Therapists in Richardson, TX

Photo of John W Nord, Licensed Professional Counselor in Richardson, TX
John W Nord
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, MDiv, CSAT, LPC
Verified Verified
Richardson, TX 75080
Are you a man who is fighting a secret war? Is it a war with out-of-control sexual behavior, a war you’ve deceived yourself into believing was under your control (willpower)? Now, the mounting losses and consequences are breaking down your world of denial. The sex that, at one time, brought you relief now leaves you with shame, self-loathing, pain, loneliness and alienation. You are beginning to see your true condition of powerlessness. Now, you may be asking, "Does God care? Does anyone understand? Is there hope?" The answer is YES! Call me and let me share the good news.
Are you a man who is fighting a secret war? Is it a war with out-of-control sexual behavior, a war you’ve deceived yourself into believing was under your control (willpower)? Now, the mounting losses and consequences are breaking down your world of denial. The sex that, at one time, brought you relief now leaves you with shame, self-loathing, pain, loneliness and alienation. You are beginning to see your true condition of powerlessness. Now, you may be asking, "Does God care? Does anyone understand? Is there hope?" The answer is YES! Call me and let me share the good news.
(972) 437-4698 x104 View (972) 437-4698 x104
Photo of Lifebulb Counseling & Therapy, Licensed Professional Counselor in Richardson, TX
Lifebulb Counseling & Therapy
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Richardson, TX 75080  (Online Only)
We're here to help you reach your therapy goals at Lifebulb! We’ll connect you with the best possible therapist for your unique goals, someone who genuinely cares about helping you. We’re all about making therapy enjoyable for both therapists and clients. Whether you prefer in-person sessions at our locations or online through telehealth, we've got you covered. Our team consists of highly trained and licensed clinicians who are passionate about the therapy process. Let's work together to achieve your goals!
We're here to help you reach your therapy goals at Lifebulb! We’ll connect you with the best possible therapist for your unique goals, someone who genuinely cares about helping you. We’re all about making therapy enjoyable for both therapists and clients. Whether you prefer in-person sessions at our locations or online through telehealth, we've got you covered. Our team consists of highly trained and licensed clinicians who are passionate about the therapy process. Let's work together to achieve your goals!
(214) 251-4201 View (214) 251-4201
Photo of Tricia Gordon, Licensed Professional Counselor in Richardson, TX
Tricia Gordon
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC-S
Verified Verified
Richardson, TX 75080
Are you stressed about your teen's actions and behaviors? Are you afraid your frequent conflicts with your teen will push him/her further away from you? Has drug and alcohol use became an "unwelcomed guest" in your home and your teen's life? You are not alone. Research states the adolescent development stage can be a difficult time for the adolescent as well as the parent. It is an important and crucial season for you and your teen - a time of significant growth, change and transition in your teen's brain, physical, social, and emotional being.
Are you stressed about your teen's actions and behaviors? Are you afraid your frequent conflicts with your teen will push him/her further away from you? Has drug and alcohol use became an "unwelcomed guest" in your home and your teen's life? You are not alone. Research states the adolescent development stage can be a difficult time for the adolescent as well as the parent. It is an important and crucial season for you and your teen - a time of significant growth, change and transition in your teen's brain, physical, social, and emotional being.
(972) 351-8032 View (972) 351-8032
Photo of Janice Rose-Gill (at Canvas Counseling & Wellness), Licensed Professional Counselor in Richardson, TX
Janice Rose-Gill (at Canvas Counseling & Wellness)
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, Arts, SE, DBT, TF-CBT
Verified Verified
11 Endorsed
Richardson, TX 75082  (Online Only)
You want to heal but you are TIRED of just talking every week! We communicate effectively WITH your mind and body in other ways. You don't have to be "creative" to heal through expressive arts and somatic therapy. You can get to where you want to be in life through experiencing somatic healing as well as creative/expressive art therapy (& you don’t have to be “good” at art). You are NOT crazy and we can help your brain and your body know that too. WE work at YOUR pace for YOUR situation. You don’t have the time, money, or energy to “test drive” therapists or modalities. Burning out, health issues, relationships…!
You want to heal but you are TIRED of just talking every week! We communicate effectively WITH your mind and body in other ways. You don't have to be "creative" to heal through expressive arts and somatic therapy. You can get to where you want to be in life through experiencing somatic healing as well as creative/expressive art therapy (& you don’t have to be “good” at art). You are NOT crazy and we can help your brain and your body know that too. WE work at YOUR pace for YOUR situation. You don’t have the time, money, or energy to “test drive” therapists or modalities. Burning out, health issues, relationships…!
(214) 712-2156 View (214) 712-2156
Photo of Nabiha Salwa Syed, LPC Intern in Richardson, TX
Nabiha Salwa Syed
LPC Intern, MEd, LPC-A
Verified Verified
Richardson, TX 75082  (Online Only)
Hi there! My name is Nabiha and I am here to offer you a supportive space and to help tackle the issues facing you. Whether it's anxiety, depression, self-doubt or trauma, I believe I can help you work through these challenges to unlock your best self. As your therapist, my mission is to help you discover what gives you purpose and drive and to help you embrace positive growth.
Hi there! My name is Nabiha and I am here to offer you a supportive space and to help tackle the issues facing you. Whether it's anxiety, depression, self-doubt or trauma, I believe I can help you work through these challenges to unlock your best self. As your therapist, my mission is to help you discover what gives you purpose and drive and to help you embrace positive growth.
(214) 239-1201 View (214) 239-1201
Photo of Dawn Toudouze, Psychologist in Richardson, TX
Dawn Toudouze
Psychologist, PhD, ABPP
Verified Verified
Richardson, TX 75080
Not accepting new clients
I provide client-centered and evidenced-based counseling and psychotherapy to individuals struggling with various life stressors, self-esteem, anxiety, depression and post-trauma stress. I also specialize in working with clients with acquired brain injuries (i.e. stroke and TBI), dementia, as well as individuals with chronic illnesses.
I provide client-centered and evidenced-based counseling and psychotherapy to individuals struggling with various life stressors, self-esteem, anxiety, depression and post-trauma stress. I also specialize in working with clients with acquired brain injuries (i.e. stroke and TBI), dementia, as well as individuals with chronic illnesses.
(469) 336-3876 View (469) 336-3876
Photo of Mishaal Riaz, Licensed Professional Counselor in Richardson, TX
Mishaal Riaz
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA
Verified Verified
Richardson, TX 75080
Waitlist for new clients
Hi! My name is Mishaal and as a therapist I really focus on creating a space that is safe and full of compassion because most of us have trouble finding spaces like that in our everyday lives. My goal is simply to help people feel better, and my therapy style is collaborative where together we identify issues and come up with solutions. While there are many approaches to therapy, I find the most value in engaging with my clients and being real in sessions. Meaning, I like to ask questions, offer perspectives, teach you tools, and sometimes just sit there with you while you feel a hard emotion.
Hi! My name is Mishaal and as a therapist I really focus on creating a space that is safe and full of compassion because most of us have trouble finding spaces like that in our everyday lives. My goal is simply to help people feel better, and my therapy style is collaborative where together we identify issues and come up with solutions. While there are many approaches to therapy, I find the most value in engaging with my clients and being real in sessions. Meaning, I like to ask questions, offer perspectives, teach you tools, and sometimes just sit there with you while you feel a hard emotion.
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Photo of Janelle J Gibson, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Richardson, TX
Janelle J Gibson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-S
Verified Verified
Richardson, TX 75080
Perhaps you are wondering if therapy can be helpful when, up until now, talking about issues just has not worked. Perhaps you are curious to try again with the hope that this time, a different approach may work to address your trauma, your depression, your anxiety, and your pain. Perhaps you question whether healing is even possible. But, some part of you has hope that, maybe this time, therapy will help. I speak to that part.
Perhaps you are wondering if therapy can be helpful when, up until now, talking about issues just has not worked. Perhaps you are curious to try again with the hope that this time, a different approach may work to address your trauma, your depression, your anxiety, and your pain. Perhaps you question whether healing is even possible. But, some part of you has hope that, maybe this time, therapy will help. I speak to that part.
(214) 761-6436 View (214) 761-6436
Photo of Ask Coach Gwen, Licensed Professional Counselor in Richardson, TX
Ask Coach Gwen
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, ABD
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Richardson, TX 75080  (Online Only)
Coach Gwen offers Life & Career Coaching, and Mental & Behavioral Health and Chemical Dependency Counseling for individuals, families, couples, and group therapy. One of my passions and area of experience is with working with clients that have experienced trauma, abuse and neglect. I also enjoy working with clients in need of anger management, cognitive reconstruction, and mindfulness training. My company Ask Coach Gwen's goal is simple: to foster an environment of Total Wellness, encompassing mind, body, & soul.
Coach Gwen offers Life & Career Coaching, and Mental & Behavioral Health and Chemical Dependency Counseling for individuals, families, couples, and group therapy. One of my passions and area of experience is with working with clients that have experienced trauma, abuse and neglect. I also enjoy working with clients in need of anger management, cognitive reconstruction, and mindfulness training. My company Ask Coach Gwen's goal is simple: to foster an environment of Total Wellness, encompassing mind, body, & soul.
(469) 242-6483 View (469) 242-6483
Photo of Shelly Bates, Licensed Professional Counselor in Richardson, TX
Shelly Bates
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC-S
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Richardson, TX 75080
No one likes being stuck in cycles from events of the past. Adults who grew up with emotionally unavailable parents may experience abandonment or rejection that looks like codependence, anxiety, and depression. You have difficulty trusting in relationships or find yourself drawn to other emotionally unavailable adults. It's a cycle and one that you can't talk your way out of or through. There's a root, and my goal is to help you heal that root so you can see yourself differently and connect with others from a more healthy mindset, thus engaging in healthier relationships.
No one likes being stuck in cycles from events of the past. Adults who grew up with emotionally unavailable parents may experience abandonment or rejection that looks like codependence, anxiety, and depression. You have difficulty trusting in relationships or find yourself drawn to other emotionally unavailable adults. It's a cycle and one that you can't talk your way out of or through. There's a root, and my goal is to help you heal that root so you can see yourself differently and connect with others from a more healthy mindset, thus engaging in healthier relationships.
(972) 636-4457 View (972) 636-4457
Photo of Lane Johnson, Licensed Professional Counselor in Richardson, TX
Lane Johnson
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC
Verified Verified
Richardson, TX 75080
My goal is to provide a safe and comfortable environment for us to work together in managing life's challenges and changes with tools to move towards a better and more meaningful life experience. Also enjoy working with couples/families to build communication skills and understanding, paving the way to more harmonious relationships. I understand and respect the courage it takes to reach out. I want you to know that I support you and look forward to working with you! Evening and weekend hours available.
My goal is to provide a safe and comfortable environment for us to work together in managing life's challenges and changes with tools to move towards a better and more meaningful life experience. Also enjoy working with couples/families to build communication skills and understanding, paving the way to more harmonious relationships. I understand and respect the courage it takes to reach out. I want you to know that I support you and look forward to working with you! Evening and weekend hours available.
(972) 370-5360 View (972) 370-5360
Photo of Monica A Salinas, Licensed Professional Counselor in Richardson, TX
Monica A Salinas
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC-S, ATR
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Richardson, TX 75080
Are you struggling to adjust to unpleasant life changes, trauma, anxiety or stress? Are you a parent struggling to cope with the stress of raising children while balancing your own mental health needs? Is tapping into the present moment difficult? Our thoughts and feelings can, at times, feel like huge obstacles to overcome. My passion is helping clients find aspects within themselves capable of overcoming these obstacles, and cultivating a more fulling and present life.
Are you struggling to adjust to unpleasant life changes, trauma, anxiety or stress? Are you a parent struggling to cope with the stress of raising children while balancing your own mental health needs? Is tapping into the present moment difficult? Our thoughts and feelings can, at times, feel like huge obstacles to overcome. My passion is helping clients find aspects within themselves capable of overcoming these obstacles, and cultivating a more fulling and present life.
(214) 494-8583 View (214) 494-8583
Photo of Emma Garcia, LPC Intern in Richardson, TX
Emma Garcia
LPC Intern, ATR-P, LPC-A
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Richardson, TX 75080
LPC Associate and art therapist (provisional). I operate from a trauma-informed, strength-based, narrative perspective. I find joy in working with all clients, especially those with trauma and anger management needs. I utilize and offer art therapy tools so clients may express themselves, visually communicate, and process emotions. Now accepting new clients.
LPC Associate and art therapist (provisional). I operate from a trauma-informed, strength-based, narrative perspective. I find joy in working with all clients, especially those with trauma and anger management needs. I utilize and offer art therapy tools so clients may express themselves, visually communicate, and process emotions. Now accepting new clients.
(469) 716-5139 View (469) 716-5139
Photo of Kelley Doss, Licensed Professional Counselor in Richardson, TX
Kelley Doss
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC-S, CEDS-C
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Richardson, TX 75080
I am currently accepting new clients. I’m a firm believer that therapy can’t be ‘one size fits all.’ While there are some tried and true practices that I utilize, none of my clients’ therapy journeys will look alike because no two people are exactly alike! I am dedicated to helping my clients explore what’s not working for them, and identify the right tools for making impactful change.
I am currently accepting new clients. I’m a firm believer that therapy can’t be ‘one size fits all.’ While there are some tried and true practices that I utilize, none of my clients’ therapy journeys will look alike because no two people are exactly alike! I am dedicated to helping my clients explore what’s not working for them, and identify the right tools for making impactful change.
(903) 201-5583 View (903) 201-5583
Photo of Revis Ann Massey, Psychologist in Richardson, TX
Revis Ann Massey
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Richardson, TX 75082
I am a psychologist at The Meier Clinics in Richardson, TX. I provide individual, group and family therapy for ages 8+. I am interested in working with anyone struggling with chronic illness, pain, sleep, depression, and anxiety, I believe that life is a journey and that, at times, all of us may encounter obstacles for which we don't have coping strategies. My role is to support and empower clients to make healthy decisions and move forward in the journey. I also conduct personality assessments for mood disorders, anxiety and other issues which may cause problems.
I am a psychologist at The Meier Clinics in Richardson, TX. I provide individual, group and family therapy for ages 8+. I am interested in working with anyone struggling with chronic illness, pain, sleep, depression, and anxiety, I believe that life is a journey and that, at times, all of us may encounter obstacles for which we don't have coping strategies. My role is to support and empower clients to make healthy decisions and move forward in the journey. I also conduct personality assessments for mood disorders, anxiety and other issues which may cause problems.
(972) 437-4698 View (972) 437-4698
Photo of CBT Psychotherapy, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Richardson, TX
CBT Psychotherapy
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CA, TX
Verified Verified
Richardson, TX 75081  (Online Only)
Working with me, you get active in every session and offer concrete strategies and practice. I partner with my clients to select the session agenda and goals and track your results. We collaborate on the ERP exposures and thought/rumination logs & tailor your insomnia treatment so that you finally get sleep! I also make myself very available to clients through calls and texts that I reply to quickly.
Working with me, you get active in every session and offer concrete strategies and practice. I partner with my clients to select the session agenda and goals and track your results. We collaborate on the ERP exposures and thought/rumination logs & tailor your insomnia treatment so that you finally get sleep! I also make myself very available to clients through calls and texts that I reply to quickly.
(214) 307-9592 View (214) 307-9592
Photo of Jeannette Sanchez, Licensed Professional Counselor in Richardson, TX
Jeannette Sanchez
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Richardson, TX 75080
First off, I would like to acknowledge how brave you are for taking this first step. I strive to offer a welcoming and collaborative approach, ensuring that each client feels safe and supported as we navigate your healing journey together. My priority is to provide a comfortable and judgment-free environment where clients can freely express themselves and work towards boosting their self-esteem and confidence, ultimately enabling you to feel more equipped to navigate life’s challenges and feel an increased sense of happiness.
First off, I would like to acknowledge how brave you are for taking this first step. I strive to offer a welcoming and collaborative approach, ensuring that each client feels safe and supported as we navigate your healing journey together. My priority is to provide a comfortable and judgment-free environment where clients can freely express themselves and work towards boosting their self-esteem and confidence, ultimately enabling you to feel more equipped to navigate life’s challenges and feel an increased sense of happiness.
(469) 256-6296 View (469) 256-6296
Photo of Allison Goukler, Licensed Master Social Worker in Richardson, TX
Allison Goukler
Licensed Master Social Worker, LMSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Richardson, TX 75081
We all face our own challenges and come across barriers in life, whether from inside us or within our environments, that make it difficult to reach our goals and live the lives we want to live. These struggles can take many forms such as despair, hopelessness, and anxiety. We are not meant to walk through life physically, mentally, or emotionally isolated and without the help of others. I hope to be able to provide that help for those who need it. Whether you are struggling with depression, anxiety, stress, shame, or something else, I look forward to speaking with you so that we can work together on finding the next steps forward.
We all face our own challenges and come across barriers in life, whether from inside us or within our environments, that make it difficult to reach our goals and live the lives we want to live. These struggles can take many forms such as despair, hopelessness, and anxiety. We are not meant to walk through life physically, mentally, or emotionally isolated and without the help of others. I hope to be able to provide that help for those who need it. Whether you are struggling with depression, anxiety, stress, shame, or something else, I look forward to speaking with you so that we can work together on finding the next steps forward.
(214) 225-9896 View (214) 225-9896
Photo of Kimberly Rockwell-Evans, Licensed Professional Counselor in Richardson, TX
Kimberly Rockwell-Evans
Licensed Professional Counselor, PhD, LPC, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Richardson, TX 75080
If anxiety and obsessions are limiting your ability to live the life you want, Dr. Kim Rockwell-Evans can provide you with the guidance you've been seeking. Long recognized throughout the Dallas and north Texas area as one of the most effective practitioners treating OCD and anxiety disorders, Dr. Rockwell-Evans offers practical, evidence-based, and cost-effective treatment that will enable you to overcome your anxieties and take control of your life. With a firm, compassionate hand, she works with you to assess your goals and understand your values; determining what a meaningful life means to you.
If anxiety and obsessions are limiting your ability to live the life you want, Dr. Kim Rockwell-Evans can provide you with the guidance you've been seeking. Long recognized throughout the Dallas and north Texas area as one of the most effective practitioners treating OCD and anxiety disorders, Dr. Rockwell-Evans offers practical, evidence-based, and cost-effective treatment that will enable you to overcome your anxieties and take control of your life. With a firm, compassionate hand, she works with you to assess your goals and understand your values; determining what a meaningful life means to you.
(214) 463-2074 View (214) 463-2074
Photo of Rochelle M Ritzi, Licensed Professional Counselor in Richardson, TX
Rochelle M Ritzi
Licensed Professional Counselor, PhD, LPC-S, NCC, RPT-S, CCPT-S
Verified Verified
7 Endorsed
Richardson, TX 75080
Your strength is in your story, and my goal is to help you, or your child, share that story in meaningful ways that brings lasting change. Life can be unpredictable and overwhelming, but I believe you have within you what it takes to cultivate the changes you desire and find the happiness you deserve. I believe everyone, including children, when given a safe and judgment free environment, can find the confidence within to thrive, even when life gets messy. I want to encourage and help you, your children, and/or your family to discover the strengths that can carry you through whatever life throws your way.
Your strength is in your story, and my goal is to help you, or your child, share that story in meaningful ways that brings lasting change. Life can be unpredictable and overwhelming, but I believe you have within you what it takes to cultivate the changes you desire and find the happiness you deserve. I believe everyone, including children, when given a safe and judgment free environment, can find the confidence within to thrive, even when life gets messy. I want to encourage and help you, your children, and/or your family to discover the strengths that can carry you through whatever life throws your way.
(214) 838-7257 View (214) 838-7257

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Richardson, TX

400+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Richardson, TX who prioritize treating:

94% Anxiety
90% Depression
80% Relationship Issues
80% Self Esteem
71% Coping Skills
69% Trauma and PTSD
68% Stress

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

72% BlueCross and BlueShield
70% Aetna
69% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Richardson, TX see their clients

81% In Person and Online
19% Online Only

Gender breakdown

79% Female
20% Male
1% Non-Binary

FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Richardson?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.