Therapists in Plano, TX

Photo of Amy Doar, Licensed Professional Counselor in Plano, TX
Amy Doar
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC-S
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Plano, TX 75093
Waitlist for new clients
I'm so glad you stopped by! I am a solution focused, person-centered, EMDR trained counselor who offers a wide variety of approaches. Counseling should never be a "one size fits all" solution. Working with me is a journey into mindfulness, self-awareness, and personal growth. My office is a safe space, and I would be delighted to see you there. I provide Telehealth to the entire state of Texas, and in-person counseling to Collin and Dallas counties. I also provide Supervision to LPC-Associates. I have an easily accessible and comfortable private office situated on 190 between Hwy 75 and the Dallas North Tollway.
I'm so glad you stopped by! I am a solution focused, person-centered, EMDR trained counselor who offers a wide variety of approaches. Counseling should never be a "one size fits all" solution. Working with me is a journey into mindfulness, self-awareness, and personal growth. My office is a safe space, and I would be delighted to see you there. I provide Telehealth to the entire state of Texas, and in-person counseling to Collin and Dallas counties. I also provide Supervision to LPC-Associates. I have an easily accessible and comfortable private office situated on 190 between Hwy 75 and the Dallas North Tollway.
(469) 966-2117 View (469) 966-2117
Photo of April Dodson, Marriage & Family Therapist in Plano, TX
April Dodson
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Plano, TX 75023  (Online Only)
My therapeutic goal is to help my clients identify their strengths, in order to face their challenges in an open, supportive environment that encourages positive personal growth.
My therapeutic goal is to help my clients identify their strengths, in order to face their challenges in an open, supportive environment that encourages positive personal growth.
(469) 606-3524 View (469) 606-3524
Photo of Sandra C. Fierro, Licensed Professional Counselor in Plano, TX
Sandra C. Fierro
Licensed Professional Counselor, EdD, MS, LPC-S
Verified Verified
Plano, TX 75024
My therapeutic approach to counseling is very relaxed and attune to your needs. That is to say, I am eclectic in nature adapting techniques in accordance with your needs.
My therapeutic approach to counseling is very relaxed and attune to your needs. That is to say, I am eclectic in nature adapting techniques in accordance with your needs.
(469) 551-4507 View (469) 551-4507
Photo of Andrea Schultz, Licensed Professional Counselor in Plano, TX
Andrea Schultz
Licensed Professional Counselor, MEd, LPC-S, RPT-S, NCC
Verified Verified
Plano, TX 75075
Is your child struggling in school or acting out in anger? Is your teen anxious, depressed or making poor choices? Maybe you're overwhelmed as a parent or need help repairing your own relationships. For more than 25 years I've specialized in counseling services for children, adolescents and families. My approach is both supportive and solution-focused. I provide the encouragement, support and practical feedback individuals and families need to face challenges, resolve problems and achieve their goals. I can help you or your child get back on track to leading a happier, healthier and more productive life.
Is your child struggling in school or acting out in anger? Is your teen anxious, depressed or making poor choices? Maybe you're overwhelmed as a parent or need help repairing your own relationships. For more than 25 years I've specialized in counseling services for children, adolescents and families. My approach is both supportive and solution-focused. I provide the encouragement, support and practical feedback individuals and families need to face challenges, resolve problems and achieve their goals. I can help you or your child get back on track to leading a happier, healthier and more productive life.
(972) 762-5795 View (972) 762-5795
Photo of Carla Pinto, Licensed Professional Counselor in Plano, TX
Carla Pinto
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Plano, TX 75024  (Online Only)
If you find yourself grappling with the demands of daily life, navigating a significant life transition, working through the profound impact of a traumatic experience, or in need of intensive therapy for more complex emotional and mental health issues, I am here to support you. In our collaborative journey, I offer a personalized approach aimed at instigating transformative change and fostering growth in your life. My therapeutic techniques cater to individuals of all ages, meticulously tailored to address the specific and unique needs of each person. Drawing from traditional psychotherapy, I seamlessly integrate transformative
If you find yourself grappling with the demands of daily life, navigating a significant life transition, working through the profound impact of a traumatic experience, or in need of intensive therapy for more complex emotional and mental health issues, I am here to support you. In our collaborative journey, I offer a personalized approach aimed at instigating transformative change and fostering growth in your life. My therapeutic techniques cater to individuals of all ages, meticulously tailored to address the specific and unique needs of each person. Drawing from traditional psychotherapy, I seamlessly integrate transformative
(469) 393-5945 View (469) 393-5945
Photo of Abby Zandevakili, Licensed Professional Counselor Associate in Plano, TX
Abby Zandevakili
Licensed Professional Counselor Associate, MEd, LPC-A
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Plano, TX 75024
I am here to challenge, guide, and support you through Life’s demands, helping you to feel more empowered, become more accepting of who you are as a Whole person, and gain skills to feel more confident in yourself and your abilities. I am ideal for those looking for personal growth, going through difficult adjustments, holding negative beliefs of the Self or World, and/or struggling with coping with emotions. I am also ideal for the autism spectrum community, as I have a decade of evidence-based experience. Additionally, I'm ideal for those transitioning from PHP/IOP, as well as those looking for an Enneagram-informed clinician.
I am here to challenge, guide, and support you through Life’s demands, helping you to feel more empowered, become more accepting of who you are as a Whole person, and gain skills to feel more confident in yourself and your abilities. I am ideal for those looking for personal growth, going through difficult adjustments, holding negative beliefs of the Self or World, and/or struggling with coping with emotions. I am also ideal for the autism spectrum community, as I have a decade of evidence-based experience. Additionally, I'm ideal for those transitioning from PHP/IOP, as well as those looking for an Enneagram-informed clinician.
(214) 974-4344 View (214) 974-4344
Photo of Jennifer Lyn La Torre, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Plano, TX
Jennifer Lyn La Torre
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Plano, TX 75023  (Online Only)
My therapeutic presence is calm, supportive, and non-judgmental. I specialize in helping women dealing with anxiety/depression due to life transitions. Together, we can develop goals that make sense for you, to improve your sense of self and live your most authentic life.
My therapeutic presence is calm, supportive, and non-judgmental. I specialize in helping women dealing with anxiety/depression due to life transitions. Together, we can develop goals that make sense for you, to improve your sense of self and live your most authentic life.
(972) 472-2728 View (972) 472-2728
Photo of Danni Williams, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Plano, TX
Danni Williams
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Plano, TX 75074  (Online Only)
I am passionate about working with teens and young adults as they explore and become the adults they want to be, assisting them in setting good boundaries and finding ways to safely express themselves while being and growing into productive members of society. I enjoy working with teens and their families regardless of their sexual orientation, gender, family composition, religious backgrounds and beliefs, or schooling choices. I believe in solution-focused therapies that bring families together in healthy ways, integrating the needs of both teens and parents. I am also kink aware and familiar with ENM. I meet you where you are.
I am passionate about working with teens and young adults as they explore and become the adults they want to be, assisting them in setting good boundaries and finding ways to safely express themselves while being and growing into productive members of society. I enjoy working with teens and their families regardless of their sexual orientation, gender, family composition, religious backgrounds and beliefs, or schooling choices. I believe in solution-focused therapies that bring families together in healthy ways, integrating the needs of both teens and parents. I am also kink aware and familiar with ENM. I meet you where you are.
(469) 240-6932 View (469) 240-6932
Photo of Shlomit Oliel, LPC Associate in Plano, TX
Shlomit Oliel
LPC Associate, MS, NCC, LPCA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Plano, TX 75024  (Online Only)
I am an LPC Associate committed to helping children, adolescents, and adults navigate life transitions, emotional and behavioral challenges through acceptance, kindness, and empowerment. I am passionate about multicultural competencies and providing a safe and non-judgmental place for a diverse clientele. I recognize my clients' efforts to commit weekly to their mental health. Therapy can be challenging and emotionally draining; thus, I encourage my client to do self-care and be compassionate during this process. There is no more gratifying job than guiding my clients to become stronger, more compassionate, authentic, and whole.
I am an LPC Associate committed to helping children, adolescents, and adults navigate life transitions, emotional and behavioral challenges through acceptance, kindness, and empowerment. I am passionate about multicultural competencies and providing a safe and non-judgmental place for a diverse clientele. I recognize my clients' efforts to commit weekly to their mental health. Therapy can be challenging and emotionally draining; thus, I encourage my client to do self-care and be compassionate during this process. There is no more gratifying job than guiding my clients to become stronger, more compassionate, authentic, and whole.
(214) 974-3469 View (214) 974-3469
Photo of Nitzy Margoth Ocoro, Licensed Professional Counselor in Plano, TX
Nitzy Margoth Ocoro
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Plano, TX 75023  (Online Only)
Do you feel anxious, depressed, or stressed to the point that it is interfering with your daily life? Do you have passed trauma you have not come to terms with? Feel free to reach out. You do not have to go through it alone. I have weekend appointments available. También hablo español, puedes leer mi información si cambias el lenguaje a español.
Do you feel anxious, depressed, or stressed to the point that it is interfering with your daily life? Do you have passed trauma you have not come to terms with? Feel free to reach out. You do not have to go through it alone. I have weekend appointments available. También hablo español, puedes leer mi información si cambias el lenguaje a español.
(972) 627-4159 View (972) 627-4159
Photo of Shanna Wilder, Licensed Professional Counselor in Plano, TX
Shanna Wilder
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC-S, CHST
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Plano, TX 75024
NOW ACCEPTING CIGNA, OPTUM, AETNA, UMR, UHC - CLICK HERE https://fb.me/aviZ51S4X63vMb - Life is hard- I know. Sometimes you need more than just a friend to talk to. If you're here, you're looking for someone that can help you. You may not believe that counseling could be the answer. But you're hoping it might be. Don't tell yourself you should be over it by now. Don't beat yourself up for not being "strong enough". Don't try to convince yourself that the problem will go away in time. Do something about it now, and call me.
NOW ACCEPTING CIGNA, OPTUM, AETNA, UMR, UHC - CLICK HERE https://fb.me/aviZ51S4X63vMb - Life is hard- I know. Sometimes you need more than just a friend to talk to. If you're here, you're looking for someone that can help you. You may not believe that counseling could be the answer. But you're hoping it might be. Don't tell yourself you should be over it by now. Don't beat yourself up for not being "strong enough". Don't try to convince yourself that the problem will go away in time. Do something about it now, and call me.
(972) 251-0313 View (972) 251-0313
Photo of Megan Aul, Licensed Professional Counselor in Plano, TX
Megan Aul
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Plano, TX 75093
Everyone struggles with relationship issues, anxiety/worry, work stress, substance use, or uncomfortable feelings. It can also be extremely difficult to find balance and perspective sometimes, especially within the current environment. I enjoy working with clients who are interested in collaborating with a therapist to identify creative solutions to current life issues and circumstances.
Everyone struggles with relationship issues, anxiety/worry, work stress, substance use, or uncomfortable feelings. It can also be extremely difficult to find balance and perspective sometimes, especially within the current environment. I enjoy working with clients who are interested in collaborating with a therapist to identify creative solutions to current life issues and circumstances.
(469) 815-6766 View (469) 815-6766
Photo of Sarah Gregory, Licensed Professional Counselor in Plano, TX
Sarah Gregory
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Plano, TX 75024
I am a trauma informed, EMDR trained, & a Certified Clinical Trauma Professional therapist. I enjoy incorporating games and art therapy in sessions. I am passionate to help people move through emotional/spiritual obstacles so they can live rich lives interpersonally and contribute to their community. A warm, empathetic relationship between a counselor and client provides the context where growth and change can take place. I utilize Person-Centered, Cognitive-Behavioral, Psychodynamic, Solution-Focused, and Play Therapy approaches.
I am a trauma informed, EMDR trained, & a Certified Clinical Trauma Professional therapist. I enjoy incorporating games and art therapy in sessions. I am passionate to help people move through emotional/spiritual obstacles so they can live rich lives interpersonally and contribute to their community. A warm, empathetic relationship between a counselor and client provides the context where growth and change can take place. I utilize Person-Centered, Cognitive-Behavioral, Psychodynamic, Solution-Focused, and Play Therapy approaches.
(972) 608-3179 View (972) 608-3179
Photo of Yu Harumi, Psychologist in Plano, TX
Yu Harumi
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Plano, TX 75075
Do you want to take a deep dive into yourself and explore your cultural, social, familial, career, or any other aspects of your identities? Or, perhaps you simply want to figure out why you continue to engage in behaviors that don’t serve you. Better self-awareness of your identities, roles, and personality styles and their impact on your thoughts, emotions, behaviors, and relationships can be empowering. And your newly developed insight can help you have more conscious control over your behavior, allowing you to change maladaptive patterns and improve relationships.
Do you want to take a deep dive into yourself and explore your cultural, social, familial, career, or any other aspects of your identities? Or, perhaps you simply want to figure out why you continue to engage in behaviors that don’t serve you. Better self-awareness of your identities, roles, and personality styles and their impact on your thoughts, emotions, behaviors, and relationships can be empowering. And your newly developed insight can help you have more conscious control over your behavior, allowing you to change maladaptive patterns and improve relationships.
(469) 454-2636 View (469) 454-2636
Photo of A True You Counseling PLLC, Licensed Professional Counselor in Plano, TX
A True You Counseling PLLC
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC-S, LPCC, NCC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Plano, TX 75024
Are you running out of options with how to help your teen deal with various stressors stemming from bullying, depression, social anxiety or past trauma? Are you in a troubled marriage and aren't sure if you should stay or leave? If so, I can help. I specialize in helping parents find solutions to problems that their teens might face by providing solution-oriented, evidenced-based techniques that can be used in both the counseling office and at home. I also assist couples in determining what their best options are in a collaborative, supportive, and compassionate manner.
Are you running out of options with how to help your teen deal with various stressors stemming from bullying, depression, social anxiety or past trauma? Are you in a troubled marriage and aren't sure if you should stay or leave? If so, I can help. I specialize in helping parents find solutions to problems that their teens might face by providing solution-oriented, evidenced-based techniques that can be used in both the counseling office and at home. I also assist couples in determining what their best options are in a collaborative, supportive, and compassionate manner.
(949) 397-2483 View (949) 397-2483
Photo of Elizabeth Ledford, Licensed Professional Counselor in Plano, TX
Elizabeth Ledford
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Plano, TX 75093
My experience has prepared me to work with body image issues, crises, self-harm, suicide ideation, depression, anxiety, self-esteem issues, interpersonal issues, grief, coping skills, religious trauma, disordered eating, and LGBTQIA+ matters. I specifically have a heart for clients who are navigating and processing their sexual orientation and/or gender identity. I also love supporting individuals who are working through religious trauma or concerns. I have deep understanding and empathy for how difficult it can be to navigate personal growth through the lens of changing or leaving behind belief systems, cultures, and communities.
My experience has prepared me to work with body image issues, crises, self-harm, suicide ideation, depression, anxiety, self-esteem issues, interpersonal issues, grief, coping skills, religious trauma, disordered eating, and LGBTQIA+ matters. I specifically have a heart for clients who are navigating and processing their sexual orientation and/or gender identity. I also love supporting individuals who are working through religious trauma or concerns. I have deep understanding and empathy for how difficult it can be to navigate personal growth through the lens of changing or leaving behind belief systems, cultures, and communities.
(713) 804-2843 View (713) 804-2843
Photo of David Hansen, Licensed Master Social Worker in Plano, TX
David Hansen
Licensed Master Social Worker, LMSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Plano, TX 75024
My approach to therapy is to meet clients where they are at, listen to their concerns, and make specific therapeutic goals to accomplish. I excel at creating safe spaces for people to talk and explore themselves. I am a secular, spiritual therapist. I love to help people find their potential and understand themselves through intentional, actionable steps. If a client says, “I want to love myself,” that is followed by real discussion about how that works and goal setting for how it can be accomplished.
My approach to therapy is to meet clients where they are at, listen to their concerns, and make specific therapeutic goals to accomplish. I excel at creating safe spaces for people to talk and explore themselves. I am a secular, spiritual therapist. I love to help people find their potential and understand themselves through intentional, actionable steps. If a client says, “I want to love myself,” that is followed by real discussion about how that works and goal setting for how it can be accomplished.
(972) 833-0775 View (972) 833-0775
Photo of Dr J Osuji - Dallas Neurorehab Center, Psychologist in Plano, TX
Dr J Osuji - Dallas Neurorehab Center
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Plano, TX 75093
Life is full of all types of obstacles, but successful people are those who use those obstacles as motivation. The person most likely to benefit from my interventional methods, a combination of Cognitive-Behavioral and Interpersonal Therapy, is motivated to succeed and only needs a little guidance to achieve his/her fullest potential. We take BCBS and Medicare and are out of network on the other panels, but will assist clients with obtaining reimbursements from your carrier, in addition to a sliding fee scale. I am a clinical neuropsychologist, with specific expertise in dementias (Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Stroke); ADHD/learning issues; mood/anxiety disorders.
Life is full of all types of obstacles, but successful people are those who use those obstacles as motivation. The person most likely to benefit from my interventional methods, a combination of Cognitive-Behavioral and Interpersonal Therapy, is motivated to succeed and only needs a little guidance to achieve his/her fullest potential. We take BCBS and Medicare and are out of network on the other panels, but will assist clients with obtaining reimbursements from your carrier, in addition to a sliding fee scale. I am a clinical neuropsychologist, with specific expertise in dementias (Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Stroke); ADHD/learning issues; mood/anxiety disorders.
(469) 665-8195 View (469) 665-8195
Photo of Jim S Aguilar, Marriage & Family Therapist in Plano, TX
Jim S Aguilar
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Plano, TX 75093  (Online Only)
Are you looking for a therapist that is culturally sensitive to your own unique story and journey in life? Have you been told or heard that therapy is for the weak or for "crazy" people? Are you looking for therapist that will provide a space that you can feel safe and comfortable to share your worries, concerns and anxiety about life?
Are you looking for a therapist that is culturally sensitive to your own unique story and journey in life? Have you been told or heard that therapy is for the weak or for "crazy" people? Are you looking for therapist that will provide a space that you can feel safe and comfortable to share your worries, concerns and anxiety about life?
(972) 636-4427 View (972) 636-4427
Photo of Carolyn G Maurer, Counselor in Plano, TX
Carolyn G Maurer
Counselor, PhD, LPC-S, LMFT-S
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Plano, TX 75025
As a counselor in private practice for over 35 years, I enjoy working with all ages, children through elderly persons. I have particular interest in helping people cope with and reduce anxiety, panic, and post-traumatic stress, often utilizing hypnosis or EMDR therapies. As a marriage and family therapist, I have experience working with couples, and also with divorced parents and children. I enjoy facilitating co-parenting of children of divorce, to help parents diminish or overcome differences and focus on their children's need. If you seek highly interactive, involved therapy in a caring atmosphere, please call.
As a counselor in private practice for over 35 years, I enjoy working with all ages, children through elderly persons. I have particular interest in helping people cope with and reduce anxiety, panic, and post-traumatic stress, often utilizing hypnosis or EMDR therapies. As a marriage and family therapist, I have experience working with couples, and also with divorced parents and children. I enjoy facilitating co-parenting of children of divorce, to help parents diminish or overcome differences and focus on their children's need. If you seek highly interactive, involved therapy in a caring atmosphere, please call.
(972) 478-1763 View (972) 478-1763

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Plano, TX

1,000+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Plano, TX who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
89% Depression
73% Relationship Issues
73% Self Esteem
68% Trauma and PTSD
68% Coping Skills
66% Stress

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

78% Aetna
75% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
74% BlueCross and BlueShield

How Therapists in Plano, TX see their clients

74% In Person and Online
26% Online Only

Gender breakdown

81% Female
18% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Plano?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.