and having the energy to go after their goals.
When grief hasn't been fully addressed, it can look like depression, anxiety, isolation, addictive behaviors to escape the pain, workaholism, relationships that are fragile, a lack of motivation, or feeling overwhelming resentment and bitterness. And grief can occur after a variety of losses that many people don't realize: divorce, moving, graduation, empty nest, retirement, an impactful change in financial position or physical abilities, a pandemic. My clients acutely feel how unresolved grief has become an impediment to living their lives in full, having healthy relationships, and having the energy to go after their goals.
(510) 606-9784 View (510) 606-9784

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Oakland, CA

2,000+

Average cost per session

$185

Therapists in Oakland, CA who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
88% Depression
81% Relationship Issues
74% Self Esteem
73% Trauma and PTSD
69% Grief
66% Stress

Average years in practice

12 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

59% Aetna
48% Cigna and Evernorth
44% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Oakland, CA see their clients

62% In Person and Online
38% Online Only

Gender breakdown

75% Female
21% Male
4% Non-Binary

FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Oakland?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.