Therapists in Albuquerque, NM

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Photo of Vincent “V” Espinoza, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Albuquerque, NM
Vincent “V” Espinoza
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Albuquerque, NM 87109  (Online Only)
Vincent is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) and Licensed Substance Abuse Associate (LSAA) Counselor with a passion for delivering sexual health and trauma-informed therapy through a systems-oriented lens. Vincent strongly believes in incorporating all aspects of an individual’s identity in the journey toward healing and self-love.
Vincent is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) and Licensed Substance Abuse Associate (LSAA) Counselor with a passion for delivering sexual health and trauma-informed therapy through a systems-oriented lens. Vincent strongly believes in incorporating all aspects of an individual’s identity in the journey toward healing and self-love.
(505) 391-5899 View (505) 391-5899
Photo of Rosa Gallegos-Samora, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Albuquerque, NM
Rosa Gallegos-Samora
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Albuquerque, NM 87107
*TELEHEALTH ONLY* You are not alone. Whether you’ve suffered the loss of a loved one, survived traumatic life experiences, trying to maintain your sobriety or recovery, or you’re trying to figure out how to love yourself…I am here to help and support you so you don’t have to do this alone.
*TELEHEALTH ONLY* You are not alone. Whether you’ve suffered the loss of a loved one, survived traumatic life experiences, trying to maintain your sobriety or recovery, or you’re trying to figure out how to love yourself…I am here to help and support you so you don’t have to do this alone.
(505) 605-2670 View (505) 605-2670
Photo of Linda Najjar, Psychologist in Albuquerque, NM
Linda Najjar
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Albuquerque, NM 87111
I specialize in the areas of women's issues and multicultural counseling. Treatment takes on an integrative approach that best suits your needs. I emphasize personal growth and well-being for individuals, families, and communities of all ethnicities, cultures, races, genders, sexual orientations, ability/disability levels, socioeconomic statuses, ages, sizes, other identities. Although I have expertise as a psychologist and I share that expertise with you, I believe that you are the expert of your life and have your own wisdom. Together we can collaborate to determine the best courses of action to improve your health and well-being.
I specialize in the areas of women's issues and multicultural counseling. Treatment takes on an integrative approach that best suits your needs. I emphasize personal growth and well-being for individuals, families, and communities of all ethnicities, cultures, races, genders, sexual orientations, ability/disability levels, socioeconomic statuses, ages, sizes, other identities. Although I have expertise as a psychologist and I share that expertise with you, I believe that you are the expert of your life and have your own wisdom. Together we can collaborate to determine the best courses of action to improve your health and well-being.
(505) 926-2062 View (505) 926-2062
Photo of Dr. Monique Rodríguez, Licensed Professional Counselor in Albuquerque, NM
Dr. Monique Rodríguez
Licensed Professional Counselor, PhD, NCC, LPC-S, LPCC
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Albuquerque, NM 87112
You’re someone who values connection and meaningful relationships but still finds yourself struggling to manage your emotions without turning to substances, feeling increasingly isolated from loved ones and social activities. The weight of guilt and shame weighs heavy on your shoulders, making it difficult to reach out for help. But you’re ready to make a change. You’re ready to regain control over your emotions and rebuild your social support network. You’re ready to experience inner peace and authentic connections. Most of all, you’re ready to embrace a life free from the grip of addiction. I want to help you get there.
You’re someone who values connection and meaningful relationships but still finds yourself struggling to manage your emotions without turning to substances, feeling increasingly isolated from loved ones and social activities. The weight of guilt and shame weighs heavy on your shoulders, making it difficult to reach out for help. But you’re ready to make a change. You’re ready to regain control over your emotions and rebuild your social support network. You’re ready to experience inner peace and authentic connections. Most of all, you’re ready to embrace a life free from the grip of addiction. I want to help you get there.
(505) 588-5182 View (505) 588-5182
Photo of Talking Circles Therapy & Wellness, LLC, Licensed Professional Counselor in Albuquerque, NM
Talking Circles Therapy & Wellness, LLC
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPCC, LCSW, FNP-BC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Albuquerque, NM 87107
**Now offering medication management** Each of us is on a journey and there will be times where we feel lost, alone, overwhelmed or inadequate. We believe the key to moving past difficulties in your life involves developing greater awareness, understanding, and self-compassion in a safe and affirming space. We will explore what is holding you back, develop skills so you can change unhealthy patterns while gently challenging you to move towards health and wellbeing. We are all resilient and have the inherent ability to change and thrive. Each day offers an opportunity to learn from the past and fully immerse ourselves in the present.
**Now offering medication management** Each of us is on a journey and there will be times where we feel lost, alone, overwhelmed or inadequate. We believe the key to moving past difficulties in your life involves developing greater awareness, understanding, and self-compassion in a safe and affirming space. We will explore what is holding you back, develop skills so you can change unhealthy patterns while gently challenging you to move towards health and wellbeing. We are all resilient and have the inherent ability to change and thrive. Each day offers an opportunity to learn from the past and fully immerse ourselves in the present.
(505) 375-6651 View (505) 375-6651
Photo of Olga Ebalarosa, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Albuquerque, NM
Olga Ebalarosa
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, MA, LCSW
Verified Verified
Albuquerque, NM 87109
I am a New Mexico Licensed Social Worker with over 27 years of experience practicing in both New York and New Mexico. i have worked in a variety of clinical settings providing individual, family and group therapies to elementary and middle school students as well as adults, seniors, and veterans to overcome a wide range of mental health issues including anxiety, depression, anger, self esteem and coping deficits.
I am a New Mexico Licensed Social Worker with over 27 years of experience practicing in both New York and New Mexico. i have worked in a variety of clinical settings providing individual, family and group therapies to elementary and middle school students as well as adults, seniors, and veterans to overcome a wide range of mental health issues including anxiety, depression, anger, self esteem and coping deficits.
(505) 587-1569 View (505) 587-1569
Photo of Angela Porter, Counselor in Albuquerque, NM
Angela Porter
Counselor, MA, LPCC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Albuquerque, NM 87111
Now accepting new clients. I strive to provide a therapeutic experience where you, alone, or with your partner, can explore the depths of your relationship and work together to find deeper intimacy and connection. I work with you to develop communication skills, reduce anxiety, and create strategies to find your inner peace. Conflict is inevitable for any relationship, and it is my goal to work along side you, to repair the parts that cause harm. I have worked with all types of couples to strengthen and build upon the parts that brought you together.
Now accepting new clients. I strive to provide a therapeutic experience where you, alone, or with your partner, can explore the depths of your relationship and work together to find deeper intimacy and connection. I work with you to develop communication skills, reduce anxiety, and create strategies to find your inner peace. Conflict is inevitable for any relationship, and it is my goal to work along side you, to repair the parts that cause harm. I have worked with all types of couples to strengthen and build upon the parts that brought you together.
(505) 393-7634 View (505) 393-7634
Photo of Cecilia Biglieri, Counselor in Albuquerque, NM
Cecilia Biglieri
Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Albuquerque, NM 87108  (Online Only)
I am a bilingual, licensed psychotherapist with 28 years of experience. My training includes graduating from programs in the USA, Mexico and Argentina. I integrate different modalities to help clients find relief from psychological pain, as well as find meaning and purpose in their lives. I am also a cancer survivor who has successfully dealt with these issues in my life.
I am a bilingual, licensed psychotherapist with 28 years of experience. My training includes graduating from programs in the USA, Mexico and Argentina. I integrate different modalities to help clients find relief from psychological pain, as well as find meaning and purpose in their lives. I am also a cancer survivor who has successfully dealt with these issues in my life.
(505) 726-4060 View (505) 726-4060
Photo of Kristin Danielle Hernandez, Counselor in Albuquerque, NM
Kristin Danielle Hernandez
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Albuquerque, NM 87110
Coping with life's ups and downs can feel daunting at times. Having someone to rely upon and lend a helping ear can help to lessen feelings of isolation and anxiety. I work to create a positive holistic space where we can grow and build together. This is a judgment free zone where compassion and empathy live and thrive. I am a Clinical Counselor that is goal oriented.
Coping with life's ups and downs can feel daunting at times. Having someone to rely upon and lend a helping ear can help to lessen feelings of isolation and anxiety. I work to create a positive holistic space where we can grow and build together. This is a judgment free zone where compassion and empathy live and thrive. I am a Clinical Counselor that is goal oriented.
(505) 209-8528 View (505) 209-8528
Photo of Seeking Solutions, Clinical Mental Health Counselor in Albuquerque, NM
Seeking Solutions
Clinical Mental Health Counselor, MA, LPCC, NCC
Verified Verified
Albuquerque, NM 87108
I specialize in accepting, developing, understanding, and supporting healthy behavioral changes. I have decades of experience supporting and helping adolescents and adults in their endeavors to feel and be better while operating from a supportive and caring background. We are all, after all, just Seeking Solutions...
I specialize in accepting, developing, understanding, and supporting healthy behavioral changes. I have decades of experience supporting and helping adolescents and adults in their endeavors to feel and be better while operating from a supportive and caring background. We are all, after all, just Seeking Solutions...
(505) 657-4021 View (505) 657-4021
Photo of Karen M Wall, Marriage & Family Therapist in Albuquerque, NM
Karen M Wall
Marriage & Family Therapist, EdD, MA, LMFTFT, RN-BC
Verified Verified
Albuquerque, NM 87111  (Online Only)
My work focuses on exploring strengths and loveable qualities that can be called upon to help you be more unconditionally loving toward yourself and others. I believe in hearing your story, in your words, and having a collaborative relationship to find the answers you need for lasting wellness and recovery. I know you seek out therapy to get an unbiased collaboration, and in many cases a shared experience, to be able to find solutions to those problems that are interfering with your everyday life, including your safety. I look forward to meeting you and joining you on your journey to healing and peace.
My work focuses on exploring strengths and loveable qualities that can be called upon to help you be more unconditionally loving toward yourself and others. I believe in hearing your story, in your words, and having a collaborative relationship to find the answers you need for lasting wellness and recovery. I know you seek out therapy to get an unbiased collaboration, and in many cases a shared experience, to be able to find solutions to those problems that are interfering with your everyday life, including your safety. I look forward to meeting you and joining you on your journey to healing and peace.
(909) 639-4248 View (909) 639-4248
Photo of Lorri Knight, Licensed Mental Health Counselor in Albuquerque, NM
Lorri Knight
Licensed Mental Health Counselor, MA, LMHC
Verified Verified
Albuquerque, NM 87107
I enjoy working with adolescents, adults and seniors who are feeling troubled about conflicts, life changes/transitions, anxiety, childhood trauma, PTSD, grief and loss, and depression. I collaborate with you to establish a relationship in which all of your emotions are welcomed expressions of self. I provide a safe and nonjudgmental environment in which to explore your struggles and to find a path to a happier and healthier you.
I enjoy working with adolescents, adults and seniors who are feeling troubled about conflicts, life changes/transitions, anxiety, childhood trauma, PTSD, grief and loss, and depression. I collaborate with you to establish a relationship in which all of your emotions are welcomed expressions of self. I provide a safe and nonjudgmental environment in which to explore your struggles and to find a path to a happier and healthier you.
(505) 614-8772 View (505) 614-8772
Photo of Tara Bremer Quintana, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Albuquerque, NM
Tara Bremer Quintana
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Albuquerque, NM 87111
Tara is a Licensed Independent Clinical Social Worker with a broad range of professional experience. She works with children, adolescents, and adults in both individual and family settings. She has experience assisting clients as they navigate life transitions, grief/loss, depression, anxiety, stress, emotional disturbance, trauma, anger, parenting challenges, low self esteem, and systemic familial and relationship issues. She practices from a generalist perspective, drawing from multiple treatment modalities including, but not limited to, cognitive behavioral, strength based, psycho dynamic, crisis management, family systems, solution focused, and narrative therapies.
Tara is a Licensed Independent Clinical Social Worker with a broad range of professional experience. She works with children, adolescents, and adults in both individual and family settings. She has experience assisting clients as they navigate life transitions, grief/loss, depression, anxiety, stress, emotional disturbance, trauma, anger, parenting challenges, low self esteem, and systemic familial and relationship issues. She practices from a generalist perspective, drawing from multiple treatment modalities including, but not limited to, cognitive behavioral, strength based, psycho dynamic, crisis management, family systems, solution focused, and narrative therapies.
(505) 322-6797 View (505) 322-6797
Photo of Linsey Patterson, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Albuquerque, NM
Linsey Patterson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
Albuquerque, NM 87113
It can feel often scary and uncertain to reach out and ask for help when we need it. Linsey believes in reducing the stigma towards mental help and improving quality of life through a strengths-based perspective. Each and every person has their own unique resiliency and she seeks to assist in bringing those strengths to the forefront and improving confidence in learning new skills to manage the day-to-day lives.
It can feel often scary and uncertain to reach out and ask for help when we need it. Linsey believes in reducing the stigma towards mental help and improving quality of life through a strengths-based perspective. Each and every person has their own unique resiliency and she seeks to assist in bringing those strengths to the forefront and improving confidence in learning new skills to manage the day-to-day lives.
(505) 392-3695 View (505) 392-3695
Photo of Michelle M Lee, Counselor in Albuquerque, NM
Michelle M Lee
Counselor, MA, LPCC
Verified Verified
Albuquerque, NM 87109
Waitlist for new clients
At this time I only have Telehealth appointments available. I do have a waitlist for in-person and would be happy to place you on it. I am committed to helping adults struggling with anxiety, depression, life transitions, developmental disorders, trauma, relationship issues, divorce, and problematic family dynamics. I have a Humanistic approach and also utilize techniques that are largely cognitive-behavioral, experiential, and structural. I also focus on family systems. When working with adolescents - I draw from talk, creative play and sand tray therapy.
At this time I only have Telehealth appointments available. I do have a waitlist for in-person and would be happy to place you on it. I am committed to helping adults struggling with anxiety, depression, life transitions, developmental disorders, trauma, relationship issues, divorce, and problematic family dynamics. I have a Humanistic approach and also utilize techniques that are largely cognitive-behavioral, experiential, and structural. I also focus on family systems. When working with adolescents - I draw from talk, creative play and sand tray therapy.
(505) 398-2091 View (505) 398-2091
Photo of Lauren Nelson, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Albuquerque, NM
Lauren Nelson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Verified Verified
11 Endorsed
Albuquerque, NM 87110
Perhaps you feel empty, trapped, or lost. Perhaps you can identify the source of this pain, such as a past trauma or a recent loss, or perhaps you cannot and feel that you “should” be happier. Friends and family may have given you well-intentioned but ultimately unhelpful advice: “Just be positive! Just get over it! Be grateful!” Unable to make use of this feedback, you may feel even more isolated, alienated, and misunderstood. You sense that a new, more joyful life could be possible… but somehow it always feels just out of reach. Maybe you are close to giving up altogether and feel resigned to a life of suffering.
Perhaps you feel empty, trapped, or lost. Perhaps you can identify the source of this pain, such as a past trauma or a recent loss, or perhaps you cannot and feel that you “should” be happier. Friends and family may have given you well-intentioned but ultimately unhelpful advice: “Just be positive! Just get over it! Be grateful!” Unable to make use of this feedback, you may feel even more isolated, alienated, and misunderstood. You sense that a new, more joyful life could be possible… but somehow it always feels just out of reach. Maybe you are close to giving up altogether and feel resigned to a life of suffering.
(505) 605-2240 View (505) 605-2240
Photo of Natalie Sanchez, Counselor in Albuquerque, NM
Natalie Sanchez
Counselor, MA, LPC, LPCC , GCDF
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Albuquerque, NM 87122  (Online Only)
Clients call Natalie genuine, empathetic, funny, insightful, and competent. Her speciality is supporting ages 12+ through adults to heal attachment and abandonment wounds, grow in worthiness and self-confidence, increase assertiveness skills, and increase their day-to-day well-being. She is known for honoring her client's cultural traditions, faith base/spiritual framework, and helping people reach or surpass their therapeutic goals. Natalie is highly trained in several therapeutic modalities. Natalie works with all clients via phone or telehealth video appointments.
Clients call Natalie genuine, empathetic, funny, insightful, and competent. Her speciality is supporting ages 12+ through adults to heal attachment and abandonment wounds, grow in worthiness and self-confidence, increase assertiveness skills, and increase their day-to-day well-being. She is known for honoring her client's cultural traditions, faith base/spiritual framework, and helping people reach or surpass their therapeutic goals. Natalie is highly trained in several therapeutic modalities. Natalie works with all clients via phone or telehealth video appointments.
(505) 726-4941 View (505) 726-4941
Photo of Erica Van Leuven, Counselor in Albuquerque, NM
Erica Van Leuven
Counselor, CPC
Verified Verified
Albuquerque, NM 87120  (Online Only)
When you are ready to work and feel change in your life, to notice things & deliberately work on constructing the desired outcome, we can work together to accomplish what you are hoping for. We can get you through anxiety, depression, relationship issues, parenting struggles or whatever else you might be facing. And know that if I cannot help you, I will work to try to help you find someone that can. I never leave people hanging; I see things through to support you fully.
When you are ready to work and feel change in your life, to notice things & deliberately work on constructing the desired outcome, we can work together to accomplish what you are hoping for. We can get you through anxiety, depression, relationship issues, parenting struggles or whatever else you might be facing. And know that if I cannot help you, I will work to try to help you find someone that can. I never leave people hanging; I see things through to support you fully.
(505) 391-5254 View (505) 391-5254
Photo of Erica Lane Castleberry, Psychologist in Albuquerque, NM
Erica Lane Castleberry
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Albuquerque, NM 87110
If you're stuck in anxiety, PTSD, depression, eating disorders, or body image problems, I might be able to help! I use evidence-based treatments, mainly Cognitive Behavior Therapy. I am specifically trained in Cognitive Processing Therapy for PTSD, Dialectical Behavior Therapy, and CBT-E (for Eating Disorders). In therapy you can expect to play an active role in the process and will often have homework assignments. This is the best way to learn new skills and ways of thinking toward recovery!
If you're stuck in anxiety, PTSD, depression, eating disorders, or body image problems, I might be able to help! I use evidence-based treatments, mainly Cognitive Behavior Therapy. I am specifically trained in Cognitive Processing Therapy for PTSD, Dialectical Behavior Therapy, and CBT-E (for Eating Disorders). In therapy you can expect to play an active role in the process and will often have homework assignments. This is the best way to learn new skills and ways of thinking toward recovery!
(505) 388-2830 View (505) 388-2830
Photo of Jamil C Vazquez, Counselor in Albuquerque, NM
Jamil C Vazquez
Counselor, LPCC
Verified Verified
Albuquerque, NM 87116  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
I believe the most important qualities for a counselor to possess are genuineness & empathy. It is my purpose to create an atmosphere in which the client feels fully accepted exactly where they are. My experience includes working with children, adolescents, and adults seeking support for anxiety, depression, grief, relationship issues, and past trauma. My integrative counseling approach is guided by person centered theory, narrative, therapy, cognitive-behavioral therapy, and solution-focused therapy with the main goal being to provide a safe and nonjudgmental environment.
I believe the most important qualities for a counselor to possess are genuineness & empathy. It is my purpose to create an atmosphere in which the client feels fully accepted exactly where they are. My experience includes working with children, adolescents, and adults seeking support for anxiety, depression, grief, relationship issues, and past trauma. My integrative counseling approach is guided by person centered theory, narrative, therapy, cognitive-behavioral therapy, and solution-focused therapy with the main goal being to provide a safe and nonjudgmental environment.
(505) 207-2575 View (505) 207-2575

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Albuquerque, NM

900+

Average cost per session

$129

Therapists in Albuquerque, NM who prioritize treating:

89% Anxiety
85% Depression
78% Trauma and PTSD
74% Self Esteem
73% Relationship Issues
68% Coping Skills
66% Stress

Average years in practice

13 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

81% Presbyterian
79% BlueCross and BlueShield
74% Medicaid

How Therapists in Albuquerque, NM see their clients

65% In Person and Online
35% Online Only

Gender breakdown

78% Female
21% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Albuquerque?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.