Therapists in Kirkwood, MO

Photo of Rachael Arnold, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Kirkwood, MO
Rachael Arnold
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, PMH-C
Verified Verified
Kirkwood, MO 63122
Waitlist for new clients
I work within the perinatal population; particularly with clients who wish to process becoming a parent, are struggling with infertility, are looking to adopt and/or have a baby through surrogate, have suffered perinatal loss and/or grief, want to work through a traumatic experience before giving birth (including previous traumatic births and sexual assault,) are struggling with postpartum depression and/or anxiety, who need guidance and support as they transition back to work after parental leave, and/or who have children under the age of 3 are are looking to process the struggles of parenting.
I work within the perinatal population; particularly with clients who wish to process becoming a parent, are struggling with infertility, are looking to adopt and/or have a baby through surrogate, have suffered perinatal loss and/or grief, want to work through a traumatic experience before giving birth (including previous traumatic births and sexual assault,) are struggling with postpartum depression and/or anxiety, who need guidance and support as they transition back to work after parental leave, and/or who have children under the age of 3 are are looking to process the struggles of parenting.
(314) 461-1996 View (314) 461-1996
Photo of Jessie Wells, Licensed Professional Counselor in Kirkwood, MO
Jessie Wells
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Kirkwood, MO 63122  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
Jessie’s laid back, compassionate approach allows her to meet her clients exactly where they are without judgment and collaboratively take steps toward a healthier and more enjoyable life. She uses a combined approach of Dialectical Behavior Therapy, Cognitive Behavior Therapy, and Person Centered Therapy techniques to help guide the therapy journey. Jessie believes in transparency and allowing clients to be deeply involved in their own therapy and mental health care decisions, making sure that the approach is a helpful fit for each client.
Jessie’s laid back, compassionate approach allows her to meet her clients exactly where they are without judgment and collaboratively take steps toward a healthier and more enjoyable life. She uses a combined approach of Dialectical Behavior Therapy, Cognitive Behavior Therapy, and Person Centered Therapy techniques to help guide the therapy journey. Jessie believes in transparency and allowing clients to be deeply involved in their own therapy and mental health care decisions, making sure that the approach is a helpful fit for each client.
(636) 339-4640 View (636) 339-4640
Photo of Katie Francis, Licensed Professional Counselor in Kirkwood, MO
Katie Francis
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Kirkwood, MO 63122
Waitlist for new clients
I often say, counseling can be a bit like cleaning out a closet. You have to take things out, go through and organize them, and then put them back where they need to go. In a similar fashion, counseling can be messy, but with time and hard work, can lead to healthier, more enjoyable living. Throughout this life, we all have our individual struggles and hardships, but we weren't meant to carry them alone. No matter who you are or what you've been through, there is hope. In our sessions together, I strive to come alongside you in the pursuit of that hope and restorative healing.
I often say, counseling can be a bit like cleaning out a closet. You have to take things out, go through and organize them, and then put them back where they need to go. In a similar fashion, counseling can be messy, but with time and hard work, can lead to healthier, more enjoyable living. Throughout this life, we all have our individual struggles and hardships, but we weren't meant to carry them alone. No matter who you are or what you've been through, there is hope. In our sessions together, I strive to come alongside you in the pursuit of that hope and restorative healing.
(470) 768-9427 View (470) 768-9427
Photo of Mallory Lamb, Psychologist in Kirkwood, MO
Mallory Lamb
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Kirkwood, MO 63122  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
Many of my clients have anxiety that presents as overthinking, indecision, self-criticism, avoidance, and tying worth to performance. This may show up in relationships, self-esteem, or a sense of overwhelm. Together we will lean into anxiety to re-expand your life, deconstruct your inner-critic, and change patterns keeping you stuck. In my practice, I primarily utilize relationally and developmentally informed Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT). My style is a blend of process and practical, to gain insight and make change when you are ready.
Many of my clients have anxiety that presents as overthinking, indecision, self-criticism, avoidance, and tying worth to performance. This may show up in relationships, self-esteem, or a sense of overwhelm. Together we will lean into anxiety to re-expand your life, deconstruct your inner-critic, and change patterns keeping you stuck. In my practice, I primarily utilize relationally and developmentally informed Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT). My style is a blend of process and practical, to gain insight and make change when you are ready.
(314) 526-2512 View (314) 526-2512
Photo of Kristen Stoff in Kirkwood, MO
Kristen Stoff
LPC, NCC, MA, MBA
Verified Verified
Kirkwood, MO 63122
I strive to create a safe and supportive environment for all my clients where a collaborative and goal-oriented relationship can develop. I assist people in increasing awareness of themselves and facilitate their journey towards healing, growth, understanding and peace.
I strive to create a safe and supportive environment for all my clients where a collaborative and goal-oriented relationship can develop. I assist people in increasing awareness of themselves and facilitate their journey towards healing, growth, understanding and peace.
(314) 470-9453 View (314) 470-9453
Photo of Christina Lynn Howrey, Counselor in Kirkwood, MO
Christina Lynn Howrey
Counselor, MA, LPC, CRC
Verified Verified
Kirkwood, MO 63122
Accepting New Clients! I work with adults and adolescents to overcome a variety of issues including anxiety, depression, stress, and concerns with social skills. I have over 20 years of experience working with individuals with mental health issues, Autism, ADHD, and learning and intellectual disabilities. I use a person centered, strengths based approach to help you achieve your goals and feel better!
Accepting New Clients! I work with adults and adolescents to overcome a variety of issues including anxiety, depression, stress, and concerns with social skills. I have over 20 years of experience working with individuals with mental health issues, Autism, ADHD, and learning and intellectual disabilities. I use a person centered, strengths based approach to help you achieve your goals and feel better!
(314) 408-6088 View (314) 408-6088
Photo of David Chism, Licensed Professional Counselor in Kirkwood, MO
David Chism
Licensed Professional Counselor, MEd, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Kirkwood, MO 63122
Not accepting new clients
Are you struggling with feeling numb, cut off from your emotions, isolating yourself from others, stuck in a depression that never seems to go away, struggling to stay present or even to have the energy to get out of bed in the morning? Or how about the opposite, feeling too much, dominated by anxiety and panic, constantly on edge around reminders of your trauma, struggling to keep it together and control your emotions? Or do you find yourself going back and forth between these feeling numb and feeling too much states? If so, I would love to help you work with both your brain and nervous system to help you resolve your trauma.
Are you struggling with feeling numb, cut off from your emotions, isolating yourself from others, stuck in a depression that never seems to go away, struggling to stay present or even to have the energy to get out of bed in the morning? Or how about the opposite, feeling too much, dominated by anxiety and panic, constantly on edge around reminders of your trauma, struggling to keep it together and control your emotions? Or do you find yourself going back and forth between these feeling numb and feeling too much states? If so, I would love to help you work with both your brain and nervous system to help you resolve your trauma.
(314) 907-0729 View (314) 907-0729
Photo of Lily Pernoud, Licensed Professional Counselor in Kirkwood, MO
Lily Pernoud
Licensed Professional Counselor, MEd, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Kirkwood, MO 63122
Lily has over a decade of experience serving individuals, couples, adolescents, families & relationship systems. She specializes in eating disorders, sexual disorders and relationship issues. Further, she is skilled in addressing mood disorders (anxiety, depression, OCD), trauma-related disorders (sexual, physical, emotional abuse, PTSD), and personality disorders (borderline personality disorder, dissociative identity disorder). Her integrative approach includes Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT), Systems Theory, the Gottman Method, Internal Family Systems (IFS), and other modalities in order to meet each client's individual needs.
Lily has over a decade of experience serving individuals, couples, adolescents, families & relationship systems. She specializes in eating disorders, sexual disorders and relationship issues. Further, she is skilled in addressing mood disorders (anxiety, depression, OCD), trauma-related disorders (sexual, physical, emotional abuse, PTSD), and personality disorders (borderline personality disorder, dissociative identity disorder). Her integrative approach includes Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT), Systems Theory, the Gottman Method, Internal Family Systems (IFS), and other modalities in order to meet each client's individual needs.
(314) 934-2787 View (314) 934-2787
Photo of Brian R Hampel, Licensed Professional Counselor in Kirkwood, MO
Brian R Hampel
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Kirkwood, MO 63122
I have been working with children, adolescents, young adults (including those on the Autism Spectrum) and their families for thirteen years. My focus is on helping them with anxiety, depression, anger, relationships, school difficulties and a variety of issues. I take a personalized, strengths based, solutions focused approach using techniques designed to best suit the individual. I believe the adolescent today faces many challenges, some timeless and others unique to this generation. My goal for clients in therapy is to help foster growth from adversity, in a relaxed and nonjudgmental environment.
I have been working with children, adolescents, young adults (including those on the Autism Spectrum) and their families for thirteen years. My focus is on helping them with anxiety, depression, anger, relationships, school difficulties and a variety of issues. I take a personalized, strengths based, solutions focused approach using techniques designed to best suit the individual. I believe the adolescent today faces many challenges, some timeless and others unique to this generation. My goal for clients in therapy is to help foster growth from adversity, in a relaxed and nonjudgmental environment.
(636) 789-1027 View (636) 789-1027
Photo of Circadian Counseling, Licensed Professional Counselor in Kirkwood, MO
Circadian Counseling
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Kirkwood, MO 63122
Circadian Counseling is focused on serving those in the St. Louis area and beyond with professional counseling in a safe, relaxed setting or virtually from anywhere. We believe in the power of unbiased perspective in relationships, working together to achieve goals and gain support. Treatment is customized for the individual, using various evidence-based approaches and techniques designed to bring about higher functioning and a thriving life. Everyone has a unique story, we will partner with you to get busy writing the next chapter.
Circadian Counseling is focused on serving those in the St. Louis area and beyond with professional counseling in a safe, relaxed setting or virtually from anywhere. We believe in the power of unbiased perspective in relationships, working together to achieve goals and gain support. Treatment is customized for the individual, using various evidence-based approaches and techniques designed to bring about higher functioning and a thriving life. Everyone has a unique story, we will partner with you to get busy writing the next chapter.
(314) 274-6637 View (314) 274-6637
Photo of Nicole Jacobs, Licensed Professional Counselor in Kirkwood, MO
Nicole Jacobs
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, CEDS-S
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Kirkwood, MO 63122
Are you struggling with obsessive thoughts about food and body size? Do you feel guilty every night when you go to sleep? Overcoming disordered eating can be a daunting task on your own. I am here to help you challenge these obsessive thought patterns and live a life free from body shame and work towards normalizing food patterns. You don’t have to fight the fight alone. I believe all people deserve to have a healthy relationship with food, their body, and movement.
Are you struggling with obsessive thoughts about food and body size? Do you feel guilty every night when you go to sleep? Overcoming disordered eating can be a daunting task on your own. I am here to help you challenge these obsessive thought patterns and live a life free from body shame and work towards normalizing food patterns. You don’t have to fight the fight alone. I believe all people deserve to have a healthy relationship with food, their body, and movement.
(314) 328-8646 View (314) 328-8646
Photo of Michelle R Manuel-Terry in Kirkwood, MO
Michelle R Manuel-Terry
LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Kirkwood, MO 63122
If you struggle with, depression, anxiety, frustration, or anger issues. If you find yourself a victim of your circumstances, and you want to give up please don't! Do you believe nothing can change for you? Stop that thinking, because that's a lie! Life is a journey. If you have given up today is the day you restart your journey. Health in any form is not a destination because no one can be perfected in the natural. However, you can become comfortable and satisfied with the journey you are on and learn skills to propel yourself forward.
If you struggle with, depression, anxiety, frustration, or anger issues. If you find yourself a victim of your circumstances, and you want to give up please don't! Do you believe nothing can change for you? Stop that thinking, because that's a lie! Life is a journey. If you have given up today is the day you restart your journey. Health in any form is not a destination because no one can be perfected in the natural. However, you can become comfortable and satisfied with the journey you are on and learn skills to propel yourself forward.
(314) 626-8611 View (314) 626-8611
Photo of Kathleen McCoy, Counselor in Kirkwood, MO
Kathleen McCoy
Counselor, MA, LPC, CRC
Verified Verified
Kirkwood, MO 63122  (Online Only)
Hello! Are you feeling stressed, worried, or down and need to talk? I would love to get to know you, listen, and help. I am a person centered, goal driven counselor who leads with an empathetic, warm and supportive approach. My goal is to help you work through your complaints with a positive and non-judgmental perspective on the situation. I have a passion for working with young adults transitioning to work or college, working with adults balancing work and home life and working with individuals with disabilities to help maintain employment.
Hello! Are you feeling stressed, worried, or down and need to talk? I would love to get to know you, listen, and help. I am a person centered, goal driven counselor who leads with an empathetic, warm and supportive approach. My goal is to help you work through your complaints with a positive and non-judgmental perspective on the situation. I have a passion for working with young adults transitioning to work or college, working with adults balancing work and home life and working with individuals with disabilities to help maintain employment.
(314) 926-9609 View (314) 926-9609
Photo of Nicole Cooper, Pre-Licensed Professional in Kirkwood, MO
Nicole Cooper
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA, PLPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Kirkwood, MO 63122
Are you struggling with anxiety, trauma or disordered eating? Are you feeling depressed or overwhelmed with constant worry? Are you experiencing difficulty with various relationships in your life? I have a deep passion for supporting others through their journey towards general wellbeing. I follow a holistic approach to therapy and place emphasis on total wellness. It is my mission to create a safe, welcoming, inclusive and non-judgemental space as we work together to help you overcome roadblocks.
Are you struggling with anxiety, trauma or disordered eating? Are you feeling depressed or overwhelmed with constant worry? Are you experiencing difficulty with various relationships in your life? I have a deep passion for supporting others through their journey towards general wellbeing. I follow a holistic approach to therapy and place emphasis on total wellness. It is my mission to create a safe, welcoming, inclusive and non-judgemental space as we work together to help you overcome roadblocks.
(314) 876-8209 View (314) 876-8209
Photo of Becky Heck, Licensed Professional Counselor in Kirkwood, MO
Becky Heck
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, LCPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Kirkwood, MO 63122  (Online Only)
Sometimes we all feel a little bit broken, we can get so caught up in what's going wrong or what's not working. Sometimes life get's hard, too much stress at home or work, relationship issues, grief and loss, addiction, depression, anxiety or feeling like we have just lost our way. No matter what is going on, you have taken that first step and you have come to the right place.
Sometimes we all feel a little bit broken, we can get so caught up in what's going wrong or what's not working. Sometimes life get's hard, too much stress at home or work, relationship issues, grief and loss, addiction, depression, anxiety or feeling like we have just lost our way. No matter what is going on, you have taken that first step and you have come to the right place.
(314) 926-9854 View (314) 926-9854
Photo of Shelley M Stretch, Licensed Professional Counselor in Kirkwood, MO
Shelley M Stretch
Licensed Professional Counselor, MEd, LPC
Verified Verified
6 Endorsed
Kirkwood, MO 63122
Are you overwhelmed by life's challenges? Have you been struggling with issues such as anxiety, depression, self-doubt, feeling stuck in the past or waiting for the ‘other shoe to drop?’ Are you wanting to gain insight, learn coping strategies, and resiliency? Change is possible, and we all possess the capability to heal and thrive. I provide a safe, non-judgmental space to explore emotions, thoughts, beliefs, and past experiences. Therapy is a highly individualized process and I am dedicated to creating a non-judgmental space where you can explore, heal, and grow. It would be an honor to be present and assist you on your journey.
Are you overwhelmed by life's challenges? Have you been struggling with issues such as anxiety, depression, self-doubt, feeling stuck in the past or waiting for the ‘other shoe to drop?’ Are you wanting to gain insight, learn coping strategies, and resiliency? Change is possible, and we all possess the capability to heal and thrive. I provide a safe, non-judgmental space to explore emotions, thoughts, beliefs, and past experiences. Therapy is a highly individualized process and I am dedicated to creating a non-judgmental space where you can explore, heal, and grow. It would be an honor to be present and assist you on your journey.
(314) 439-8940 View (314) 439-8940
Photo of Judy Bauer, Licensed Professional Counselor in Kirkwood, MO
Judy Bauer
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Kirkwood, MO 63122
I work with adults and families who are facing symptoms of anxiety, depression, behavioral issues or other barriers to emotional well-being. I will help you gain an understanding of what has led to your current situation, and then help you move toward solutions. With a working understanding of family systems, attachment science, personality disorders and trauma-informed practices, I especially enjoy working with people who are challenged in relationships with their parents, spouses or children. I am also passionate about helping adult clients become "cycle breakers" and gain relief from generational dysfunction.
I work with adults and families who are facing symptoms of anxiety, depression, behavioral issues or other barriers to emotional well-being. I will help you gain an understanding of what has led to your current situation, and then help you move toward solutions. With a working understanding of family systems, attachment science, personality disorders and trauma-informed practices, I especially enjoy working with people who are challenged in relationships with their parents, spouses or children. I am also passionate about helping adult clients become "cycle breakers" and gain relief from generational dysfunction.
(314) 626-0688 View (314) 626-0688
Photo of Holly Winston, Pre-Licensed Professional in Kirkwood, MO
Holly Winston
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA, PLPC
Verified Verified
Kirkwood, MO 63122
Are you are struggling with where you are right now? Do you feel stressed or disconnected? Maybe you have chosen to make a big change recently. . . or you feel like you’re living in a situation that you don’t control? Therapy can help. It is possible to decrease anxiety and sadness and feel more resilient, connected, and joyful.
Are you are struggling with where you are right now? Do you feel stressed or disconnected? Maybe you have chosen to make a big change recently. . . or you feel like you’re living in a situation that you don’t control? Therapy can help. It is possible to decrease anxiety and sadness and feel more resilient, connected, and joyful.
(314) 937-6214 View (314) 937-6214
Photo of Lainie Barron, Licensed Professional Counselor in Kirkwood, MO
Lainie Barron
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC , LCPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Kirkwood, MO 63122
Waitlist for new clients
Hello there! Often taking the first step to decide to go to therapy is a big decision and I am here to help you and walk beside you in your path towards working to address your concerns. I work with adolescents and adults with concerns ranging from current life issues, relationship issues, or ongoing lifelong issues. I offer openness and collaboration to those I work with and see therapy as a collaborative effort between the client and therapist.
Hello there! Often taking the first step to decide to go to therapy is a big decision and I am here to help you and walk beside you in your path towards working to address your concerns. I work with adolescents and adults with concerns ranging from current life issues, relationship issues, or ongoing lifelong issues. I offer openness and collaboration to those I work with and see therapy as a collaborative effort between the client and therapist.
(314) 451-7055 View (314) 451-7055
Photo of Jennifer Kathleen Gauvain, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Kirkwood, MO
Jennifer Kathleen Gauvain
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Kirkwood, MO 63122
With compassionate guidance, I believe in a therapeutic partnership with my clients to draw on your personal strengths, build new skills, increase awareness, and assist you in creating positive change. For more than 30 years I have worked with children, teens, adults, couples, and families. My focus includes relationship issues, pre-marital counseling, family stressors, trauma related experiences, anxiety, depression, self-injurious behaviors, parenting issues, & grief and loss. By starting where you are, I can help you identify your needs, and together we will begin the journey towards a deeper level of change and satisfaction.
With compassionate guidance, I believe in a therapeutic partnership with my clients to draw on your personal strengths, build new skills, increase awareness, and assist you in creating positive change. For more than 30 years I have worked with children, teens, adults, couples, and families. My focus includes relationship issues, pre-marital counseling, family stressors, trauma related experiences, anxiety, depression, self-injurious behaviors, parenting issues, & grief and loss. By starting where you are, I can help you identify your needs, and together we will begin the journey towards a deeper level of change and satisfaction.
(314) 270-1553 View (314) 270-1553

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Kirkwood, MO

200+

Average cost per session

$130

Therapists in Kirkwood, MO who prioritize treating:

95% Anxiety
90% Depression
80% Relationship Issues
80% Self Esteem
69% Stress
68% Coping Skills
67% Trauma and PTSD

Average years in practice

12 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

75% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
64% Aetna
62% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in Kirkwood, MO see their clients

88% In Person and Online
12% Online Only

Gender breakdown

81% Female
18% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Kirkwood?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.