Therapists in Mount Vernon Square, Washington, DC

Photo of Dana Payes, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Mount Vernon Square, Washington, DC
Dana Payes
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, LCSW-C
Verified Verified
Mount Vernon Square, Washington, DC 20001  (Online Only)
Welcome and thank you for taking the time to visit my page! Whether you are just beginning your therapy journey, find yourself searching for help with continued healing or are you getting back in touch with yourself after time away from therapy, I would like to be there for you to help! I work with clients aged preteen-adulthood who have experienced trauma, mood disorders, ADHD, and learning disabilities. Additionally, I work with individuals in transitional life stages and caregivers who want to work through challenges in parenting/caretaking and also hope to prioritize their own mental health or life challenges.
Welcome and thank you for taking the time to visit my page! Whether you are just beginning your therapy journey, find yourself searching for help with continued healing or are you getting back in touch with yourself after time away from therapy, I would like to be there for you to help! I work with clients aged preteen-adulthood who have experienced trauma, mood disorders, ADHD, and learning disabilities. Additionally, I work with individuals in transitional life stages and caregivers who want to work through challenges in parenting/caretaking and also hope to prioritize their own mental health or life challenges.
(202) 998-5610 View (202) 998-5610
Photo of Saqueita Russell, Licensed Professional Counselor in Mount Vernon Square, Washington, DC
Saqueita Russell
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Mount Vernon Square, Washington, DC 20002  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
I am a Licensed Professional Counselor that is trained to implement various therapeutic approaches. I am an eclectic Therapist that believes in a person-centered approach by tailoring treatment to the specific needs of my clients. I enjoy incorporating a Cognitive Behavioral therapeutic approach and evidenced based treatment models to support adults. I offer a safe, collaborative, and judge-free zone to support the needs and goals of the clients that I support.
I am a Licensed Professional Counselor that is trained to implement various therapeutic approaches. I am an eclectic Therapist that believes in a person-centered approach by tailoring treatment to the specific needs of my clients. I enjoy incorporating a Cognitive Behavioral therapeutic approach and evidenced based treatment models to support adults. I offer a safe, collaborative, and judge-free zone to support the needs and goals of the clients that I support.
(202) 953-6349 View (202) 953-6349
Photo of Andrea Florez, Licensed Professional Counselor in Mount Vernon Square, Washington, DC
Andrea Florez
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Mount Vernon Square, Washington, DC 20001  (Online Only)
I focus on creating a supportive and safe therapeutic environment where I can help clients identify opportunities for change and growth, cope with difficult emotions and experiences, and approach and resolve problems in more constructive ways that brings the opportunity to heal emotional wounds. I believe therapy is collaborative and I support my clients to build lives that feel meaningful and authentic. I incorporate different therapeutic approaches to help clients achieve their treatment goals and meet their individual needs
I focus on creating a supportive and safe therapeutic environment where I can help clients identify opportunities for change and growth, cope with difficult emotions and experiences, and approach and resolve problems in more constructive ways that brings the opportunity to heal emotional wounds. I believe therapy is collaborative and I support my clients to build lives that feel meaningful and authentic. I incorporate different therapeutic approaches to help clients achieve their treatment goals and meet their individual needs
(202) 949-5971 View (202) 949-5971
Photo of Mindfulness Journey Inc, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Mount Vernon Square, Washington, DC
Mindfulness Journey Inc
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-C, LICSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Mount Vernon Square, Washington, DC 20001  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
Please Email Me For Faster Response- Are your fears so intense that they are preventing you from living the quality of life that you want? Are the compulsions so strong that you feel you need to do certain physical and/or mental compulsions to feel better for the moment, only to have the fear come back just as intense? Do you have intrusive thoughts that are so disturbing that you are afraid to tell anyone for fear they won't understand? Do you have trauma in your past that is affecting you and preventing you from enjoying life? Is the trauma affecting your self-esteem., or your relationships? I can help
Please Email Me For Faster Response- Are your fears so intense that they are preventing you from living the quality of life that you want? Are the compulsions so strong that you feel you need to do certain physical and/or mental compulsions to feel better for the moment, only to have the fear come back just as intense? Do you have intrusive thoughts that are so disturbing that you are afraid to tell anyone for fear they won't understand? Do you have trauma in your past that is affecting you and preventing you from enjoying life? Is the trauma affecting your self-esteem., or your relationships? I can help
(202) 793-7073 View (202) 793-7073
Photo of The Hummingbird Place, LLC, Licensed Professional Counselor in Mount Vernon Square, Washington, DC
The Hummingbird Place, LLC
Licensed Professional Counselor, ATR, LPC
Verified Verified
Mount Vernon Square, Washington, DC 20001
Managing stress, especially during this pandemic crisis can be extremely difficult. By using creative process techniques, I provide online Art Therapy, Counseling, and Consultation that is especially beneficial to individuals who are navigating stressful life changes, have not responded positively to traditional forms of therapy, need a flexible remote telehealth option, struggle to express feelings and emotions, need support with decreasing anxiety, or would like to better understand themselves through a creative lens. Check out The Hummingbird Place, LLC website for more information at https://www.thehummingbirdplacellc.com/.
Managing stress, especially during this pandemic crisis can be extremely difficult. By using creative process techniques, I provide online Art Therapy, Counseling, and Consultation that is especially beneficial to individuals who are navigating stressful life changes, have not responded positively to traditional forms of therapy, need a flexible remote telehealth option, struggle to express feelings and emotions, need support with decreasing anxiety, or would like to better understand themselves through a creative lens. Check out The Hummingbird Place, LLC website for more information at https://www.thehummingbirdplacellc.com/.
(202) 866-1861 View (202) 866-1861
Photo of Mary Smith, Licensed Professional Counselor in Mount Vernon Square, Washington, DC
Mary Smith
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
7 Endorsed
Mount Vernon Square, Washington, DC 20002  (Online Only)
“Something feels off.” If you’ve felt this before, know that you are not alone. Many of my clients come to me with this feeling. I help people of all ages who are going through life transitions. I also see people experiencing anxiety or depression and help them work through buried or minimized traumas. My clients often feel like something is wrong with them or feel like outsiders. They are people who think about the bigger picture in life but may not know how to apply that to their lives.
“Something feels off.” If you’ve felt this before, know that you are not alone. Many of my clients come to me with this feeling. I help people of all ages who are going through life transitions. I also see people experiencing anxiety or depression and help them work through buried or minimized traumas. My clients often feel like something is wrong with them or feel like outsiders. They are people who think about the bigger picture in life but may not know how to apply that to their lives.
(202) 839-8563 View (202) 839-8563
Photo of Nicole L Cammack, Psychologist in Mount Vernon Square, Washington, DC
Nicole L Cammack
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Mount Vernon Square, Washington, DC 20001  (Online Only)
Dr. Nicole L. Cammack is a licensed Clinical Psychologist in Washington, DC and the state of Maryland. She is also able to provide services in states covered by PsyPact. She received her Bachelor’s Degree from Howard University, and her Master’s Degree and Ph.D. in Clinical Psychology from The George Washington University.
Dr. Nicole L. Cammack is a licensed Clinical Psychologist in Washington, DC and the state of Maryland. She is also able to provide services in states covered by PsyPact. She received her Bachelor’s Degree from Howard University, and her Master’s Degree and Ph.D. in Clinical Psychology from The George Washington University.
(202) 410-2675 View (202) 410-2675
Photo of Melanie Kolkin, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Mount Vernon Square, Washington, DC
Melanie Kolkin
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Mount Vernon Square, Washington, DC 20001  (Online Only)
Mental health is the core of wellness. If that isn’t cultivated, everything else in life becomes ten times harder. I have been a therapist since 2018 and have broad experience in many areas. I possess excellent communication and rapport-building skills, as well as a strong background in trauma-informed clinical care, research, and advocacy. The most rewarding thing about being a therapist is the connection I make with clients and the trust they put in me. It is an experience I am both deeply humbled by and truly grateful for.
Mental health is the core of wellness. If that isn’t cultivated, everything else in life becomes ten times harder. I have been a therapist since 2018 and have broad experience in many areas. I possess excellent communication and rapport-building skills, as well as a strong background in trauma-informed clinical care, research, and advocacy. The most rewarding thing about being a therapist is the connection I make with clients and the trust they put in me. It is an experience I am both deeply humbled by and truly grateful for.
(888) 870-6487 View (888) 870-6487
Photo of Melea Johnson, Counselor in Mount Vernon Square, Washington, DC
Melea Johnson
Counselor, LGPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Mount Vernon Square, Washington, DC 20001  (Online Only)
Hello there! I am Melea Johnson and I am a Licensed Graduate Professional Counselor (LGPC) at Diversified Lifestyle Services (DLS) under the direct supervision of Dr. Antoinette Lancaster. I am committed to helping people manage their life stressors and teach them skills that can benefit them in the long term as well as provide support and guidance in their active life. I utilize an integrative approach rooted into Cognitive Behavioral Theory (CBT) based upon individual needs. I have a special interest in working with young adults and assisting them with navigating the challenges of “adulting”. I also enjoy working with couples as w
Hello there! I am Melea Johnson and I am a Licensed Graduate Professional Counselor (LGPC) at Diversified Lifestyle Services (DLS) under the direct supervision of Dr. Antoinette Lancaster. I am committed to helping people manage their life stressors and teach them skills that can benefit them in the long term as well as provide support and guidance in their active life. I utilize an integrative approach rooted into Cognitive Behavioral Theory (CBT) based upon individual needs. I have a special interest in working with young adults and assisting them with navigating the challenges of “adulting”. I also enjoy working with couples as w
(202) 972-5674 View (202) 972-5674
Photo of Megan Bousquet, Licensed Professional Counselor in Mount Vernon Square, Washington, DC
Megan Bousquet
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, ATR, LPC
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Mount Vernon Square, Washington, DC 20001  (Online Only)
Throughout a woman’s life there are many emotional shifts and it takes strength to reach out for support. I understand the many challenges and stress that sometimes might have you not feeling like yourself. Do you feel alone, anxious, tired, sad, angry, irritable, or stressed? I work with women who are experiencing anxiety, depressed mood, grief and loss, fertility, miscarriage, transition to motherhood, and other life changing events. I have specialized training in anxiety, maternal mental health (pregnancy, birth, postpartum, motherhood), child development, and eating disorders.
Throughout a woman’s life there are many emotional shifts and it takes strength to reach out for support. I understand the many challenges and stress that sometimes might have you not feeling like yourself. Do you feel alone, anxious, tired, sad, angry, irritable, or stressed? I work with women who are experiencing anxiety, depressed mood, grief and loss, fertility, miscarriage, transition to motherhood, and other life changing events. I have specialized training in anxiety, maternal mental health (pregnancy, birth, postpartum, motherhood), child development, and eating disorders.
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Photo of Brittany Lindon, Psychologist in Mount Vernon Square, Washington, DC
Brittany Lindon
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Mount Vernon Square, Washington, DC 20001
(202) 902-8212 View (202) 902-8212

Online Therapists

Photo of Dustin Winkel, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Mount Vernon Square, Washington, DC
Dustin Winkel
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Washington, DC 20011
Waitlist for new clients
I welcome anyone into my practice who is interested in making sustainable life changes, Here & NOW. I've been lucky to work with a diverse client population in a variety of clinical settings and specialities including private practice, children & families, adolescents, young adults, healthcare, rural and urban, inpatient and outpatient, dual diagnoses, LGBTQIA, and community mental health across three states and the District of Columbia. All of my experiences have deepened my understanding of the regional, socioeconomic, cultural, racial, and ethnic diversity where I live. Change is possible for everyone. I can help.
I welcome anyone into my practice who is interested in making sustainable life changes, Here & NOW. I've been lucky to work with a diverse client population in a variety of clinical settings and specialities including private practice, children & families, adolescents, young adults, healthcare, rural and urban, inpatient and outpatient, dual diagnoses, LGBTQIA, and community mental health across three states and the District of Columbia. All of my experiences have deepened my understanding of the regional, socioeconomic, cultural, racial, and ethnic diversity where I live. Change is possible for everyone. I can help.
(202) 935-7804 View (202) 935-7804
Photo of Quarterlife Center, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Mount Vernon Square, Washington, DC
Quarterlife Center
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, PhD, LICSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Washington, DC 20005
Are you in your twenties or thirties and feeling lost in life? While the many changes that occur during young adulthood like graduation, new jobs, and dating can be exciting they can also feel completely overwhelming. Changes that result from life transitions are an inevitable part of life, and much of our happiness depends on how we navigate these times of transition. If you're struggling with some of these changes, you may be experiencing a quarterlife crisis. You are not alone, and we are here to help! Our therapists and career coaches specialize in helping young adults survive their quarterlife crisis and thrive in their lives.
Are you in your twenties or thirties and feeling lost in life? While the many changes that occur during young adulthood like graduation, new jobs, and dating can be exciting they can also feel completely overwhelming. Changes that result from life transitions are an inevitable part of life, and much of our happiness depends on how we navigate these times of transition. If you're struggling with some of these changes, you may be experiencing a quarterlife crisis. You are not alone, and we are here to help! Our therapists and career coaches specialize in helping young adults survive their quarterlife crisis and thrive in their lives.
(202) 868-8546 View (202) 868-8546
Photo of Dr. Kelly Lewis-Arthur, Psychologist in Mount Vernon Square, Washington, DC
Dr. Kelly Lewis-Arthur
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Washington, DC 20016
Congratulations! You just made an important step in the change process and are on your way to positive growth and wellness. This is an essential ingredient in your future success! You are not alone. Healing and success are possible and I want to help you get there. Through empirically supported teletherapy and virtual consultation and supervision services, I will work with you to overcome adversity and secure fresh perspectives and new directions for the next phase of life. You are wonderfully made in body, mind, and spirit. Wholeness and success are within reach. Let me support you in your journey!
Congratulations! You just made an important step in the change process and are on your way to positive growth and wellness. This is an essential ingredient in your future success! You are not alone. Healing and success are possible and I want to help you get there. Through empirically supported teletherapy and virtual consultation and supervision services, I will work with you to overcome adversity and secure fresh perspectives and new directions for the next phase of life. You are wonderfully made in body, mind, and spirit. Wholeness and success are within reach. Let me support you in your journey!
(202) 931-7772 View (202) 931-7772
Photo of Anne Grace Giebel, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Mount Vernon Square, Washington, DC
Anne Grace Giebel
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Washington, DC 20016
https://districttherapyassociates.com/anne-giebel%2C-licsw
https://districttherapyassociates.com/anne-giebel%2C-licsw
(202) 937-1986 View (202) 937-1986
Photo of Sophy Varghese, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Mount Vernon Square, Washington, DC
Sophy Varghese
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Washington, DC 20018  (Online Only)
Supporting, encouraging, and comforting others has been an integral part of my journey, leading me on a path to a rich and rewarding career as a clinical social worker. I am passionate about supporting individuals reach their behavioral health, relational and spiritual goals! I have a special interest in working with women who are seeking support for depression, anxiety, trauma, loss, low self-esteem, parenting, establishing healthy boundaries and navigating relationships.
Supporting, encouraging, and comforting others has been an integral part of my journey, leading me on a path to a rich and rewarding career as a clinical social worker. I am passionate about supporting individuals reach their behavioral health, relational and spiritual goals! I have a special interest in working with women who are seeking support for depression, anxiety, trauma, loss, low self-esteem, parenting, establishing healthy boundaries and navigating relationships.
(202) 918-2308 View (202) 918-2308
Photo of Dona Paknejad, Licensed Professional Counselor in Mount Vernon Square, Washington, DC
Dona Paknejad
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, NCC, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Washington, DC 20003
Ms. Paknejad has been practicing in the Washington, D.C. area for a decade, focusing on supportive services that integrate cultural sensitivity, and physical, and psychological support. Ms. Paknejad has extensive experience working with domestic and international families living and working in the DC MD VA area, including addressing changes in mood and overall functioning and focusing on issues and stresses around assimilation and acculturation due to changes in one's personal and professional settings. Through the use of solution focused techniques, Ms. Paknejad's clients are able to achieve measurable improvements.
Ms. Paknejad has been practicing in the Washington, D.C. area for a decade, focusing on supportive services that integrate cultural sensitivity, and physical, and psychological support. Ms. Paknejad has extensive experience working with domestic and international families living and working in the DC MD VA area, including addressing changes in mood and overall functioning and focusing on issues and stresses around assimilation and acculturation due to changes in one's personal and professional settings. Through the use of solution focused techniques, Ms. Paknejad's clients are able to achieve measurable improvements.
(202) 335-0328 View (202) 335-0328
Photo of Suzanne K Haddad, Psychologist in Mount Vernon Square, Washington, DC
Suzanne K Haddad
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Washington, DC 20009
We all have complicated personal stories that have led us to where we are in life. Your unique thoughts, fears, desires and emotions can affect the quality of your daily experiences and cause you to repeat unhealthy patterns.
We all have complicated personal stories that have led us to where we are in life. Your unique thoughts, fears, desires and emotions can affect the quality of your daily experiences and cause you to repeat unhealthy patterns.
(202) 559-1126 View (202) 559-1126
Photo of Silver Lake Psychology--Washington DC location, Psychologist in Mount Vernon Square, Washington, DC
Silver Lake Psychology--Washington DC location
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Washington, DC 20009
Learn how to feel more connected to yourself, others and the world around you. Therapy provides all the elements of intimacy: honest communication, vulnerability and trust. Good therapy is challenging yet warm, providing both structure and empathy for your unique experience. We are a collective of therapists with a wide range of specialties. Our intake professionals will help connect you with the right therapist for your needs. We make appointments easy, offering evenings and weekends and flexibility for creative professionals who can't make the same time each week.
Learn how to feel more connected to yourself, others and the world around you. Therapy provides all the elements of intimacy: honest communication, vulnerability and trust. Good therapy is challenging yet warm, providing both structure and empathy for your unique experience. We are a collective of therapists with a wide range of specialties. Our intake professionals will help connect you with the right therapist for your needs. We make appointments easy, offering evenings and weekends and flexibility for creative professionals who can't make the same time each week.
(202) 952-4298 View (202) 952-4298
Photo of Jillian Meinhardt, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Mount Vernon Square, Washington, DC
Jillian Meinhardt
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-C, LICSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Washington, DC 20009  (Online Only)
Are you a parent of a child, teen or young adult struggling with big emotions that take over your child's body? Does your child have trouble leaving the house, nervous about new situations, have excess energy, feel low or experience mood swings? Are you a young adult entering a new phase or overwhelmed with today's pressures of work, family, friends and relationships? Are you looking for a clinician that can connect with you and understands the pressures of today? With a background in therapeutic and specials education school settings, we use creative tools to connect with you and your child to support you.
Are you a parent of a child, teen or young adult struggling with big emotions that take over your child's body? Does your child have trouble leaving the house, nervous about new situations, have excess energy, feel low or experience mood swings? Are you a young adult entering a new phase or overwhelmed with today's pressures of work, family, friends and relationships? Are you looking for a clinician that can connect with you and understands the pressures of today? With a background in therapeutic and specials education school settings, we use creative tools to connect with you and your child to support you.
(202) 875-6450 View (202) 875-6450

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Mount Vernon Square, Washington, DC

10+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Mount Vernon Square, Washington, DC who prioritize treating:

91% Anxiety
82% Depression
82% Women's Issues
82% Life Transitions
73% Relationship Issues
73% Grief
73% Peer Relationships

Average years in practice

16 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

100% Aetna
100% BlueCross and BlueShield
100% CareFirst

How Therapists in Mount Vernon Square, Washington, DC see their clients

81% Online Only
19% In Person and Online

Gender breakdown

100% Female
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Mount Vernon Square, Washington?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.