Therapists in Indianapolis, IN

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Photo of Richard Rodgers, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Indianapolis, IN
Richard Rodgers
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW, CADC, CTTP, CIMPH
Verified Verified
Indianapolis, IN 46220  (Online Only)
Rick is a Certified Alcohol Drug Counselor and Trauma-informed Clinician who takes an authentic approach with his clients. He is licensed in Indiana and Illinois and is currently accepting virtual clients. Rick is a yoga instructor and a veteran with years of trauma and addiction management experience. He is trained in ACT, DBT, EMDR, TF-CBT, IFS, and Mindfulness. Rick has also completed Dr. Karyl McBride's WIEBGE therapist training and can be found on the WIEBGE therapist registry. this is geared for adult children of narcissistic parents.
Rick is a Certified Alcohol Drug Counselor and Trauma-informed Clinician who takes an authentic approach with his clients. He is licensed in Indiana and Illinois and is currently accepting virtual clients. Rick is a yoga instructor and a veteran with years of trauma and addiction management experience. He is trained in ACT, DBT, EMDR, TF-CBT, IFS, and Mindfulness. Rick has also completed Dr. Karyl McBride's WIEBGE therapist training and can be found on the WIEBGE therapist registry. this is geared for adult children of narcissistic parents.
(812) 251-5064 View (812) 251-5064
Photo of Lesley A Meier, Marriage & Family Therapist in Indianapolis, IN
Lesley A Meier
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
8 Endorsed
Indianapolis, IN 46220
I am drawn to working with grief and loss, anxiety and life transitions. I am good at supporting clients trying to make sense of the impact of family of origin experiences on their lives in the here and now. I can support you in exploring your intellectual, physical and emotional understanding of "Why did that happen?" as well as, "What do I do now?" I can help you process complex or confusing emotional experiences so that you can live with greater ease and comfort in your current relationships with both self and others.
I am drawn to working with grief and loss, anxiety and life transitions. I am good at supporting clients trying to make sense of the impact of family of origin experiences on their lives in the here and now. I can support you in exploring your intellectual, physical and emotional understanding of "Why did that happen?" as well as, "What do I do now?" I can help you process complex or confusing emotional experiences so that you can live with greater ease and comfort in your current relationships with both self and others.
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Photo of Mark B Pardue, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Indianapolis, IN
Mark B Pardue
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Indianapolis, IN 46220
Waitlist for new clients
Hello, I'm Mark Pardue, a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with a passion for helping individuals navigate life's challenges. Since 2014, I've been committed to fostering positive change through evidence-based therapies like ACT (Acceptance and Commitment Therapy), CBT (Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy), and motivational interviewing. My specialized areas include ADHD, addictions and long-term recovery, Men's issues, Gender issues, anxiety, and depression. In my practice, I firmly believe in a client-centered and solutions-focused approach.
Hello, I'm Mark Pardue, a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with a passion for helping individuals navigate life's challenges. Since 2014, I've been committed to fostering positive change through evidence-based therapies like ACT (Acceptance and Commitment Therapy), CBT (Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy), and motivational interviewing. My specialized areas include ADHD, addictions and long-term recovery, Men's issues, Gender issues, anxiety, and depression. In my practice, I firmly believe in a client-centered and solutions-focused approach.
(317) 699-4240 View (317) 699-4240
Photo of Angela L Reese, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Indianapolis, IN
Angela L Reese
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Indianapolis, IN 46268
Do you wake up dreading the day ahead? What would it be like if you were excited, motivated, and happy about life again? With a busy life, caring for loved ones, and working to provide, it’s easy to get caught up in the grind and miss the joy. Have you said to yourself, “There has to be more to life than this!”? You are not alone. Taking care of responsibilities and family obligations, meeting the demands of your job, and managing stress can wear you down and leave you feeling dull and drained.
Do you wake up dreading the day ahead? What would it be like if you were excited, motivated, and happy about life again? With a busy life, caring for loved ones, and working to provide, it’s easy to get caught up in the grind and miss the joy. Have you said to yourself, “There has to be more to life than this!”? You are not alone. Taking care of responsibilities and family obligations, meeting the demands of your job, and managing stress can wear you down and leave you feeling dull and drained.
(317) 348-3355 View (317) 348-3355
Photo of Indy OCD, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Indianapolis, IN
Indy OCD
Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Verified Verified
Indianapolis, IN 46226
We provide adults and children (10+) lasting relief from OCD, PTSD, social anxiety, separation anxiety, school refusal, generalized anxiety, health anxiety, panic, and phobias. We build strong therapeutic relationships with kindness and humor, and include and educate family members when needed to support clients at home.
We provide adults and children (10+) lasting relief from OCD, PTSD, social anxiety, separation anxiety, school refusal, generalized anxiety, health anxiety, panic, and phobias. We build strong therapeutic relationships with kindness and humor, and include and educate family members when needed to support clients at home.
(463) 243-6494 View (463) 243-6494
Photo of Erin Cullen, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Indianapolis, IN
Erin Cullen
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Indianapolis, IN 46204
My focus is designed to help individuals, couples and families realize their strengths and potential. Working individually, as a couple, or a family, my clients can, with minimal assistance, effectively address and resolve issues that hinder their well-being. My understanding nature, paired with my strong desire to see people thrive, allows my clients to grow in a safe environment conducive to the achievement of optimum life potential. What sets my practice apart from others, is that I offer my services in an office setting, as well as in the privacy and comfort of your home.
My focus is designed to help individuals, couples and families realize their strengths and potential. Working individually, as a couple, or a family, my clients can, with minimal assistance, effectively address and resolve issues that hinder their well-being. My understanding nature, paired with my strong desire to see people thrive, allows my clients to grow in a safe environment conducive to the achievement of optimum life potential. What sets my practice apart from others, is that I offer my services in an office setting, as well as in the privacy and comfort of your home.
(317) 854-4758 View (317) 854-4758
Photo of Latisha Jackson, Counselor in Indianapolis, IN
Latisha Jackson
Counselor, MEd, MS, QMHP, LMHCA
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Indianapolis, IN 46214
Sometimes life becomes overwhelming and we need a safe space to gather our thoughts, explore our emotions or gain clarity to reach our personal goals. Tending to our emotional health can often be difficult while dealing with everyday responsibilities and I understand the impact that mental health can have on dealing with the complexities of life. I commend you for exploring your options and rest assured that you have the capacity to change your life and gain control of your emotions. Therapy can be the key to helping you discover the tools you need to live the life you want.
Sometimes life becomes overwhelming and we need a safe space to gather our thoughts, explore our emotions or gain clarity to reach our personal goals. Tending to our emotional health can often be difficult while dealing with everyday responsibilities and I understand the impact that mental health can have on dealing with the complexities of life. I commend you for exploring your options and rest assured that you have the capacity to change your life and gain control of your emotions. Therapy can be the key to helping you discover the tools you need to live the life you want.
(317) 927-8171 View (317) 927-8171
Photo of Brooke Neubaum, Counselor in Indianapolis, IN
Brooke Neubaum
Counselor, LMHCA, ATR-P
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Indianapolis, IN 46220
Are you tired from living in a world that doesn't make room for you to be your authentic self? Have experiences of oppression left you feeling hurt and hopeless? It is a radical act of rebellion to decide to love yourself in a system that wants you to hate yourself. Through engaging in authentic relationship in our sessions, we can begin to say NO to a society that wants us to be something we are not, and begin to embrace our honest, true, genuine selves. I’m here to support you with mental healthcare that addresses both individual symptoms AND the broader systems (sexism, ableism, homophobia, etc.) that often affect these symptoms
Are you tired from living in a world that doesn't make room for you to be your authentic self? Have experiences of oppression left you feeling hurt and hopeless? It is a radical act of rebellion to decide to love yourself in a system that wants you to hate yourself. Through engaging in authentic relationship in our sessions, we can begin to say NO to a society that wants us to be something we are not, and begin to embrace our honest, true, genuine selves. I’m here to support you with mental healthcare that addresses both individual symptoms AND the broader systems (sexism, ableism, homophobia, etc.) that often affect these symptoms
(463) 240-3111 View (463) 240-3111
Photo of Casey Hippenhammer, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Indianapolis, IN
Casey Hippenhammer
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Indianapolis, IN 46250  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
Welcome! A fundamental part of my practice is the belief that creating a safe place where one can express themself freely and honestly is conducive to healing. I intend to walk alongside you and offer support and guidance to help you gain a sense of peace and control. You may be experiencing depression, anxiety, substance abuse and other problems that are affecting your relationships, career, physical health and friendships. Through listening and applying different therapeutic modalities such as EMDR, I hope to help you find relief and solutions to current pains and past traumas.
Welcome! A fundamental part of my practice is the belief that creating a safe place where one can express themself freely and honestly is conducive to healing. I intend to walk alongside you and offer support and guidance to help you gain a sense of peace and control. You may be experiencing depression, anxiety, substance abuse and other problems that are affecting your relationships, career, physical health and friendships. Through listening and applying different therapeutic modalities such as EMDR, I hope to help you find relief and solutions to current pains and past traumas.
(463) 217-5769 View (463) 217-5769
Photo of Kaycee Wilson, Counselor in Indianapolis, IN
Kaycee Wilson
Counselor, LMHC, ATR
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Indianapolis, IN 46220
Not accepting new clients
Would your friends and family describe you as "disconnected?" Has feeling on edge, worried, lonely, and drained become your new normal? Do you isolate from your supports because you don't know what to say or worry you will be viewed as a burden? If so... you are not alone. As a licensed mental health counselor, EMDR certified therapist, and registered art therapist, I have the ability to borrow from a variety of evidenced-based approaches to provide individualized support for my clients on their journey to healing.
Would your friends and family describe you as "disconnected?" Has feeling on edge, worried, lonely, and drained become your new normal? Do you isolate from your supports because you don't know what to say or worry you will be viewed as a burden? If so... you are not alone. As a licensed mental health counselor, EMDR certified therapist, and registered art therapist, I have the ability to borrow from a variety of evidenced-based approaches to provide individualized support for my clients on their journey to healing.
(317) 350-0613 View (317) 350-0613
Photo of Emily Kirschbaum, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Indianapolis, IN
Emily Kirschbaum
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Indianapolis, IN 46204
Not accepting new clients
First, I want to commend you on the brave thing you have done simply by searching here. You have reached out for help. This is an incredible source of strength that I am already proud of you for. My favorite people to work with are those who know that they are not currently living their truest and most beautiful life and are tired of it. They want to understand why and how to get there. I hope that in my office you will find growth and healing as we work together to help you identify areas in which you need support, can break unhealthy patterns, and learn important tools to make your life and relationships more fulfilling.
First, I want to commend you on the brave thing you have done simply by searching here. You have reached out for help. This is an incredible source of strength that I am already proud of you for. My favorite people to work with are those who know that they are not currently living their truest and most beautiful life and are tired of it. They want to understand why and how to get there. I hope that in my office you will find growth and healing as we work together to help you identify areas in which you need support, can break unhealthy patterns, and learn important tools to make your life and relationships more fulfilling.
(317) 434-0439 View (317) 434-0439
Photo of Melissa Ulewicz, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Indianapolis, IN
Melissa Ulewicz
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, RBC, CCTP, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Indianapolis, IN 46256
I have direct experience working with families, groups, and individuals. I have a passion for Perinatal Mental Health. I enjoy working with individuals who are struggling with Anxiety, Depression, Grief and Loss, and Trauma Recovery. All of my therapy sessions are held on a secure online platform. This allows you to have therapy in the comfort of your own space and be able to access therapy from anywhere in Indiana.
I have direct experience working with families, groups, and individuals. I have a passion for Perinatal Mental Health. I enjoy working with individuals who are struggling with Anxiety, Depression, Grief and Loss, and Trauma Recovery. All of my therapy sessions are held on a secure online platform. This allows you to have therapy in the comfort of your own space and be able to access therapy from anywhere in Indiana.
(317) 342-0593 View (317) 342-0593
Photo of Jazmin Atzhorn, Counselor in Indianapolis, IN
Jazmin Atzhorn
Counselor, MA, LMHC
Verified Verified
Indianapolis, IN 46208
I am a Licensed Mental Health Counselor who specializes in mood disorders such as depression and anxiety, as well as a variety of other diagnoses. I am passionate about providing a safe environment for people to improve their mental health. I am trained in using cognitive behavioral techniques, motivational interviewing, and art therapy strategies.
I am a Licensed Mental Health Counselor who specializes in mood disorders such as depression and anxiety, as well as a variety of other diagnoses. I am passionate about providing a safe environment for people to improve their mental health. I am trained in using cognitive behavioral techniques, motivational interviewing, and art therapy strategies.
(317) 795-1730 View (317) 795-1730
Photo of John P. Gallagher, Psychologist in Indianapolis, IN
John P. Gallagher
Psychologist, PhD, HSPP
Verified Verified
Indianapolis, IN 46237
I work best with folks who are seeking practical effective solutions to their personal, family or relationships problems and who would like to see results as quickly as possible. They are open to learning new ways of thinking about their problems and are receptive to new approaches. You can generally count on leaving your first session confident that I understand the problems you have presented and have clear formulations and concrete solutions to offer. Half of my cases are closed in under six sessions, most with good and lasting results.
I work best with folks who are seeking practical effective solutions to their personal, family or relationships problems and who would like to see results as quickly as possible. They are open to learning new ways of thinking about their problems and are receptive to new approaches. You can generally count on leaving your first session confident that I understand the problems you have presented and have clear formulations and concrete solutions to offer. Half of my cases are closed in under six sessions, most with good and lasting results.
(317) 593-9192 View (317) 593-9192
Photo of Dr. Brianna Finney, Counselor in Indianapolis, IN
Dr. Brianna Finney
Counselor, DMin, LMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Indianapolis, IN 46204  (Online Only)
Everyone encounter challenges in life. Sometimes those challenges are so difficult that you cannot face it alone. And you should not have to. Whether you are suffering from grief or loss, a crisis in your faith, a trauma of any kind, or a new life development, support is available to you.
Everyone encounter challenges in life. Sometimes those challenges are so difficult that you cannot face it alone. And you should not have to. Whether you are suffering from grief or loss, a crisis in your faith, a trauma of any kind, or a new life development, support is available to you.
(317) 961-3709 View (317) 961-3709
Photo of Tyrell Alexander Hicks, Pre-Licensed Professional in Indianapolis, IN
Tyrell Alexander Hicks
Pre-Licensed Professional, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Indianapolis, IN 46220
As an aspiring Marriage and Family Therapist my passion for fostering resilient relationships within diverse communities is deeply rooted in both my personal experiences and my commitment to cultural competence in the field of mental health. My journey toward becoming a Marriage and Family Therapist has been shaped by a genuine desire to contribute to the well-being of families.
As an aspiring Marriage and Family Therapist my passion for fostering resilient relationships within diverse communities is deeply rooted in both my personal experiences and my commitment to cultural competence in the field of mental health. My journey toward becoming a Marriage and Family Therapist has been shaped by a genuine desire to contribute to the well-being of families.
(317) 207-6234 View (317) 207-6234
Photo of Cassie Alexander, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Indianapolis, IN
Cassie Alexander
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Indianapolis, IN 46204  (Online Only)
Hello! I am Cassie and am an LCSW and LCAC in Indiana. I feel it is an honor to work with individuals to find what they are seeking in coming to therapy. I find that therapy is intimidating to a lot of people and strive to make people feel comfortable in their therapy journey. I have been practicing for approximately 15 years and continue to love serving others whom I have the pleasure to work with.
Hello! I am Cassie and am an LCSW and LCAC in Indiana. I feel it is an honor to work with individuals to find what they are seeking in coming to therapy. I find that therapy is intimidating to a lot of people and strive to make people feel comfortable in their therapy journey. I have been practicing for approximately 15 years and continue to love serving others whom I have the pleasure to work with.
(317) 733-5737 View (317) 733-5737
Photo of Jessica Neukam-Helms, Psychologist in Indianapolis, IN
Jessica Neukam-Helms
Psychologist, PsyD, HSPP
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Indianapolis, IN 46260
In today's world, people often find ourselves going from one day to the next by going through the motions, leaving them feeling unfulfilled and overwhelmed. When we encounter life's hurdles, we have difficulty understanding why or how to deal with them. Choosing a therapist to help you navigate obstacles is a personal and courageous choice. The therapy process is where you and I come together to help you on a journey of relief from distress and increased personal growth and happiness. I strive to build authentic, trusting, and long-lasting relationships with my clients.
In today's world, people often find ourselves going from one day to the next by going through the motions, leaving them feeling unfulfilled and overwhelmed. When we encounter life's hurdles, we have difficulty understanding why or how to deal with them. Choosing a therapist to help you navigate obstacles is a personal and courageous choice. The therapy process is where you and I come together to help you on a journey of relief from distress and increased personal growth and happiness. I strive to build authentic, trusting, and long-lasting relationships with my clients.
(317) 983-5798 View (317) 983-5798
Photo of Bradley Wantz, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Indianapolis, IN
Bradley Wantz
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LSW, LCAC-A
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Indianapolis, IN 46201  (Online Only)
I believe people are full of inherent strengths, waiting to be unlocked. My goal is to help you become the best version of yourself and accomplish your goals. By identifying your strengths, we can work together to overcome issues in your life. I don't fix people, and I don't tell them what to do. I believe in a therapeutic relationship that is built on empathy and equity. Whether you are working through a substance use disorder, anxiety, depression, relationships conflicts, grief, or low self-esteem, I'd love to be part of your healing journey.
I believe people are full of inherent strengths, waiting to be unlocked. My goal is to help you become the best version of yourself and accomplish your goals. By identifying your strengths, we can work together to overcome issues in your life. I don't fix people, and I don't tell them what to do. I believe in a therapeutic relationship that is built on empathy and equity. Whether you are working through a substance use disorder, anxiety, depression, relationships conflicts, grief, or low self-esteem, I'd love to be part of your healing journey.
(317) 754-7703 View (317) 754-7703
Photo of Michael Jones, Psychologist in Indianapolis, IN
Michael Jones
Psychologist, PsyD, HSPP
Verified Verified
Indianapolis, IN 46240
Are you going through difficult changes in your life? Divorce, relationship problems, illness, career uncertainty? Feeling depressed, anxious? Having age-related problems? Memory, fear, adjustment, grief? Have you had bad experiences you can't get over, that haunt you, or keep tripping you up? Do others notice that you're different? Do you feel different to yourself; feel that your life is just stuck, without direction, motivation? Does some of this sound like you? Then I can help. You and I can form a productive, helpful relationship through which to take on the issues that are holding you back.
Are you going through difficult changes in your life? Divorce, relationship problems, illness, career uncertainty? Feeling depressed, anxious? Having age-related problems? Memory, fear, adjustment, grief? Have you had bad experiences you can't get over, that haunt you, or keep tripping you up? Do others notice that you're different? Do you feel different to yourself; feel that your life is just stuck, without direction, motivation? Does some of this sound like you? Then I can help. You and I can form a productive, helpful relationship through which to take on the issues that are holding you back.
(317) 793-2320 View (317) 793-2320

See more therapy options for Indianapolis

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Indianapolis, IN

1,000+

Average cost per session

$125

Therapists in Indianapolis, IN who prioritize treating:

92% Anxiety
87% Depression
74% Trauma and PTSD
74% Self Esteem
69% Coping Skills
67% Relationship Issues
65% Stress

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

72% BlueCross and BlueShield
68% Anthem | Elevance
67% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Indianapolis, IN see their clients

64% In Person and Online
36% Online Only

Gender breakdown

81% Female
18% Male
1% Non-Binary

FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Indianapolis?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.