Therapists in Bethlehem, PA

Photo of Brianna Serrano in Bethlehem, PA
Brianna Serrano
MSW , LSW
Verified Verified
Bethlehem, PA 18018
Hi! Whether you are trying therapy for the first time or it’s not your first rodeo, I’m here to help! I believe therapy should be customized for each person and their goals. With a passion for those struggling with life's transitions, I am dedicated to helping individuals become the best version of themselves. I utilize evidence-based therapeutic interventions, including Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and trauma informed care as well as a variety of other therapeutic interventions.
Hi! Whether you are trying therapy for the first time or it’s not your first rodeo, I’m here to help! I believe therapy should be customized for each person and their goals. With a passion for those struggling with life's transitions, I am dedicated to helping individuals become the best version of themselves. I utilize evidence-based therapeutic interventions, including Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and trauma informed care as well as a variety of other therapeutic interventions.
(484) 314-3474 View (484) 314-3474
Photo of Jana M Walker, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Bethlehem, PA
Jana M Walker
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LSW
Verified Verified
Bethlehem, PA 18018
I am here to hold space and walk along side those that are ready to step out on or continue their journey. Life transitions of all kinds can bring contrast and I am able to facilitate space for you to work through. I am here to let yo know that you are not alone and that there are so many beautiful ways to create your new life. It is an honor to be of service to others and provide a safe space to grow. Let's connect! I would love to see the caterpillar become a butterfly.
I am here to hold space and walk along side those that are ready to step out on or continue their journey. Life transitions of all kinds can bring contrast and I am able to facilitate space for you to work through. I am here to let yo know that you are not alone and that there are so many beautiful ways to create your new life. It is an honor to be of service to others and provide a safe space to grow. Let's connect! I would love to see the caterpillar become a butterfly.
(484) 241-4255 View (484) 241-4255
Photo of Nikida Capasso, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Bethlehem, PA
Nikida Capasso
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW, CTSP, CCTP, CMBST
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Bethlehem, PA 18018
I have experience with various clients from diverse backgrounds across a multitude of different settings. I have experience within child welfare, hospital, community mental health, and school settings. I primarily work with children/adolescents, adults, and families. I have a client-centered, solution focused approach to my practice. I assist clients to make positive life changes in order to keep moving forward towards life goals.
I have experience with various clients from diverse backgrounds across a multitude of different settings. I have experience within child welfare, hospital, community mental health, and school settings. I primarily work with children/adolescents, adults, and families. I have a client-centered, solution focused approach to my practice. I assist clients to make positive life changes in order to keep moving forward towards life goals.
(484) 946-3997 View (484) 946-3997
Photo of Constance DuBose Brown, Pre-Licensed Professional in Bethlehem, PA
Constance DuBose Brown
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
Bethlehem, PA 18017
Constance Brown is an associate Marriage and Family Therapist with over 10 years of experience working in the field of human services. When working with clients, it is of the utmost significance to establish a safe environment through acceptance and understanding. She will meet her clients where they are and cater treatment to their unique needs. From a relational viewpoint, she will work with you to examine your unique patterns and identify difficulties within the context of your family and relationships.
Constance Brown is an associate Marriage and Family Therapist with over 10 years of experience working in the field of human services. When working with clients, it is of the utmost significance to establish a safe environment through acceptance and understanding. She will meet her clients where they are and cater treatment to their unique needs. From a relational viewpoint, she will work with you to examine your unique patterns and identify difficulties within the context of your family and relationships.
(484) 715-8246 View (484) 715-8246
Photo of Carol A Corso in Bethlehem, PA
Carol A Corso
MA
Verified Verified
Bethlehem, PA 18018
My work with children, adolescents and adults is client-centered and strength-based. I believe that as we move through life stages, there are times when we experience difficulty, loss or pain. My goal as a therapist is to help my clients feel acceptance, empathy and positive regard. My approach with clients is non-judgmental; my goal is to help clients work through difficult times and tough issues.
My work with children, adolescents and adults is client-centered and strength-based. I believe that as we move through life stages, there are times when we experience difficulty, loss or pain. My goal as a therapist is to help my clients feel acceptance, empathy and positive regard. My approach with clients is non-judgmental; my goal is to help clients work through difficult times and tough issues.
(484) 334-2131 View (484) 334-2131
Photo of Cheryl Waite Gombocz, Licensed Professional Counselor in Bethlehem, PA
Cheryl Waite Gombocz
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
7 Endorsed
Bethlehem, PA 18018
I believe everyone can benefit from therapeutic intervention, learning new coping skills, and changing unhealthy thought patterns. As a Licenced Professional Counselor I'm here to help you set goals and work to achieve them in a no-pressure, non-judgmental, safe environment. I have a calm, intuitive, and honest approach that allows you to work toward becoming the best version of yourself.
I believe everyone can benefit from therapeutic intervention, learning new coping skills, and changing unhealthy thought patterns. As a Licenced Professional Counselor I'm here to help you set goals and work to achieve them in a no-pressure, non-judgmental, safe environment. I have a calm, intuitive, and honest approach that allows you to work toward becoming the best version of yourself.
(610) 467-9948 View (610) 467-9948
Susan B Avrich
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, CAADC
Verified Verified
Bethlehem, PA 18017
The GOAL: TO THRIVE!!! Making Connections, with family, friends, and most importantly, with yourself. Too often the results of depression, anxiety, addiction, or any difficult life circumstance can lead to a lack of motivation, and isolation, which can hinder us from enjoying life the way we were mean to. Therapy is a process of personal discovery. Identifying personal strengths and utilizing them to facilitate Motivation and Change to reach your personal goals.
The GOAL: TO THRIVE!!! Making Connections, with family, friends, and most importantly, with yourself. Too often the results of depression, anxiety, addiction, or any difficult life circumstance can lead to a lack of motivation, and isolation, which can hinder us from enjoying life the way we were mean to. Therapy is a process of personal discovery. Identifying personal strengths and utilizing them to facilitate Motivation and Change to reach your personal goals.
(610) 365-4446 View (610) 365-4446
Photo of Laura K McGraw-Cook, Psychologist in Bethlehem, PA
Laura K McGraw-Cook
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Bethlehem, PA 18020
When you or your child are struggling and are unsure of the path forward, finding the right help at the right time is important. You may be overwhelmed by anxiety, depression or have problems with relationships that are interfering with your happiness and success. Your family may be experiencing difficult changes or your child might have problems with negative moods, making friends or learning. As an experienced psychologist, I can help you find your best self, build new coping skills and navigate challenges. I provide a compassionate individualized approach that targets your needs with strategies that work.
When you or your child are struggling and are unsure of the path forward, finding the right help at the right time is important. You may be overwhelmed by anxiety, depression or have problems with relationships that are interfering with your happiness and success. Your family may be experiencing difficult changes or your child might have problems with negative moods, making friends or learning. As an experienced psychologist, I can help you find your best self, build new coping skills and navigate challenges. I provide a compassionate individualized approach that targets your needs with strategies that work.
(484) 232-3546 View (484) 232-3546
Photo of John Miller, Licensed Professional Counselor in Bethlehem, PA
John Miller
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Bethlehem, PA 18018
I appreciate the courage it takes to seek help. As your therapist I will strive to have your therapeutic journey feel respectful, safe, and collaborative. I specialize in couples counseling and adolescent issues, however additional areas of skill include those struggling with loneliness, introversion, those seeking meaningful relationships, and with men’s issues. I collaborate best with clients that are motivated to work on making healthy changes in their lives.
I appreciate the courage it takes to seek help. As your therapist I will strive to have your therapeutic journey feel respectful, safe, and collaborative. I specialize in couples counseling and adolescent issues, however additional areas of skill include those struggling with loneliness, introversion, those seeking meaningful relationships, and with men’s issues. I collaborate best with clients that are motivated to work on making healthy changes in their lives.
(272) 268-7641 View (272) 268-7641
Photo of Ziona Brotleit, Psychologist in Bethlehem, PA
Ziona Brotleit
Psychologist, MA, LicPsyc
Verified Verified
Bethlehem, PA 18018  (Online Only)
This is a difficult time and you may be dealing with isolation or home life struggles. You may have greater stress at work or lack work. You may be facing illness and loss or handling others' needs. Managing it all on your own, talking only with family and friends, may not be enough to give you peace of mind and may not help you to do it all. Consulting with me has given many people relief and helped them find new ways to cope. Call me to tell me what's going on and maybe a telephone or Zoom meeting is a good idea now. I can also help with many other conditions and concerns so please don't hesitate. I look forward to your call.
This is a difficult time and you may be dealing with isolation or home life struggles. You may have greater stress at work or lack work. You may be facing illness and loss or handling others' needs. Managing it all on your own, talking only with family and friends, may not be enough to give you peace of mind and may not help you to do it all. Consulting with me has given many people relief and helped them find new ways to cope. Call me to tell me what's going on and maybe a telephone or Zoom meeting is a good idea now. I can also help with many other conditions and concerns so please don't hesitate. I look forward to your call.
(610) 572-4602 View (610) 572-4602
Patience D Stevenson
Marriage & Family Therapist, DMin, LMFT, LPC
Verified Verified
Bethlehem, PA 18018
Not accepting new clients
I have worked with individuals, couples and families for over 25 years. I partner with clients to assess their own strengths and help them find different ways to address their issues and challenges. I greatly respect individual differences and seek to provide a non-judgmental, caring and empowering environment for clients to grow and change. I work with issues of anxiety, depression, self-esteem, grief and spirituality. We all become stuck at different times in our lives. I will walk alongside you and help you find your own personal resources and other needed resources to heal, grow and change.
I have worked with individuals, couples and families for over 25 years. I partner with clients to assess their own strengths and help them find different ways to address their issues and challenges. I greatly respect individual differences and seek to provide a non-judgmental, caring and empowering environment for clients to grow and change. I work with issues of anxiety, depression, self-esteem, grief and spirituality. We all become stuck at different times in our lives. I will walk alongside you and help you find your own personal resources and other needed resources to heal, grow and change.
(610) 816-6361 View (610) 816-6361
Photo of Jessie Lynn Birckhead, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Bethlehem, PA
Jessie Lynn Birckhead
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Bethlehem, PA 18017
“Why Now”? and “What has happened”? are the ways my first session begins with a new patient. This patient is ready to begin their story. A favorite story I often reference in my work, filled with metaphors and twists and turns, is The Wizard of Oz. At the end of the story Dorothy discovers that she has always had the power to return home to Kansas. However, the power was hidden from her and she did not know how to access or utilize it. I am not the helpful Glinda, but I do collaboratively assist my patients to define and achieve their goals by optimizing their hidden strengths and skills.
“Why Now”? and “What has happened”? are the ways my first session begins with a new patient. This patient is ready to begin their story. A favorite story I often reference in my work, filled with metaphors and twists and turns, is The Wizard of Oz. At the end of the story Dorothy discovers that she has always had the power to return home to Kansas. However, the power was hidden from her and she did not know how to access or utilize it. I am not the helpful Glinda, but I do collaboratively assist my patients to define and achieve their goals by optimizing their hidden strengths and skills.
(833) 531-0253 View (833) 531-0253
Photo of Bryen & Associates Immigration Evaluations, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Bethlehem, PA
Bryen & Associates Immigration Evaluations
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, BCD
Verified Verified
Bethlehem, PA 18018
Has your attorney told you that you need a psychological evaluation for your immigration case? Are you looking for a comprehensive psychological to enhance your USCIS petition? With all the mental health professionals, how do you know which professional evaluator to use? Bryen and Associates has a proven track record of providing professional evaluations for immigration. We work with numerous attorneys around the country to assist their clients in telling their stories. We translate your personal experiences comprehensively with clinical language and measures that enhance their case in a way that judges can understand.
Has your attorney told you that you need a psychological evaluation for your immigration case? Are you looking for a comprehensive psychological to enhance your USCIS petition? With all the mental health professionals, how do you know which professional evaluator to use? Bryen and Associates has a proven track record of providing professional evaluations for immigration. We work with numerous attorneys around the country to assist their clients in telling their stories. We translate your personal experiences comprehensively with clinical language and measures that enhance their case in a way that judges can understand.
(484) 209-2027 View (484) 209-2027
Photo of Coleen Dixon, Marriage & Family Therapist in Bethlehem, PA
Coleen Dixon
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, EMDR- C
Verified Verified
Bethlehem, PA 18015
I practice EMDR as a complete therapy. What does this mean for you? Through the process of therapy your brain and nervous system can get out of the feedback loop it’s been stuck in from relational patterns, traumas, and roadblocks and you can form the responses that you desire! As a therapist, I’m goal directed, intentional, creative, and warm. Outside of the therapy room—I’m wife, and mom to three tiny humans. I enjoy time with family and friends, working out, DIY projects, and time in my church community. I’ve been a therapist for over 7 years and love walking with clients through the journey of therapy.
I practice EMDR as a complete therapy. What does this mean for you? Through the process of therapy your brain and nervous system can get out of the feedback loop it’s been stuck in from relational patterns, traumas, and roadblocks and you can form the responses that you desire! As a therapist, I’m goal directed, intentional, creative, and warm. Outside of the therapy room—I’m wife, and mom to three tiny humans. I enjoy time with family and friends, working out, DIY projects, and time in my church community. I’ve been a therapist for over 7 years and love walking with clients through the journey of therapy.
(484) 310-7167 View (484) 310-7167
Photo of Elijah N Irving, Licensed Professional Counselor in Bethlehem, PA
Elijah N Irving
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, CAADC, CSAT
Verified Verified
Bethlehem, PA 18017  (Online Only)
In a world where we often feel outnumbered and overwhelmed, it’s important to have a support network that includes a trusted and knowledgeable confidant. I am here to help you become the captain of your own life as you navigate through the mental storms. I’ve found fulfillment during my professional journey working with adult and adolescent males navigating problematic behaviors.
In a world where we often feel outnumbered and overwhelmed, it’s important to have a support network that includes a trusted and knowledgeable confidant. I am here to help you become the captain of your own life as you navigate through the mental storms. I’ve found fulfillment during my professional journey working with adult and adolescent males navigating problematic behaviors.
(484) 603-6869 View (484) 603-6869
Photo of Denise Kilby New Hope MHCLC Assoc, Pastoral Counselor in Bethlehem, PA
Denise Kilby New Hope MHCLC Assoc
Pastoral Counselor, BCACLC, BCMHC , CBHP, CCM
Verified Verified
Bethlehem, PA 18015  (Online Only)
True change comes from within, I believe that no one should have to figure out life alone. I help individuals live to their full God-given potential. If you are tired of living in a rut of disappointments and the desperation of not knowing how to move beyond the circumstances you find yourself in, reach out to me. If you are struggling with setting healthy boundaries, anxiety, depression, ADHD-related lack of focus or organization, making poor choices, and unhealthy patterns toward relationships, or find yourself distant from God, reach out to me. I am fully bilingual in English and Spanish and I want to walk alongside you.
True change comes from within, I believe that no one should have to figure out life alone. I help individuals live to their full God-given potential. If you are tired of living in a rut of disappointments and the desperation of not knowing how to move beyond the circumstances you find yourself in, reach out to me. If you are struggling with setting healthy boundaries, anxiety, depression, ADHD-related lack of focus or organization, making poor choices, and unhealthy patterns toward relationships, or find yourself distant from God, reach out to me. I am fully bilingual in English and Spanish and I want to walk alongside you.
(484) 218-2474 View (484) 218-2474
Photo of Curtis G Kemmerer, Marriage & Family Therapist in Bethlehem, PA
Curtis G Kemmerer
Marriage & Family Therapist, MDiv, LMFT
Verified Verified
Bethlehem, PA 18017
Not accepting new clients
You're not content with your relationship? He seems more distant? She complains too much? You worry about fidelity? You and your child argue often? Your child seems too quiet? You're too sad or worried? You've grieving a loss? Call me! A marriage and family therapist and pastoral counselor, I embody compassion in my work. People find client centered, solution based, strength focused process a way to heal and grow as they live challenges of death/loss, isolation, meaning and freedom/responsibility. As the saying goes: you can talk it out or you will act it out!
You're not content with your relationship? He seems more distant? She complains too much? You worry about fidelity? You and your child argue often? Your child seems too quiet? You're too sad or worried? You've grieving a loss? Call me! A marriage and family therapist and pastoral counselor, I embody compassion in my work. People find client centered, solution based, strength focused process a way to heal and grow as they live challenges of death/loss, isolation, meaning and freedom/responsibility. As the saying goes: you can talk it out or you will act it out!
(484) 629-8983 View (484) 629-8983
Photo of A New Dawn Psychotherapy Associates, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Bethlehem, PA
A New Dawn Psychotherapy Associates
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSS , MLSP, LCSW
Verified Verified
Bethlehem, PA 18018
Rana has extensive experience working with adults, couples, children and their families in a variety of clinical settings. She has pursued additional certification and training in trauma, mediation, family issues, and attachment. She performs immigration evaluations and assessments for families seeking fertility assistance. Rana works with clients that struggle with depression, anxiety, grief/loss, life changes, employment issues, interpersonal and relationship problems as well as trauma. She uses cognitive behavioral, narrative, and psychodynamic techniques to help people meet their individual goals for therapy.
Rana has extensive experience working with adults, couples, children and their families in a variety of clinical settings. She has pursued additional certification and training in trauma, mediation, family issues, and attachment. She performs immigration evaluations and assessments for families seeking fertility assistance. Rana works with clients that struggle with depression, anxiety, grief/loss, life changes, employment issues, interpersonal and relationship problems as well as trauma. She uses cognitive behavioral, narrative, and psychodynamic techniques to help people meet their individual goals for therapy.
(484) 469-9161 View (484) 469-9161
Photo of Kenneth Fulton Resig, Licensed Professional Counselor in Bethlehem, PA
Kenneth Fulton Resig
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Bethlehem, PA 18017  (Online Only)
Kenneth Fulton-Resig is a Licensed Professional Counselor and Licensed Behavioral Specialist in the state of Pennsylvania with over 10 years of experience working in the mental health field. He treats individuals from pre-teens to older adults, working with diverse individuals and backgrounds. Kenneth’s work history includes helping individuals in the LGBTQIA+ community as well as others with trauma, dissociation, anxiety, life transitions, depression, sexuality, alternative lifestyles, sexual dysfunction, and much more.
Kenneth Fulton-Resig is a Licensed Professional Counselor and Licensed Behavioral Specialist in the state of Pennsylvania with over 10 years of experience working in the mental health field. He treats individuals from pre-teens to older adults, working with diverse individuals and backgrounds. Kenneth’s work history includes helping individuals in the LGBTQIA+ community as well as others with trauma, dissociation, anxiety, life transitions, depression, sexuality, alternative lifestyles, sexual dysfunction, and much more.
(484) 759-9436 View (484) 759-9436
Photo of Kara A. Diefenderfer, Licensed Professional Counselor in Bethlehem, PA
Kara A. Diefenderfer
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC, CAADC, CCTP, C-DBT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Bethlehem, PA 18020  (Online Only)
So many of us struggle in life, but the worst part is, we struggle in silence. I’m here to listen to whatever part of your story you want to share, whether it’s your past, your present or everything in between. I hope through listening I can help guide you to what you already know within yourself, but might not be able to see right now. Wherever you are in your journey in life, I’d like to help you through the journey.
So many of us struggle in life, but the worst part is, we struggle in silence. I’m here to listen to whatever part of your story you want to share, whether it’s your past, your present or everything in between. I hope through listening I can help guide you to what you already know within yourself, but might not be able to see right now. Wherever you are in your journey in life, I’d like to help you through the journey.
(484) 241-4178 View (484) 241-4178

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Bethlehem, PA

300+

Average cost per session

$125

Therapists in Bethlehem, PA who prioritize treating:

95% Anxiety
91% Depression
75% Relationship Issues
75% Self Esteem
73% Trauma and PTSD
71% Coping Skills
68% Stress

Average years in practice

12 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

83% Highmark
75% Aetna
70% BlueCross and BlueShield

How Therapists in Bethlehem, PA see their clients

73% In Person and Online
27% Online Only

Gender breakdown

81% Female
18% Male
1% Non-Binary

FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Bethlehem?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.