Therapists in Baltimore, MD

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Photo of Paul Giggey, Psychologist in Baltimore, MD
Paul Giggey
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Baltimore, MD 21209
Finding the right psychotherapist can be challenging. It may be uncomfortable to schedule an initial session without obtaining a sense of what the therapist is like. Please feel free to contact me for any questions you may have about this process or psychotherapy in general. I'd be delighted to help. I'm formally trained in Individual and Couples Psychotherapy, Psychological and Neuropsychological Assessment, and Behavioral Medicine (Mind-Body). Psychotherapeutic treatment of disorders related to Anxiety (including Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Panic, Phobias) Depression, Trauma, and Substance Abuse. Specific emphasis in couples and issues related to intimacy. Trained in Divorce Mediation.
Finding the right psychotherapist can be challenging. It may be uncomfortable to schedule an initial session without obtaining a sense of what the therapist is like. Please feel free to contact me for any questions you may have about this process or psychotherapy in general. I'd be delighted to help. I'm formally trained in Individual and Couples Psychotherapy, Psychological and Neuropsychological Assessment, and Behavioral Medicine (Mind-Body). Psychotherapeutic treatment of disorders related to Anxiety (including Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Panic, Phobias) Depression, Trauma, and Substance Abuse. Specific emphasis in couples and issues related to intimacy. Trained in Divorce Mediation.
(410) 417-6697 View (410) 417-6697
Photo of Vanessa Hawkes, Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor in Baltimore, MD
Vanessa Hawkes
Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor, PhD, LCPC
Verified Verified
Baltimore, MD 21230
Growing up as a child, with a parent being diagnosed with a mental health disorder, I experienced at first hand some of the problems that both individuals and family members are faced with. I watched as my parent was admitted over and over into mental health facilities. Not understanding why so many. I only knew that it was affecting my parent in a bad way as well as the family. This experience lead me into the field with the hope of lending a helping hand and a caring heart to help individuals like my parent obtain a sense of wellness.
Growing up as a child, with a parent being diagnosed with a mental health disorder, I experienced at first hand some of the problems that both individuals and family members are faced with. I watched as my parent was admitted over and over into mental health facilities. Not understanding why so many. I only knew that it was affecting my parent in a bad way as well as the family. This experience lead me into the field with the hope of lending a helping hand and a caring heart to help individuals like my parent obtain a sense of wellness.
(410) 656-6522 View (410) 656-6522
Photo of Julie Harris, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Baltimore, MD
Julie Harris
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-C
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Baltimore, MD 21209  (Online Only)
Are you feeling stressed out, depressed, anxious or irritable? Having difficulty at work, school or in your relationships? Feeling "stuck" in your life? Are you your own worst critic? Are you searching for a compassionate and experienced therapist to empower you to change the way you look at things and support your personal growth? My intention as a therapist is to create a friendly, non-judgmental space that facilitates healing and growth by accessing your natural inner wisdom and strengths.
Are you feeling stressed out, depressed, anxious or irritable? Having difficulty at work, school or in your relationships? Feeling "stuck" in your life? Are you your own worst critic? Are you searching for a compassionate and experienced therapist to empower you to change the way you look at things and support your personal growth? My intention as a therapist is to create a friendly, non-judgmental space that facilitates healing and growth by accessing your natural inner wisdom and strengths.
(667) 206-3030 View (667) 206-3030
Photo of Justin Scott, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Baltimore, MD
Justin Scott
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-C
Verified Verified
Baltimore, MD 21218  (Online Only)
Hello! My name is Justin. I have been a licensed social worker for 6 years and I have nearly 10 years of experience serving our community. Social Work has always been my calling and I have a true passion to provide client/patient care in any capacity possible.
Hello! My name is Justin. I have been a licensed social worker for 6 years and I have nearly 10 years of experience serving our community. Social Work has always been my calling and I have a true passion to provide client/patient care in any capacity possible.
(410) 390-0803 View (410) 390-0803
Photo of Elizabeth Ann Weisburger, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Baltimore, MD
Elizabeth Ann Weisburger
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-C, CCTP
Verified Verified
Baltimore, MD 21224  (Online Only)
I see clients as capable individuals taking charge of their life, goals, and growth. I am here to help empower, motivate, and encourage clients to gain insight and skills to achieve their personal, professional, and interpersonal relationship goals. I believe in working from a culturally sensitive perspective and understanding that systems and environment impact an individual’s mental well-being. I believe in working collaboratively with clients drawing from various therapeutic techniques depending on what suits and benefits each individual client’s needs and wants.
I see clients as capable individuals taking charge of their life, goals, and growth. I am here to help empower, motivate, and encourage clients to gain insight and skills to achieve their personal, professional, and interpersonal relationship goals. I believe in working from a culturally sensitive perspective and understanding that systems and environment impact an individual’s mental well-being. I believe in working collaboratively with clients drawing from various therapeutic techniques depending on what suits and benefits each individual client’s needs and wants.
(410) 883-5857 View (410) 883-5857
Photo of Emma Kupferman, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Baltimore, MD
Emma Kupferman
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW, LCSW-C
Verified Verified
Baltimore, MD 21210
In therapy we will identify what kind of sexual/intimate life you most want and the barriers you are experiencing in having that sexual/intimate life. Sometimes that means exploring past experiences, sometimes it means talking about desires or about your body in new ways. I will create a safe space for you to share about body positivity, exploration of ethical non-monogamy, challenges with sexual desires, and gender identity. Now offering Clinical Social Work Supervision to licensees in MD and DC.
In therapy we will identify what kind of sexual/intimate life you most want and the barriers you are experiencing in having that sexual/intimate life. Sometimes that means exploring past experiences, sometimes it means talking about desires or about your body in new ways. I will create a safe space for you to share about body positivity, exploration of ethical non-monogamy, challenges with sexual desires, and gender identity. Now offering Clinical Social Work Supervision to licensees in MD and DC.
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Photo of Raffi Bilek - Relationship Fixer, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Baltimore, MD
Raffi Bilek - Relationship Fixer
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-C
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Baltimore, MD 21208
Ready to make a change in your relationship? Let’s talk. If you’ve had enough of the bickering and the blowups, the fights over things you can’t remember, the lack of communication – it’s time to learn a new way to do this. Look – relationships are hard. They take work. If you’re struggling in your intimate relationship (or family, or social life), there’s nothing wrong with you. It’s normal to struggle. But why keep spinning your wheels? There are people out there who can guide you through the challenges of relationships and build something awesome. I’m one of those people. And I’d love to help you get where you want to go.
Ready to make a change in your relationship? Let’s talk. If you’ve had enough of the bickering and the blowups, the fights over things you can’t remember, the lack of communication – it’s time to learn a new way to do this. Look – relationships are hard. They take work. If you’re struggling in your intimate relationship (or family, or social life), there’s nothing wrong with you. It’s normal to struggle. But why keep spinning your wheels? There are people out there who can guide you through the challenges of relationships and build something awesome. I’m one of those people. And I’d love to help you get where you want to go.
(443) 598-2821 View (443) 598-2821
Photo of Courtney Katzenberg, Counselor in Baltimore, MD
Courtney Katzenberg
Counselor, LGPC
Verified Verified
Baltimore, MD 21209
I tailor each session to the client in front of me as each client's goals and experiences are unique. When I work with a couple, I provide the space and tools so each partner can feel seen and heard. If I am working with an individual, I help clients slow down so they can learn their thoughts and behavior patterns, choosing to move forward with intention. Tools like self-compassion and emotional awareness can help us identify and change behaviors that are a reaction to unmet needs and previous moments of distress. For many people, those skills were rarely modeled or explicitly taught making them feel unsure of how to apply them.
I tailor each session to the client in front of me as each client's goals and experiences are unique. When I work with a couple, I provide the space and tools so each partner can feel seen and heard. If I am working with an individual, I help clients slow down so they can learn their thoughts and behavior patterns, choosing to move forward with intention. Tools like self-compassion and emotional awareness can help us identify and change behaviors that are a reaction to unmet needs and previous moments of distress. For many people, those skills were rarely modeled or explicitly taught making them feel unsure of how to apply them.
(443) 888-2963 View (443) 888-2963
Photo of Dr. Sunny Swift, Psychologist in Baltimore, MD
Dr. Sunny Swift
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Baltimore, MD 21210
Not accepting new clients
The fact that you are neurodivergent is a gift and I want to help you hone-in on your gifts. This cannot be said without acknowledgement of the trials and tribulations of mental illness and other internal challenges. There are so many parts of you that I cannot cure with therapy, nor would I want to cure those parts of you. Your best self can come with awareness and acceptance of your gifts. My approach to therapy is one that is celebratory, humorous, radical, and intentional. My name might be “Sunny,” but our therapy space is not a “good vibes only” space.
The fact that you are neurodivergent is a gift and I want to help you hone-in on your gifts. This cannot be said without acknowledgement of the trials and tribulations of mental illness and other internal challenges. There are so many parts of you that I cannot cure with therapy, nor would I want to cure those parts of you. Your best self can come with awareness and acceptance of your gifts. My approach to therapy is one that is celebratory, humorous, radical, and intentional. My name might be “Sunny,” but our therapy space is not a “good vibes only” space.
(443) 256-4107 View (443) 256-4107
Photo of Helping Others Manage Emotions Therapeutic Service, Counselor in Baltimore, MD
Helping Others Manage Emotions Therapeutic Service
Counselor, LCPC, LGPC, LMSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Baltimore, MD 21214
Outpatient programing seeks to help those with major mental health illness , chronic and acute medical illness, substance use disorders. The goal of Outpatient behavioral health treatment is restoration, enhancement and maintenance of clients level of functioning.
Outpatient programing seeks to help those with major mental health illness , chronic and acute medical illness, substance use disorders. The goal of Outpatient behavioral health treatment is restoration, enhancement and maintenance of clients level of functioning.
(410) 604-8352 View (410) 604-8352
Photo of Jennifer Cleanthous, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Baltimore, MD
Jennifer Cleanthous
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-C
Verified Verified
Baltimore, MD 21239  (Online Only)
You made the brave step to search for a therapist! Maybe you are struggling with a relationship with a partner or family member? Maybe you are struggling with your relationship with yourself? Maybe something has happened or is happening to you such as fighting with family, separation from a partner, birth trauma or parenting challenges and you need help sorting it all out. At BMORE Curious Counseling we will work together to take you from "I don't know what to do..." to "I've noticed.... or "I'm realizing...". I will help you move from the back seat to the driver seat of your life. I look forward to working with you!
You made the brave step to search for a therapist! Maybe you are struggling with a relationship with a partner or family member? Maybe you are struggling with your relationship with yourself? Maybe something has happened or is happening to you such as fighting with family, separation from a partner, birth trauma or parenting challenges and you need help sorting it all out. At BMORE Curious Counseling we will work together to take you from "I don't know what to do..." to "I've noticed.... or "I'm realizing...". I will help you move from the back seat to the driver seat of your life. I look forward to working with you!
(410) 453-8488 View (410) 453-8488
Photo of Lauren Bathgate, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Baltimore, MD
Lauren Bathgate
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-C
Verified Verified
Baltimore, MD 21214  (Online Only)
Going through a life transition and need support navigating your path? Looking for short-term, goal directed, and values-based guidance? I would be honored to walk alongside you through this phase. I am passionate in helping caregivers and “people pleasers” whose "spirit animal" might be the chameleon. That is, they blend in with what others need but may feel increasing resentment, lack of direction, and burnout as a result. Imagine what it would feel like to prioritize yourself again. You deserve to honor your needs while engaging in meaningful, balanced relationships and living a more fulfilling life in line with your own values.
Going through a life transition and need support navigating your path? Looking for short-term, goal directed, and values-based guidance? I would be honored to walk alongside you through this phase. I am passionate in helping caregivers and “people pleasers” whose "spirit animal" might be the chameleon. That is, they blend in with what others need but may feel increasing resentment, lack of direction, and burnout as a result. Imagine what it would feel like to prioritize yourself again. You deserve to honor your needs while engaging in meaningful, balanced relationships and living a more fulfilling life in line with your own values.
(410) 680-2058 View (410) 680-2058
Photo of Victoria D Stubbs, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Baltimore, MD
Victoria D Stubbs
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, LCSW-C
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Baltimore, MD 21210
If you are reading this, then you have already made the courageous decision to do something different. Step forward with me into a safe space where I will guide you through the journey of transforming your mind, freeing yourself from old patterns of behavior and standing in your own truth. I specialize in helping people who feel generally out of balance-emotionally, spiritually, mentally-as well as those feeling disconnected from their authentic selves. I offer an empathic welcoming space for personal exploration with an affinity for working with people of color and members of the LGBTQ community.
If you are reading this, then you have already made the courageous decision to do something different. Step forward with me into a safe space where I will guide you through the journey of transforming your mind, freeing yourself from old patterns of behavior and standing in your own truth. I specialize in helping people who feel generally out of balance-emotionally, spiritually, mentally-as well as those feeling disconnected from their authentic selves. I offer an empathic welcoming space for personal exploration with an affinity for working with people of color and members of the LGBTQ community.
(240) 249-7509 View (240) 249-7509
Photo of Eyitayo Enitan, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Baltimore, MD
Eyitayo Enitan
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-C
Verified Verified
Baltimore, MD 21217
Here everyone is valued; I provide a safe, nurturing and secure environment for exploration, for doing soul work. My desire is that the client realizes her potential for creating the life that she deeply desires. Whether she feels stuck in pain, is wresting with a problem, is committed to healing an addiction, or would like to shed shame and release guilt, she will find hope here.
Here everyone is valued; I provide a safe, nurturing and secure environment for exploration, for doing soul work. My desire is that the client realizes her potential for creating the life that she deeply desires. Whether she feels stuck in pain, is wresting with a problem, is committed to healing an addiction, or would like to shed shame and release guilt, she will find hope here.
(443) 681-9937 View (443) 681-9937
Photo of Noson Berman, Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor in Baltimore, MD
Noson Berman
Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor, MFT, LCPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Baltimore, MD 21208
Are you having trouble communicating with your spouse, your parents, or your children? Do you want to connect in a meaningful way with your family, friends and, dare I say, yourself? Are you having trouble in school, at work, or just figuring out who you are and where you want to be? I have been involved in the mental health field in various capacities for 20 years helping people organize their lives, find a self identity, and communicate and connect with their spouses and families.
Are you having trouble communicating with your spouse, your parents, or your children? Do you want to connect in a meaningful way with your family, friends and, dare I say, yourself? Are you having trouble in school, at work, or just figuring out who you are and where you want to be? I have been involved in the mental health field in various capacities for 20 years helping people organize their lives, find a self identity, and communicate and connect with their spouses and families.
(443) 380-4392 View (443) 380-4392
Photo of Lynn Panepinto, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Baltimore, MD
Lynn Panepinto
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-C
Verified Verified
Baltimore, MD 21218  (Online Only)
Hello! Thanks for visiting my profile. I’m originally from Philadelphia and now based in Baltimore. I am licensed in both Maryland and Texas (where I previously lived and went to graduate school). I have worked in the social services field for over 15 years and have been a licensed social worker and practicing therapist for 5 years. Most of my experience has consisted of working with survivors of violence (family, intimate partner, and/or sexual violence) as well as with Spanish-speaking immigrants. I enjoy working with caregivers and their children and with mixed status immigrant families.
Hello! Thanks for visiting my profile. I’m originally from Philadelphia and now based in Baltimore. I am licensed in both Maryland and Texas (where I previously lived and went to graduate school). I have worked in the social services field for over 15 years and have been a licensed social worker and practicing therapist for 5 years. Most of my experience has consisted of working with survivors of violence (family, intimate partner, and/or sexual violence) as well as with Spanish-speaking immigrants. I enjoy working with caregivers and their children and with mixed status immigrant families.
(410) 514-3406 View (410) 514-3406
Photo of Jen Hodo-Powell, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Baltimore, MD
Jen Hodo-Powell
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-C
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Baltimore, MD 21211  (Online Only)
I have a collaborative and integrative approach to therapy that builds on each individual's inherent strengths, respecting self-determination, and being mindful of the impact of intersectional identities on mental health. I work to provide affirming and generative care with warmth and humor.
I have a collaborative and integrative approach to therapy that builds on each individual's inherent strengths, respecting self-determination, and being mindful of the impact of intersectional identities on mental health. I work to provide affirming and generative care with warmth and humor.
(410) 807-3445 View (410) 807-3445
Photo of Angela F Noppenberger, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Baltimore, MD
Angela F Noppenberger
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-C
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Baltimore, MD 21211
Not accepting new clients
Hello and welcome. I have more than 20 years of experience in psychotherapy services in a variety of settings, including schools, community health centers, and mental health centers. I use a strength-based approach, focusing on cognitive flexibility. Through my commitment and compassion I support individuals and families as they deal with challenging life experiences. I am able to work with parents and caregivers on behavioral management/modification strategies and have a thorough understanding of Individualized Education Plans and 504 Plans.
Hello and welcome. I have more than 20 years of experience in psychotherapy services in a variety of settings, including schools, community health centers, and mental health centers. I use a strength-based approach, focusing on cognitive flexibility. Through my commitment and compassion I support individuals and families as they deal with challenging life experiences. I am able to work with parents and caregivers on behavioral management/modification strategies and have a thorough understanding of Individualized Education Plans and 504 Plans.
(410) 927-5921 View (410) 927-5921
Photo of Brianna Veres, Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor in Baltimore, MD
Brianna Veres
Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor, LCPC
Verified Verified
Baltimore, MD 21212  (Online Only)
As a queer and trans identified therapist, I personally understand how painful it can be to go to someone for support and be met with microaggressions, rejection, or outright hostility because of your marginalized identity. Therapy can be a transformative tool of self-discovery and a place to collaboratively develop a roadmap to a life filled with deep meaning and joy. But if your therapist does not understand or accept crucial parts of who you are, it can be deeply damaging and disheartening. If you have had experiences like these, I may be a good fit to provide you with the culturally competent therapy you deserve.
As a queer and trans identified therapist, I personally understand how painful it can be to go to someone for support and be met with microaggressions, rejection, or outright hostility because of your marginalized identity. Therapy can be a transformative tool of self-discovery and a place to collaboratively develop a roadmap to a life filled with deep meaning and joy. But if your therapist does not understand or accept crucial parts of who you are, it can be deeply damaging and disheartening. If you have had experiences like these, I may be a good fit to provide you with the culturally competent therapy you deserve.
View
Photo of Dr. Anjana Muralidharan, Psychologist in Baltimore, MD
Dr. Anjana Muralidharan
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Baltimore, MD 21202  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
You're living in survival mode - and you're over it. You are overwhelmed and anxious about work, family, or relationship stress, your mood is all over the place, and your health is suffering for it. And on top of all this - you feel really alone. If this sounds like you - I assure you, you are not alone. This is what chronic stress does to us, and it is all too common. I've been there, and I know the way out. I can help you with powerful techniques to reduce the impacts of chronic stress on the mind, body, and relationships, so you can tap into joy, connection, and balance. In short, the happy and authentic life you want!
You're living in survival mode - and you're over it. You are overwhelmed and anxious about work, family, or relationship stress, your mood is all over the place, and your health is suffering for it. And on top of all this - you feel really alone. If this sounds like you - I assure you, you are not alone. This is what chronic stress does to us, and it is all too common. I've been there, and I know the way out. I can help you with powerful techniques to reduce the impacts of chronic stress on the mind, body, and relationships, so you can tap into joy, connection, and balance. In short, the happy and authentic life you want!
(667) 354-7079 View (667) 354-7079

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Baltimore, MD

1,000+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Baltimore, MD who prioritize treating:

92% Anxiety
88% Depression
75% Self Esteem
73% Relationship Issues
69% Coping Skills
67% Stress
66% Trauma and PTSD

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

70% BlueCross and BlueShield
68% Cigna and Evernorth
68% CareFirst

How Therapists in Baltimore, MD see their clients

51% Online Only
49% In Person and Online

Gender breakdown

78% Female
20% Male
2% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Baltimore?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.