Therapists in Columbia, MO

Photo of Jason L Edwards, Psychologist in Columbia, MO
Jason L Edwards
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Columbia, MO 65203
I have a decade of experience treating adults of various racial backgrounds who are dealing with anxiety, depression, interpersonal conflict, identity development, family conflict, and career concerns. I also focus on BIPOC individuals and their struggles related to race and racial trauma. I approach clients from both a cognitive and emotion-focused perspective but overall, I aim to help individuals feel free.
I have a decade of experience treating adults of various racial backgrounds who are dealing with anxiety, depression, interpersonal conflict, identity development, family conflict, and career concerns. I also focus on BIPOC individuals and their struggles related to race and racial trauma. I approach clients from both a cognitive and emotion-focused perspective but overall, I aim to help individuals feel free.
(573) 463-6626 View (573) 463-6626
Photo of Marjorie Lynne Roberts, Licensed Professional Counselor in Columbia, MO
Marjorie Lynne Roberts
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Columbia, MO 65203
Waitlist for new clients
My specialties in therapy include trauma, anxiety and depression. It can be very difficult at times to know how to manage or deal with challenges in our lives. I believe every person has an inner strength that allows them to face life issues and learn new ways to accept or change these challenges. This work is completely collaborative from setting goals to hearing your feedback about progress and other possible treatments to use. I will assist you in finding healthier ways of thinking and actions to deal with difficulties. The first step to take is often the hardest but may be one of the important and meaningful step you make.
My specialties in therapy include trauma, anxiety and depression. It can be very difficult at times to know how to manage or deal with challenges in our lives. I believe every person has an inner strength that allows them to face life issues and learn new ways to accept or change these challenges. This work is completely collaborative from setting goals to hearing your feedback about progress and other possible treatments to use. I will assist you in finding healthier ways of thinking and actions to deal with difficulties. The first step to take is often the hardest but may be one of the important and meaningful step you make.
(573) 400-0373 View (573) 400-0373
Photo of Jessika Twehous, Licensed Professional Counselor in Columbia, MO
Jessika Twehous
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Columbia, MO 65201
Taking the first step towards therapy can be daunting, but it’s also a powerful act of self-care and a courageous step towards personal growth. Whether you're struggling with anxiety, navigating a major life transition, or seeking to improve your relationships, I am here to support you every step of the way. I am committed to accompanying you on your journey with empathy, understanding, and unwavering support, empowering you to navigate life's challenges with a newfound resilience and self-compassion. Life can be overwhelming, but you don't have to figure it all out alone. You deserve a space to be heard, seen, and understood.
Taking the first step towards therapy can be daunting, but it’s also a powerful act of self-care and a courageous step towards personal growth. Whether you're struggling with anxiety, navigating a major life transition, or seeking to improve your relationships, I am here to support you every step of the way. I am committed to accompanying you on your journey with empathy, understanding, and unwavering support, empowering you to navigate life's challenges with a newfound resilience and self-compassion. Life can be overwhelming, but you don't have to figure it all out alone. You deserve a space to be heard, seen, and understood.
(573) 463-6514 View (573) 463-6514
Photo of Dr. Kendra Shoge, Licensed Professional Counselor in Columbia, MO
Dr. Kendra Shoge
Licensed Professional Counselor, PhD, LPC, RPT
Verified Verified
Columbia, MO 65203
As a person-centered therapist, I attempt to convey the core conditions outlined by Carl Rogers, including empathy, unconditional positive regard, warmth, and genuineness. I believe these conditions are necessary to create an environment where individuals can change and learn, process past and current experiences, and better integrate new information. I have nearly 10 years of experience counseling children and adults as they address identity development, anxiety & depression, and addiction issues. I am also a Registered Play Therapist.
As a person-centered therapist, I attempt to convey the core conditions outlined by Carl Rogers, including empathy, unconditional positive regard, warmth, and genuineness. I believe these conditions are necessary to create an environment where individuals can change and learn, process past and current experiences, and better integrate new information. I have nearly 10 years of experience counseling children and adults as they address identity development, anxiety & depression, and addiction issues. I am also a Registered Play Therapist.
(573) 285-2876 View (573) 285-2876
Photo of Barbara J. Scott, Pre-Licensed Professional in Columbia, MO
Barbara J. Scott
Pre-Licensed Professional, PLPC, NCC, MSCC, CGP
Verified Verified
Columbia, MO 65203
Counseling is a wonderful investment in yourself and your relationships, but finding the right counselor is tough. I provide a safe space for clients to pause, reflect, feel, and find their way... Struggling with anxiety, relationship conflict/divorce, loneliness, grief, major life changes, or lingering issues from past trauma? I bring a depth of experience and professional training in communication, de-escalating & healing relationships, and trauma. I will bring an open, caring, inquisitive, and deeply compassionate presence to our time together. I'm here to sit with you—sometimes to challenge you—but always to really listen.
Counseling is a wonderful investment in yourself and your relationships, but finding the right counselor is tough. I provide a safe space for clients to pause, reflect, feel, and find their way... Struggling with anxiety, relationship conflict/divorce, loneliness, grief, major life changes, or lingering issues from past trauma? I bring a depth of experience and professional training in communication, de-escalating & healing relationships, and trauma. I will bring an open, caring, inquisitive, and deeply compassionate presence to our time together. I'm here to sit with you—sometimes to challenge you—but always to really listen.
(573) 515-2986 View (573) 515-2986
Photo of Steven C Burbee, Licensed Professional Counselor in Columbia, MO
Steven C Burbee
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Columbia, MO 65202
If you are 13 or older, an individual, couple, or family, that feels wounded, lost, confused, depressed, anxious, or just uncertain about where your life is heading and how you might be able to move toward better. If you want to understand yourself better, improve your relationships with others, have a sense of purpose that guides your choices and allows you to become who you hope you can be. If you want to laugh more, be joyful, and find more peace and grace for your life. Then let me help you find the path that leads to "Better". It’s not easy or instantaneous, but working together, we can bring about some amazing results.
If you are 13 or older, an individual, couple, or family, that feels wounded, lost, confused, depressed, anxious, or just uncertain about where your life is heading and how you might be able to move toward better. If you want to understand yourself better, improve your relationships with others, have a sense of purpose that guides your choices and allows you to become who you hope you can be. If you want to laugh more, be joyful, and find more peace and grace for your life. Then let me help you find the path that leads to "Better". It’s not easy or instantaneous, but working together, we can bring about some amazing results.
(573) 227-5882 View (573) 227-5882
Photo of Ozzie Dinwiddie, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Columbia, MO
Ozzie Dinwiddie
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Columbia, MO 65201
My ideal clients are those who have experienced stressful, traumatic events and want to take control over their lives again. I love verbal processors, but have no issue with asking questions to facilitate productive conversations. I work best with adolescents and young adults, and want to be someone knowledgeable and professional, yet relatable and open, in order to create a comfortable environment. I love working with those in the LGBTQ+ community and using my lived experience in that identity to foster a genuine connection and make sure your voice is heard.
My ideal clients are those who have experienced stressful, traumatic events and want to take control over their lives again. I love verbal processors, but have no issue with asking questions to facilitate productive conversations. I work best with adolescents and young adults, and want to be someone knowledgeable and professional, yet relatable and open, in order to create a comfortable environment. I love working with those in the LGBTQ+ community and using my lived experience in that identity to foster a genuine connection and make sure your voice is heard.
(573) 307-6854 View (573) 307-6854
Photo of Megan Pruett, Licensed Professional Counselor in Columbia, MO
Megan Pruett
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Columbia, MO 65201
Sometimes it can be incredibly difficult to cope with the stress and complications that exist in day-to-day life. There are deadlines, pressures, demands—on top of the regular responsibilities, which can feel isolating and overwhelming. Therapy can be a great tool in offering people a safe place to not only process and learn to heal from their greatest difficulties, but learn skills and tools in navigating their stressors outside of sessions, whether you're facing major life transitions, or coping with anxiety, depression, self-esteem or body image issues, trauma, or even family difficulties.
Sometimes it can be incredibly difficult to cope with the stress and complications that exist in day-to-day life. There are deadlines, pressures, demands—on top of the regular responsibilities, which can feel isolating and overwhelming. Therapy can be a great tool in offering people a safe place to not only process and learn to heal from their greatest difficulties, but learn skills and tools in navigating their stressors outside of sessions, whether you're facing major life transitions, or coping with anxiety, depression, self-esteem or body image issues, trauma, or even family difficulties.
(573) 538-2519 View (573) 538-2519
Photo of Jordan Cera, Marriage & Family Therapist in Columbia, MO
Jordan Cera
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT, AAMFT
Verified Verified
Columbia, MO 65201  (Online Only)
When life gives you lemons, stop on by. At times, it may feel impossible to keep up with this fast-paced world. When we experience overwhelm, it can take a toll on our mental health, causing feelings of disconnection and pain. Please know, if you are feeling this way, you can break free. You deserve a tranquil, happier life. As your therapist, I will help you achieve a healthier way of being and thinking. Together, we will work to uncover tools & coping skills that help to lessen your struggles/worries. Talk therapy offers space to process, encourages empowerment, and can help alleviate unpleasant symptoms. Start healing today.
When life gives you lemons, stop on by. At times, it may feel impossible to keep up with this fast-paced world. When we experience overwhelm, it can take a toll on our mental health, causing feelings of disconnection and pain. Please know, if you are feeling this way, you can break free. You deserve a tranquil, happier life. As your therapist, I will help you achieve a healthier way of being and thinking. Together, we will work to uncover tools & coping skills that help to lessen your struggles/worries. Talk therapy offers space to process, encourages empowerment, and can help alleviate unpleasant symptoms. Start healing today.
(573) 837-1663 View (573) 837-1663
Photo of Jemika Gardner, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Columbia, MO
Jemika Gardner
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Columbia, MO 65201  (Online Only)
Have you reached a pivotal moment in your life, recognizing that the patterns that you have been stuck in no longer serve you? Maybe you have been trying to navigate the complexities of life alone, struggling with self-esteem, self-concept, and the overwhelming feeling that life isn't unfolding as it should. Despite enduring trauma, challenging relationships and struggles in both personal and professional spheres you have tried your best to "keep it all together" and you are exhausted. Each day it gets more difficult to put on the mask and get through the day.
Have you reached a pivotal moment in your life, recognizing that the patterns that you have been stuck in no longer serve you? Maybe you have been trying to navigate the complexities of life alone, struggling with self-esteem, self-concept, and the overwhelming feeling that life isn't unfolding as it should. Despite enduring trauma, challenging relationships and struggles in both personal and professional spheres you have tried your best to "keep it all together" and you are exhausted. Each day it gets more difficult to put on the mask and get through the day.
(573) 994-3720 View (573) 994-3720
Photo of David Salazar Counseling PLLC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Columbia, MO
David Salazar Counseling PLLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
Columbia, MO 65201  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
I live in Missouri but only work with clients in Washington State due to being licensed there. A therapy session with me is more of a conversation and a collaborative effort between myself and the client. Each person is the expert of their own life and has the ability to recognize tools that may help improve their situation. In therapy, you will receive support and assistance in gaining insight into the issues you are facing. Whether it’s ongoing issues or a recent event; together we'll work to achieve your goals.
I live in Missouri but only work with clients in Washington State due to being licensed there. A therapy session with me is more of a conversation and a collaborative effort between myself and the client. Each person is the expert of their own life and has the ability to recognize tools that may help improve their situation. In therapy, you will receive support and assistance in gaining insight into the issues you are facing. Whether it’s ongoing issues or a recent event; together we'll work to achieve your goals.
(425) 389-4114 View (425) 389-4114
Photo of Laura Frost Counseling , Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Columbia, MO
Laura Frost Counseling
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Columbia, MO 65202  (Online Only)
Therapy is about Moving Forward - Together. You have something to give life, that no one else does. At the same time, life can really take it out of you: stress, grief, guilt, anxiety, depression, relationship difficulties - can keep you circling back to the same situations and issues. With proven, effective approaches learn to embrace all of who you are and all that your life can be. My goal is to help you to let go of anything holding you back.
Therapy is about Moving Forward - Together. You have something to give life, that no one else does. At the same time, life can really take it out of you: stress, grief, guilt, anxiety, depression, relationship difficulties - can keep you circling back to the same situations and issues. With proven, effective approaches learn to embrace all of who you are and all that your life can be. My goal is to help you to let go of anything holding you back.
(573) 646-8651 View (573) 646-8651
Photo of Brittany Berry, Pre-Licensed Professional in Columbia, MO
Brittany Berry
Pre-Licensed Professional, LMSW
Verified Verified
Columbia, MO 65201  (Online Only)
I create an open and comforting space for clients to discuss their thoughts and feelings. I listen and help individuals develop goals, and provide support as they develop a plan. I use a combination of therapy techniques including Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Strengths Based Approach, and Family Systems theory to accommodate each individual that I see.
I create an open and comforting space for clients to discuss their thoughts and feelings. I listen and help individuals develop goals, and provide support as they develop a plan. I use a combination of therapy techniques including Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Strengths Based Approach, and Family Systems theory to accommodate each individual that I see.
(573) 637-4802 x713 View (573) 637-4802 x713
Photo of Jackie Esser, Pre-Licensed Professional in Columbia, MO
Jackie Esser
Pre-Licensed Professional, MEd, PLPC
Verified Verified
Columbia, MO 65203
Hello! I am a licensed clinical therapist in Columbia, Missouri. Are you stressed, burned out, and experiencing the same patterns over and over again? You cannot help but feel stuck in your mind and body! At TravelingWithin I help teens and women with attachment wounds, trauma, eating disorders, and anxiety.
Hello! I am a licensed clinical therapist in Columbia, Missouri. Are you stressed, burned out, and experiencing the same patterns over and over again? You cannot help but feel stuck in your mind and body! At TravelingWithin I help teens and women with attachment wounds, trauma, eating disorders, and anxiety.
(573) 515-2478 View (573) 515-2478
Photo of Shamon Williams, Licensed Professional Counselor in Columbia, MO
Shamon Williams
Licensed Professional Counselor, MEd, LPC
Verified Verified
Columbia, MO 65201
You don't have to struggle to get through the day! Learn skills to work through feelings of not being enough, and develop strategies that diminish anxiety and depression symptoms. Trauma and dysregulation do not have to control your life, you get to be in control of your journey! Don't let your past or unresolved family issues keep you feeling worthless. Let's work through these challenges together, you don't have to figure this out alone! If you find yourself frequently needing to please others or just unsure of who you are I may be the counselor for you! -Now providing Couples Counseling as well!
You don't have to struggle to get through the day! Learn skills to work through feelings of not being enough, and develop strategies that diminish anxiety and depression symptoms. Trauma and dysregulation do not have to control your life, you get to be in control of your journey! Don't let your past or unresolved family issues keep you feeling worthless. Let's work through these challenges together, you don't have to figure this out alone! If you find yourself frequently needing to please others or just unsure of who you are I may be the counselor for you! -Now providing Couples Counseling as well!
(573) 262-8436 View (573) 262-8436
Photo of Valerie Hooper, Psychologist in Columbia, MO
Valerie Hooper
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Columbia, MO 65201  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
Do you want to thrive but feel you are just surviving? Are you spinning in circles not sure how to do it? As a licensed psychologist and owner of Vitality Psychological Services, my desire is to empower you on your mental health journey. Whether you are looking for a psychological assessment or therapy services, it begins with developing a relationship and gaining an understanding of the problem. I will take the time to listen and collaboratively develop a plan with you.
Do you want to thrive but feel you are just surviving? Are you spinning in circles not sure how to do it? As a licensed psychologist and owner of Vitality Psychological Services, my desire is to empower you on your mental health journey. Whether you are looking for a psychological assessment or therapy services, it begins with developing a relationship and gaining an understanding of the problem. I will take the time to listen and collaboratively develop a plan with you.
(573) 363-4356 View (573) 363-4356
Photo of Debi Hake, Licensed Professional Counselor in Columbia, MO
Debi Hake
Licensed Professional Counselor, MEd, LPC
Verified Verified
Columbia, MO 65203
Waitlist for new clients
Do you feel disconnected from your partner or spouse? Are you looking for ways to improve your communication, resolve perpetual conflicts or heal from deep wounds? Do you long for more peace and a sense of calm in your home? If you answered yes to any of these questions, I can help. I am passionate about helping couples, individuals and families find healing, restoration and hope. I strive to provide a safe, empathetic and non-judgmental environment where you feel validated and equipped to enact changes that help you develop the relationship, family or life that you want to have.
Do you feel disconnected from your partner or spouse? Are you looking for ways to improve your communication, resolve perpetual conflicts or heal from deep wounds? Do you long for more peace and a sense of calm in your home? If you answered yes to any of these questions, I can help. I am passionate about helping couples, individuals and families find healing, restoration and hope. I strive to provide a safe, empathetic and non-judgmental environment where you feel validated and equipped to enact changes that help you develop the relationship, family or life that you want to have.
(573) 240-8516 View (573) 240-8516
John Golden
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Columbia, MO 65201
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker whose passion for helping others is exemplified in my ability to achieve outcomes for my clients. From my ability to connect with and engage young adults, to my experience working with the challenges that many of the elderly population face, I am able to affect change. I am grounded in a variety of approaches and will work with you to find the one that best suits your needs.
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker whose passion for helping others is exemplified in my ability to achieve outcomes for my clients. From my ability to connect with and engage young adults, to my experience working with the challenges that many of the elderly population face, I am able to affect change. I am grounded in a variety of approaches and will work with you to find the one that best suits your needs.
(573) 999-6038 View (573) 999-6038
Photo of Linda Pogo, LLC, Licensed Professional Counselor in Columbia, MO
Linda Pogo, LLC
Licensed Professional Counselor, MEd, LPC, CPC, YTT200
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Columbia, MO 65203  (Online Only)
I help you heal from the past, accept what is, and live life with intention. Relationship wounds can cause you to lose touch with parts of yourself. You can learn to reconnect with and heal those parts, become the source of your own self-love, self-acceptance, and self-worth. Through radical acceptance of self, others and the world, you can cultivate wisdom and compassion as an internal refuge. I can help you face what is painful and create intention for how you want to be in a world that is not always as you wish it to be. A sense of well-being and peace can be cultivated, even in the midst of chaos, loss and unwanted change.
I help you heal from the past, accept what is, and live life with intention. Relationship wounds can cause you to lose touch with parts of yourself. You can learn to reconnect with and heal those parts, become the source of your own self-love, self-acceptance, and self-worth. Through radical acceptance of self, others and the world, you can cultivate wisdom and compassion as an internal refuge. I can help you face what is painful and create intention for how you want to be in a world that is not always as you wish it to be. A sense of well-being and peace can be cultivated, even in the midst of chaos, loss and unwanted change.
(573) 340-9934 View (573) 340-9934
Photo of Xander Kennedy, Licensed Professional Counselor in Columbia, MO
Xander Kennedy
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MEd
Verified Verified
Columbia, MO 65203
A strong therapeutic relationship is the key to effective counseling and achieving positive change. Whether you are the parent of a child who is struggling in this post-pandemic world, a young adult feeling overwhelmed with various aspects of life, or an older individual striving to put things back in order, I'm here to help and look forward to establishing a positive rapport with you or your child.
A strong therapeutic relationship is the key to effective counseling and achieving positive change. Whether you are the parent of a child who is struggling in this post-pandemic world, a young adult feeling overwhelmed with various aspects of life, or an older individual striving to put things back in order, I'm here to help and look forward to establishing a positive rapport with you or your child.
(573) 261-5715 View (573) 261-5715

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Columbia, MO

200+

Average cost per session

$120

Therapists in Columbia, MO who prioritize treating:

89% Anxiety
84% Depression
74% Relationship Issues
71% Self Esteem
71% Stress
69% Coping Skills
66% Grief

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

81% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
72% Aetna
69% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in Columbia, MO see their clients

69% In Person and Online
31% Online Only

Gender breakdown

75% Female
22% Male
3% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Columbia?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.