Therapists in Oakland, CA

View neighborhoods in Oakland
Photo of Cathy Berman, Marriage & Family Therapist in Oakland, CA
Cathy Berman
Marriage & Family Therapist, RNP, MFT
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94618
Are you going through a major change such as empty nest, relationship struggles, parenting, fertility challenges, balancing home and work life, loss of a loved one or job or dealing with illness? Has your comfort zone been pulled out from under you? These changes can feel like a wave knocked you down. You have come to the right place if you want compassionate, yet straightforward support. Working together, we will focus on your goals, find solutions and help to get you feeling on track, healthy and equipped with new coping tools.
Are you going through a major change such as empty nest, relationship struggles, parenting, fertility challenges, balancing home and work life, loss of a loved one or job or dealing with illness? Has your comfort zone been pulled out from under you? These changes can feel like a wave knocked you down. You have come to the right place if you want compassionate, yet straightforward support. Working together, we will focus on your goals, find solutions and help to get you feeling on track, healthy and equipped with new coping tools.
(510) 771-8972 View (510) 771-8972
Photo of Fiona Ruddy, Marriage & Family Therapist in Oakland, CA
Fiona Ruddy
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, ATR-BC
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94610
Waitlist for new clients
Are you finding yourself struggling to adapt to a change or transition in your life? You may be finding yourself overthinking, anxious, overwhelmed and/or feeling stuck. You may be having trouble sleeping, feeling sad, hopeless, insecure or tired of that negative voice in your head that seems to hold you back. You want to feel more confident, calm, clear and positive about the future. You want things to be different, get on a new path, but you aren't sure how to get there.
Are you finding yourself struggling to adapt to a change or transition in your life? You may be finding yourself overthinking, anxious, overwhelmed and/or feeling stuck. You may be having trouble sleeping, feeling sad, hopeless, insecure or tired of that negative voice in your head that seems to hold you back. You want to feel more confident, calm, clear and positive about the future. You want things to be different, get on a new path, but you aren't sure how to get there.
(415) 323-4740 View (415) 323-4740
Photo of Emily Johnson, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Oakland, CA
Emily Johnson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94611  (Online Only)
Starting therapy can be daunting. Perhaps you are in crisis and feeling overwhelmed. Or you have long meant to get help with an issue, but it feels hard to know where to start. I am skilled at helping people find the part of themselves that most urgently needs to be attended to.
Starting therapy can be daunting. Perhaps you are in crisis and feeling overwhelmed. Or you have long meant to get help with an issue, but it feels hard to know where to start. I am skilled at helping people find the part of themselves that most urgently needs to be attended to.
(510) 878-4537 View (510) 878-4537
Photo of Heidi Gray, Marriage & Family Therapist in Oakland, CA
Heidi Gray
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, RCC
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94606  (Online Only)
Do you have trouble slowing down even when you don't have to be on? Is anxiety wreaking havoc on your relationships and your health? Does it feel like an alarm system is constantly going off in your mind and body? I get what that feels like and I am glad you are looking for help. So many people try to tough it out alone. Reaching out is smart, brave and the first step to getting your life back. Reach out for a free 15 minute consultation and start your journey to a safer, calmer, more peaceful center.
Do you have trouble slowing down even when you don't have to be on? Is anxiety wreaking havoc on your relationships and your health? Does it feel like an alarm system is constantly going off in your mind and body? I get what that feels like and I am glad you are looking for help. So many people try to tough it out alone. Reaching out is smart, brave and the first step to getting your life back. Reach out for a free 15 minute consultation and start your journey to a safer, calmer, more peaceful center.
(415) 360-6508 View (415) 360-6508
Photo of Jennifer Lilly, Marriage & Family Therapist in Oakland, CA
Jennifer Lilly
Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94609  (Online Only)
Do you have relationships in your life that are not working, and no matter what you do, it doesn't seem to get better? Are you looking for a partner, but find that it never seems to work out? Do you feel disconnected from others and are longing for relationships that are solid and fulfilling? Relationships take work and psychotherapy is an opportunity to understand who you are in relationship and how to create and healthy and supportive connections. I work with both individuals and couples to explore, cultivate and sustain intimacy.
Do you have relationships in your life that are not working, and no matter what you do, it doesn't seem to get better? Are you looking for a partner, but find that it never seems to work out? Do you feel disconnected from others and are longing for relationships that are solid and fulfilling? Relationships take work and psychotherapy is an opportunity to understand who you are in relationship and how to create and healthy and supportive connections. I work with both individuals and couples to explore, cultivate and sustain intimacy.
(415) 237-2667 View (415) 237-2667
Photo of Elizabeth Huck, Associate Clinical Social Worker in Oakland, CA
Elizabeth Huck
Associate Clinical Social Worker, ASW, DBT
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94609
The toll of trauma, stress, anxiety, & depression builds over time, things that once seemed manageable turn into a life that's not our own, because we're stuck in survival mode. It's exhausting. As a therapist, my goal is to collaborate with you to safely navigate your inner landscape and put pieces together so you can uncover your unique abilities and create a mental health toolkit that will carry you through a lifetime. I am here to support you in working through unresolved feelings and conflicts and guide you toward healing. Therefore, you can feel empowered, rejuvenated, and enthusiastic about life again.
The toll of trauma, stress, anxiety, & depression builds over time, things that once seemed manageable turn into a life that's not our own, because we're stuck in survival mode. It's exhausting. As a therapist, my goal is to collaborate with you to safely navigate your inner landscape and put pieces together so you can uncover your unique abilities and create a mental health toolkit that will carry you through a lifetime. I am here to support you in working through unresolved feelings and conflicts and guide you toward healing. Therefore, you can feel empowered, rejuvenated, and enthusiastic about life again.
(415) 704-6912 View (415) 704-6912
Photo of Jennifer Chen, Psychologist in Oakland, CA
Jennifer Chen
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94609  (Online Only)
My approach to psychotherapy is based primarily on cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) principles of exploring and understanding the connection between our thoughts, emotions, and behavior. I seek to create a safe, warm and nonjudgmental environment in therapy, while helping you to identify key patterns and specific barriers that are stopping you from living a more fulfilling life. The purpose of therapy is to help you to find new ways of relating to your thoughts and emotions, deepen awareness and insight into your patterns, and learn effective coping skills -- ultimately to help you attain your goals and foster balanced living.
My approach to psychotherapy is based primarily on cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) principles of exploring and understanding the connection between our thoughts, emotions, and behavior. I seek to create a safe, warm and nonjudgmental environment in therapy, while helping you to identify key patterns and specific barriers that are stopping you from living a more fulfilling life. The purpose of therapy is to help you to find new ways of relating to your thoughts and emotions, deepen awareness and insight into your patterns, and learn effective coping skills -- ultimately to help you attain your goals and foster balanced living.
(510) 694-0368 View (510) 694-0368
Photo of Mark David Hayman-Martinez, Marriage & Family Therapist in Oakland, CA
Mark David Hayman-Martinez
Marriage & Family Therapist, RN, LMFT
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94611
My practice is focused on people with depression responses, anxieties and difficult adjustments to their health or perceived health. As an RN, AND a psychotherapist, I am also very experienced with family members adjusting to a new major diagnosis in a child or other family member. The people that I help the most are motivated to feel more hopeful about their relationship with health including their relationships with their body and the health care community. If you feel overwhelmed or hopeless, please consider reaching out. I also have a special place in my heart for people working on nutrition and weight control.
My practice is focused on people with depression responses, anxieties and difficult adjustments to their health or perceived health. As an RN, AND a psychotherapist, I am also very experienced with family members adjusting to a new major diagnosis in a child or other family member. The people that I help the most are motivated to feel more hopeful about their relationship with health including their relationships with their body and the health care community. If you feel overwhelmed or hopeless, please consider reaching out. I also have a special place in my heart for people working on nutrition and weight control.
(510) 916-2295 View (510) 916-2295
Photo of Brooke Pomerantz, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Oakland, CA
Brooke Pomerantz
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
6 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94618
You are thoughtful, hardworking, successful by most measures, ambitious, and driven, yet aren't feeling fully satisfied in your life. Maybe you struggle with anxiety, perfectionism, and/or burnout in your life and wonder if you could feel more fulfilled and have more ease. You would like to be able to get your needs met more effectively in your relationships but sometimes struggle with how to make this happen. You are seeking a safe and reflective space in which to partner with a therapist to examine and work through the areas where you feel stuck order to affect change both internally and externally and know yourself more fully.
You are thoughtful, hardworking, successful by most measures, ambitious, and driven, yet aren't feeling fully satisfied in your life. Maybe you struggle with anxiety, perfectionism, and/or burnout in your life and wonder if you could feel more fulfilled and have more ease. You would like to be able to get your needs met more effectively in your relationships but sometimes struggle with how to make this happen. You are seeking a safe and reflective space in which to partner with a therapist to examine and work through the areas where you feel stuck order to affect change both internally and externally and know yourself more fully.
(650) 549-5893 View (650) 549-5893
Photo of Margaret Louise Kuhn, Marriage & Family Therapist in Oakland, CA
Margaret Louise Kuhn
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94610  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
Depressed, socially (and generally) anxious, low self-esteem, people pleasing, body issues, trouble in school, trouble with peer and romantic relationships, procrastination.... I'm talking about my own issues, some that I've worked through, and some that will be a lifelong challenge. I've been there, not as you, but as me, meaning I have empathy for anyone with similar experiences.
Depressed, socially (and generally) anxious, low self-esteem, people pleasing, body issues, trouble in school, trouble with peer and romantic relationships, procrastination.... I'm talking about my own issues, some that I've worked through, and some that will be a lifelong challenge. I've been there, not as you, but as me, meaning I have empathy for anyone with similar experiences.
(510) 405-0672 View (510) 405-0672
Photo of Alexander Shen, Psychologist in Oakland, CA
Alexander Shen
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94618  (Online Only)
Starting therapy can be an important life decision. Whether you are hoping to focus on specific concerns, or exploring broader, longer standing challenges, therapy can be useful in understanding how aspects of one‘s temperament and relational tendencies interfere with living life authentically, and with reaching one’s full potential. By addressing issues in real-time, while also considering the impact of situational factors and past experiences, therapy can help to identify areas of one’s life to examine and evolve. Importantly, effective therapy often promotes resiliency, self-awareness and personal growth.
Starting therapy can be an important life decision. Whether you are hoping to focus on specific concerns, or exploring broader, longer standing challenges, therapy can be useful in understanding how aspects of one‘s temperament and relational tendencies interfere with living life authentically, and with reaching one’s full potential. By addressing issues in real-time, while also considering the impact of situational factors and past experiences, therapy can help to identify areas of one’s life to examine and evolve. Importantly, effective therapy often promotes resiliency, self-awareness and personal growth.
(415) 523-9022 View (415) 523-9022
Photo of Lauren Hoernig, Marriage & Family Therapist in Oakland, CA
Lauren Hoernig
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94611
Adults/Teens/Families. Bring your anxiety or depression, issues with identity, life purpose and meaning, your trauma, your grief. I draw on 15+ years of experience as a case manager, special educator, and wilderness first responder.
Adults/Teens/Families. Bring your anxiety or depression, issues with identity, life purpose and meaning, your trauma, your grief. I draw on 15+ years of experience as a case manager, special educator, and wilderness first responder.
(510) 867-3496 View (510) 867-3496
Photo of Stacy Smith, Marriage & Family Therapist in Oakland, CA
Stacy Smith
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, MFT
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94602
I strongly believe that all of us are capable of connecting to an experience of profound well being, whatever the circumstances of our lives may be. My goal in therapy is to help you access that state within yourself. I aim to help you recognize and accept the many layers of your experience and to support you in acting skillfully and authentically in the world. My first priority is to create an atmosphere of safety and trust so that you are able to freely explore your challenges, concerns and desires. After we understand your difficulties, we can collaborate to create the desired change and growth.
I strongly believe that all of us are capable of connecting to an experience of profound well being, whatever the circumstances of our lives may be. My goal in therapy is to help you access that state within yourself. I aim to help you recognize and accept the many layers of your experience and to support you in acting skillfully and authentically in the world. My first priority is to create an atmosphere of safety and trust so that you are able to freely explore your challenges, concerns and desires. After we understand your difficulties, we can collaborate to create the desired change and growth.
(510) 500-9857 View (510) 500-9857
Photo of Dr. Eric Bottino, Marriage & Family Therapist in Oakland, CA
Dr. Eric Bottino
Marriage & Family Therapist, PhD, MFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94618
Are you so overwhelmed that you can't focus on your partner, kids, or other meaningful relationships? Do you feel like letting go of patterns is challenging and find yourself obsessing about your body to the point that eating becomes an ordeal? Do you feel like the past is weighing you down and you can't put it where it belongs, that is in the past? Do you engage in behaviors such as drug, alcohol, or other reckless endeavors that bring about tension and conflicts at home, at work, or other social settings?
Are you so overwhelmed that you can't focus on your partner, kids, or other meaningful relationships? Do you feel like letting go of patterns is challenging and find yourself obsessing about your body to the point that eating becomes an ordeal? Do you feel like the past is weighing you down and you can't put it where it belongs, that is in the past? Do you engage in behaviors such as drug, alcohol, or other reckless endeavors that bring about tension and conflicts at home, at work, or other social settings?
(628) 227-5455 View (628) 227-5455
Photo of Monika Tucker, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in Oakland, CA
Monika Tucker
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94618
My goal is to provide a safe and supportive container of warmth, presence, and non-judgement where you can bring both your vulnerability and your strengths. Whatever brings you to therapy, we will explore together at your pace and with your unique needs in mind. Whether you are struggling with anxiety, depression, relationship issues, childhood trauma or grief and loss, we will collaboratively work together to find out what healing might look like for you. Our work together can help you recognize limiting patterns or beliefs, create new options, and shed light on forgotten inner resources.
My goal is to provide a safe and supportive container of warmth, presence, and non-judgement where you can bring both your vulnerability and your strengths. Whatever brings you to therapy, we will explore together at your pace and with your unique needs in mind. Whether you are struggling with anxiety, depression, relationship issues, childhood trauma or grief and loss, we will collaboratively work together to find out what healing might look like for you. Our work together can help you recognize limiting patterns or beliefs, create new options, and shed light on forgotten inner resources.
(510) 422-0734 View (510) 422-0734
Photo of Jim Conwell MFT, Marriage & Family Therapist in Oakland, CA
Jim Conwell MFT
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, MFT
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94618
I specialize in effective couples therapy. I work with adult individuals, and men with issues in the area of sexuality and intimacy. In working with couples I focus on self-responsibility, communication (listening when listening is hard, self revealing instead of finger-pointing), expectations, self-awareness, and remaining intimate through difficulty. Throughout the whole process I integrate a focus on kindness without abandoning or avoiding the truth. I also specialize in assisting and supporting both men and women with building the skill and ability to feel and share their feelings effectively in intimate relationships.
I specialize in effective couples therapy. I work with adult individuals, and men with issues in the area of sexuality and intimacy. In working with couples I focus on self-responsibility, communication (listening when listening is hard, self revealing instead of finger-pointing), expectations, self-awareness, and remaining intimate through difficulty. Throughout the whole process I integrate a focus on kindness without abandoning or avoiding the truth. I also specialize in assisting and supporting both men and women with building the skill and ability to feel and share their feelings effectively in intimate relationships.
(925) 290-8785 View (925) 290-8785
Bret Fimiani
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94618
I am a licensed clinical psychologist working in Oakland, CA in a private practice setting. I have 12+ years of clinical experience working with adults in short and long-term psychotherapy with a range of issues including depression, work related stress, anxiety, relationship issues, substance abuse/dependence issues, issues related to sexuality and sexual orientation, and emotional issues related to the challenge of adapting to chronic medical problems.
I am a licensed clinical psychologist working in Oakland, CA in a private practice setting. I have 12+ years of clinical experience working with adults in short and long-term psychotherapy with a range of issues including depression, work related stress, anxiety, relationship issues, substance abuse/dependence issues, issues related to sexuality and sexual orientation, and emotional issues related to the challenge of adapting to chronic medical problems.
(510) 746-8676 View (510) 746-8676
Photo of Yvette Jackson, Marriage & Family Therapist in Oakland, CA
Yvette Jackson
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, ICADCII
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94610  (Online Only)
I value working with those who are faced with trauma, mental/emotional health problems, transitional issues, domestic violence, alcohol and other drugs (AOD). I invite the broken, the wounded, and despondent to share their pain and begin their healing journey. Connecting with my clients, while also respecting and honoring their willingness to share and seek help. My desire is to be a vehicle to facilitate the healing process.
I value working with those who are faced with trauma, mental/emotional health problems, transitional issues, domestic violence, alcohol and other drugs (AOD). I invite the broken, the wounded, and despondent to share their pain and begin their healing journey. Connecting with my clients, while also respecting and honoring their willingness to share and seek help. My desire is to be a vehicle to facilitate the healing process.
(510) 756-4034 View (510) 756-4034
Photo of Katrina Brashares, Associate Marriage & Family Therapist in Oakland, CA
Katrina Brashares
Associate Marriage & Family Therapist, AMFT, MS
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94618
I work with individuals of all ages, including couples and families, to foster emotional health and equilibrium. Together, we build a positive therapeutic relationship to explore patterns and find solutions. I bring a tailored approach to treatment that draws on elements of attachment theory, strength-based therapy, mindfulness, ACT, and CBT. I apply these approaches to support clients, including teens and young adults facing anxiety and depression, adults and couples navigating relationships, couples preparing for children, and parents seeking support in achieving work-family-personal balance.
I work with individuals of all ages, including couples and families, to foster emotional health and equilibrium. Together, we build a positive therapeutic relationship to explore patterns and find solutions. I bring a tailored approach to treatment that draws on elements of attachment theory, strength-based therapy, mindfulness, ACT, and CBT. I apply these approaches to support clients, including teens and young adults facing anxiety and depression, adults and couples navigating relationships, couples preparing for children, and parents seeking support in achieving work-family-personal balance.
(510) 694-4368 View (510) 694-4368
Photo of Dr. Carol Deas-Lopez, Psychological Associate in Oakland, CA
Dr. Carol Deas-Lopez
Psychological Associate, PsyD
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94618
Are you struggling to connect with a partner or child who is increasingly irritable and withdrawn? Has your family member turned to substances to cope with increased stress? As a wife and mother, I know how heart-wrenching it is to watch someone you love struggle and to be pushed away when you show caring. They may tell you nothing’s wrong, but your concern doesn’t just turn off like a switch. In fact, that may be part of the problem. Do you feel selfish when you think about how much you're struggling? This is a common feeling to have - but any therapist would tell you from experience - you can’t pour from an empty cup.
Are you struggling to connect with a partner or child who is increasingly irritable and withdrawn? Has your family member turned to substances to cope with increased stress? As a wife and mother, I know how heart-wrenching it is to watch someone you love struggle and to be pushed away when you show caring. They may tell you nothing’s wrong, but your concern doesn’t just turn off like a switch. In fact, that may be part of the problem. Do you feel selfish when you think about how much you're struggling? This is a common feeling to have - but any therapist would tell you from experience - you can’t pour from an empty cup.
(510) 962-4999 View (510) 962-4999

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Oakland, CA

2,000+

Average cost per session

$185

Therapists in Oakland, CA who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
88% Depression
81% Relationship Issues
74% Self Esteem
73% Trauma and PTSD
69% Grief
66% Stress

Average years in practice

12 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

59% Aetna
48% Cigna and Evernorth
44% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Oakland, CA see their clients

62% In Person and Online
38% Online Only

Gender breakdown

75% Female
21% Male
4% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Oakland?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.