Therapists in Chicago, IL

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Photo of David M Louis in Chicago, IL
David M Louis
MPA, CDFA
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60601
I am a Professional Family and Divorce Mediator and a Certified Divorce Financial Analyst with offices in Chicago and Northbrook. I work with couples who have decided to separate or divorce. I can help you avoid the pain, anguish, cost and time of going to court. The mediation process gives you the opportunity to make your own agreement, including parenting plans, division of property and debts and financial support. I can help you take the next step in a civil, constructive and respectful way, avoiding a costly legal struggle. I also help couples to communicate more effectively.
I am a Professional Family and Divorce Mediator and a Certified Divorce Financial Analyst with offices in Chicago and Northbrook. I work with couples who have decided to separate or divorce. I can help you avoid the pain, anguish, cost and time of going to court. The mediation process gives you the opportunity to make your own agreement, including parenting plans, division of property and debts and financial support. I can help you take the next step in a civil, constructive and respectful way, avoiding a costly legal struggle. I also help couples to communicate more effectively.
(312) 883-8840 View (312) 883-8840
Photo of Erilda Borici, Counselor in Chicago, IL
Erilda Borici
Counselor, MA, LCPC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Chicago, IL 60640  (Online Only)
For the past 12 years, I have had the honor of meeting with clients of all ages and am amazed by human resilience. Often, emotions can be complex to navigate and difficult to manage alone. My goal is to support you through difficult moments, help you build awareness and understanding for your behaviors and feelings, gain clarity in confusing times, better understand your relationships, and ultimately help you see life in clearer terms.
For the past 12 years, I have had the honor of meeting with clients of all ages and am amazed by human resilience. Often, emotions can be complex to navigate and difficult to manage alone. My goal is to support you through difficult moments, help you build awareness and understanding for your behaviors and feelings, gain clarity in confusing times, better understand your relationships, and ultimately help you see life in clearer terms.
(773) 570-9836 View (773) 570-9836
Photo of Kenneth Dowling, Psychologist in Chicago, IL
Kenneth Dowling
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Chicago, IL 60640  (Online Only)
Self-awareness, self-compassion, self-esteem? Resilience, effective functioning, self-care? Connection, authenticity, belonging? Are these things you’ve realized you lack and want more of? These are directions of growth I hope for you and each of my clients, to be defined and directed by us collaboratively in therapy. One of the first things I'll ask you is how you want your life and your mental health to improve within the next few months. I use an integrative, client-centered approach, weaving together CBT, Acceptance & Commitment Therapy (ACT), compassion-focused, psychodynamic and relational interventions. Licensed in IL and NY.
Self-awareness, self-compassion, self-esteem? Resilience, effective functioning, self-care? Connection, authenticity, belonging? Are these things you’ve realized you lack and want more of? These are directions of growth I hope for you and each of my clients, to be defined and directed by us collaboratively in therapy. One of the first things I'll ask you is how you want your life and your mental health to improve within the next few months. I use an integrative, client-centered approach, weaving together CBT, Acceptance & Commitment Therapy (ACT), compassion-focused, psychodynamic and relational interventions. Licensed in IL and NY.
(773) 839-5336 View (773) 839-5336
Photo of Joan Paradis, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Chicago, IL
Joan Paradis
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60640  (Online Only)
My counseling style is relaxed and conversational and I am dedicated to meeting clients where they are on their path. I recognize it takes courage to seek therapy and implement changes and would love to assist you on your journey of discovery. I understand that it may be difficult to open up and talk to someone and I pride myself on being an active, compassionate and nonjudgemental listener.
My counseling style is relaxed and conversational and I am dedicated to meeting clients where they are on their path. I recognize it takes courage to seek therapy and implement changes and would love to assist you on your journey of discovery. I understand that it may be difficult to open up and talk to someone and I pride myself on being an active, compassionate and nonjudgemental listener.
(773) 757-5061 View (773) 757-5061
Photo of Sara Sirota, Psychologist in Chicago, IL
Sara Sirota
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60640  (Online Only)
Dr. Sirota specializes in working with emerging adults, young professionals, students, and clients with complex intersecting identities. She has a particular interest and experience in depression and anxiety, as well as concerns related to identity development, grief/loss, social justice, family of origin, and interpersonal dynamics. She also has extensive experience in the training and supervision of therapists-in-training.
Dr. Sirota specializes in working with emerging adults, young professionals, students, and clients with complex intersecting identities. She has a particular interest and experience in depression and anxiety, as well as concerns related to identity development, grief/loss, social justice, family of origin, and interpersonal dynamics. She also has extensive experience in the training and supervision of therapists-in-training.
(773) 839-7115 View (773) 839-7115
Photo of Julia Fairbanks Rivers, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Chicago, IL
Julia Fairbanks Rivers
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Chicago, IL 60647
Not accepting new clients
I am passionate about supporting clients in navigating the turbulent inner and outer landscapes of the human experience. I seek to move away from the notion of a therapist as the expert, or “fixer,” and instead assume the role of trusted companion in the process of self-discovery. I believe in trusting the wisdom that each client brings with them into the therapeutic process, and that every client is the expert in their own inner world. I encourage clients to practice looking inwards when experiencing difficult seasons of life, which can feel drastically different than looking outwards for distractions, or ways to stay busy.
I am passionate about supporting clients in navigating the turbulent inner and outer landscapes of the human experience. I seek to move away from the notion of a therapist as the expert, or “fixer,” and instead assume the role of trusted companion in the process of self-discovery. I believe in trusting the wisdom that each client brings with them into the therapeutic process, and that every client is the expert in their own inner world. I encourage clients to practice looking inwards when experiencing difficult seasons of life, which can feel drastically different than looking outwards for distractions, or ways to stay busy.
(773) 757-5140 View (773) 757-5140
Photo of Katrina Dolle, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Chicago, IL
Katrina Dolle
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60606  (Online Only)
Hi! I'm a Licensed Clinical social Worker(LCSW) based in Illinois but also licensed in Utah. I received my Masters from Aurora University and have been practicing for 24 years. I help adults struggling with anxiety and stress to become the best versions of themselves.
Hi! I'm a Licensed Clinical social Worker(LCSW) based in Illinois but also licensed in Utah. I received my Masters from Aurora University and have been practicing for 24 years. I help adults struggling with anxiety and stress to become the best versions of themselves.
(224) 706-1027 View (224) 706-1027
Photo of Estrella Askren-Gonzalez, Pre-Licensed Professional in Chicago, IL
Estrella Askren-Gonzalez
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Chicago, IL 60601  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
How often have people told you how responsible or mature you were for your age as a child? Maybe you feel highly impacted by others' emotions or reactions. What's it like to consider that these things may have developed as a means to survive chaos, abuse and neglect? We'll work together to embrace what we feel plague us. There's strength and power in all of these things. I work with clients processing childhood trauma + neglect, those looking to improve their relationship with food + their bodies and clients living with intrusive thoughts, panic and obsessive thinking.
How often have people told you how responsible or mature you were for your age as a child? Maybe you feel highly impacted by others' emotions or reactions. What's it like to consider that these things may have developed as a means to survive chaos, abuse and neglect? We'll work together to embrace what we feel plague us. There's strength and power in all of these things. I work with clients processing childhood trauma + neglect, those looking to improve their relationship with food + their bodies and clients living with intrusive thoughts, panic and obsessive thinking.
(224) 243-4193 x1 View (224) 243-4193 x1
Illinois Autism Center
BCBA
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60614
At Illinois Autism Center, we commit ourselves daily to the goal of making a positive and enduring impact on the well-being and lives of children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Centrally located in the downtown core of Chicago’s greater metropolitan area, we pride ourselves on being a leading service provider for ASD kids across the behavioral spectrum. Our therapies are based on Applied Behavioral Analysis (ABA), which is scientifically proven and recognized as the most effective treatment for kids with ASD today. Illinois Autism Center 1660 N La Salle Dr. Unit C007 Chicago, IL 60614 312-248-1801
At Illinois Autism Center, we commit ourselves daily to the goal of making a positive and enduring impact on the well-being and lives of children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Centrally located in the downtown core of Chicago’s greater metropolitan area, we pride ourselves on being a leading service provider for ASD kids across the behavioral spectrum. Our therapies are based on Applied Behavioral Analysis (ABA), which is scientifically proven and recognized as the most effective treatment for kids with ASD today. Illinois Autism Center 1660 N La Salle Dr. Unit C007 Chicago, IL 60614 312-248-1801
(773) 839-4479 View (773) 839-4479
Photo of Christopher Chroniak, Psychologist in Chicago, IL
Christopher Chroniak
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60603
Hello, I'm Dr. Chris Chroniak. For 38 years I have assisted individuals struggling with depression, stress and anxiety, trauma, grief and loss, divorce, OCD, a relationship or lack of one, as well as numerous other psychological and emotional issues. I begin therapy by developing a warm and genuine relationship with my client. We then work together to explore and work through the underlying issues that block growth and cause pain or discomfort. I also teach my clients practical and effective tools that help them deal with painful and troubling thoughts and feelings, as they occur, moment by moment.
Hello, I'm Dr. Chris Chroniak. For 38 years I have assisted individuals struggling with depression, stress and anxiety, trauma, grief and loss, divorce, OCD, a relationship or lack of one, as well as numerous other psychological and emotional issues. I begin therapy by developing a warm and genuine relationship with my client. We then work together to explore and work through the underlying issues that block growth and cause pain or discomfort. I also teach my clients practical and effective tools that help them deal with painful and troubling thoughts and feelings, as they occur, moment by moment.
(773) 219-2056 View (773) 219-2056
Photo of Fernanda Ochoa, Licensed Professional Counselor in Chicago, IL
Fernanda Ochoa
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60613  (Online Only)
As a therapist, I am dedicated to actively listening to your daily concerns, no matter how challenging. My primary objective is to create a secure, non-judgmental environment where you feel comfortable opening up about your difficulties. I believe in fostering a collaborative approach to tackle the obstacles that may be hindering your progress towards achieving your goals. I am committed to equipping you with effective tools and coping mechanisms to navigate your emotions, all while nurturing self-love and confidence, empowering you to evolve into your best self.
As a therapist, I am dedicated to actively listening to your daily concerns, no matter how challenging. My primary objective is to create a secure, non-judgmental environment where you feel comfortable opening up about your difficulties. I believe in fostering a collaborative approach to tackle the obstacles that may be hindering your progress towards achieving your goals. I am committed to equipping you with effective tools and coping mechanisms to navigate your emotions, all while nurturing self-love and confidence, empowering you to evolve into your best self.
(312) 471-0342 View (312) 471-0342
Photo of Kelsey Kozlowski, Licensed Professional Counselor in Chicago, IL
Kelsey Kozlowski
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60618
I believe healing begins with building a trusting, authentic therapeutic relationship and affirming clients’ unique strengths and life experiences given their cultural background. I utilize Polyvagal Theory as a cornerstone for mind-body techniques to help heal one’s nervous system and past traumas, using ACT, CBT, Inner Child work, and Intersectional Feminist theory.
I believe healing begins with building a trusting, authentic therapeutic relationship and affirming clients’ unique strengths and life experiences given their cultural background. I utilize Polyvagal Theory as a cornerstone for mind-body techniques to help heal one’s nervous system and past traumas, using ACT, CBT, Inner Child work, and Intersectional Feminist theory.
(773) 839-9458 View (773) 839-9458
Photo of Milla Lubis, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Chicago, IL
Milla Lubis
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LSW, AM
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60613
Milla is passionate about creating warm, collaborative therapeutic alliances that center the experiences of TGNC and BIPOC clients. They specialize in topics such as religion and spirituality, sexuality, gender expansiveness, grief, trauma, kink, and polyamory.
Milla is passionate about creating warm, collaborative therapeutic alliances that center the experiences of TGNC and BIPOC clients. They specialize in topics such as religion and spirituality, sexuality, gender expansiveness, grief, trauma, kink, and polyamory.
View
Photo of Sydney Walden, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Chicago, IL
Sydney Walden
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LISW, MDiv
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60605
** ACCEPTING NEW CLIENTS. EVENINGS & WEEKENDS AVAILABLE** Your experiences have forged lifelong crucial connections and skills that may be hard to see right now. Overwhelming burdens, loss, pain, self-doubt and disappointment can overshadow strengths and relationships. You and I will use your strengths, improve your relationships and develop new skills to build positive ways of thinking and living that can help you reach your goals. My practice areas include anxiety and OCD, complex trauma/PTSD, grief and loss, LGBTQIA issues and chronic pain.
** ACCEPTING NEW CLIENTS. EVENINGS & WEEKENDS AVAILABLE** Your experiences have forged lifelong crucial connections and skills that may be hard to see right now. Overwhelming burdens, loss, pain, self-doubt and disappointment can overshadow strengths and relationships. You and I will use your strengths, improve your relationships and develop new skills to build positive ways of thinking and living that can help you reach your goals. My practice areas include anxiety and OCD, complex trauma/PTSD, grief and loss, LGBTQIA issues and chronic pain.
(630) 509-7834 View (630) 509-7834
Photo of Mycah Hoaglin, Pre-Licensed Professional in Chicago, IL
Mycah Hoaglin
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA, QMHP
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60622
There are a few golden threads tying us together, serving as reminders of our most universal experience; a desire to be truly seen and heard by others, and to understand ourselves. To pursue these ideals, often, means you may be feeling lost, as if you're constantly performing for others or on display, lonesome, a lack of authenticity, as if there's a disconnect between you and "them", an inability to form or maintain meaningful, stable relationships, frustration, shame, self-hatred, self-sabotaging patterns of behavior. The connection between these is the healing in-between. One requires the other and you don't have to go it alone.
There are a few golden threads tying us together, serving as reminders of our most universal experience; a desire to be truly seen and heard by others, and to understand ourselves. To pursue these ideals, often, means you may be feeling lost, as if you're constantly performing for others or on display, lonesome, a lack of authenticity, as if there's a disconnect between you and "them", an inability to form or maintain meaningful, stable relationships, frustration, shame, self-hatred, self-sabotaging patterns of behavior. The connection between these is the healing in-between. One requires the other and you don't have to go it alone.
(773) 923-2950 View (773) 923-2950
Photo of Brandon Tessers, Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor in Chicago, IL
Brandon Tessers
Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor, LCPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Chicago, IL 60640
As a leader in the neurodiversity movement, I have dedicated my work as a therapist, educator, speaker, supervisor, business owner, and writer to support major shifts in conceptualizing mental health and create lasting change for neurodivergent folks. I specialize in working with clients who are exploring ADHD, AuDHD, autism, race, creativity, artistic identity, queerness, executive functioning, and relationships through individual, couples, and family therapy. I lead with authenticity and a unique focus on language that helps my clients design a life that reflects their unique wants, interests, desires, goals, and identities.
As a leader in the neurodiversity movement, I have dedicated my work as a therapist, educator, speaker, supervisor, business owner, and writer to support major shifts in conceptualizing mental health and create lasting change for neurodivergent folks. I specialize in working with clients who are exploring ADHD, AuDHD, autism, race, creativity, artistic identity, queerness, executive functioning, and relationships through individual, couples, and family therapy. I lead with authenticity and a unique focus on language that helps my clients design a life that reflects their unique wants, interests, desires, goals, and identities.
(224) 218-5143 View (224) 218-5143
Photo of Lauren Niederkorn, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Chicago, IL
Lauren Niederkorn
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60625  (Online Only)
Being human can be tough. We have big old brains that think too much, and emotions that, at times, can feel out of control. Our relationships, jobs, health, and identity were already really complicated, and now on top of everything the world feels really scary and unpredictable. Whether your distress is relatively new, or you have a long history of dealing with mental health issues, many people have found therapy to be a critical step to feeling better, and reaching their goals.
Being human can be tough. We have big old brains that think too much, and emotions that, at times, can feel out of control. Our relationships, jobs, health, and identity were already really complicated, and now on top of everything the world feels really scary and unpredictable. Whether your distress is relatively new, or you have a long history of dealing with mental health issues, many people have found therapy to be a critical step to feeling better, and reaching their goals.
(847) 565-2328 View (847) 565-2328
Photo of Benjamin J Lyons, Counselor in Chicago, IL
Benjamin J Lyons
Counselor, MACG, MAEd, LCPC
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60626  (Online Only)
We all have needs. Sometimes they’re big, complicated needs like a feeling of belonging or sense of purpose. Sometimes needs are more basic like getting enough sleep or feeling safe where we live. Whenever we don’t get a need met, that creates unfinished business - needs that linger around. Too much unfinished business and we become fragmented, unable to effectively deal with our present because we’re so consumed by past needs or too worried about future ones. I help people define and address their needs so they can appreciate the present and embrace the person they’d like to be.
We all have needs. Sometimes they’re big, complicated needs like a feeling of belonging or sense of purpose. Sometimes needs are more basic like getting enough sleep or feeling safe where we live. Whenever we don’t get a need met, that creates unfinished business - needs that linger around. Too much unfinished business and we become fragmented, unable to effectively deal with our present because we’re so consumed by past needs or too worried about future ones. I help people define and address their needs so they can appreciate the present and embrace the person they’d like to be.
(773) 897-5112 View (773) 897-5112
Photo of Andrea Lissuzzo, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Chicago, IL
Andrea Lissuzzo
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60613
As a licensed clinical social worker with 25 years of experience in mental health, I have worked with a variety of populations in multiple settings, including outpatient, inpatient, residential, judicial, and educational. As a psychiatric social worker for a large medical system, I provided direct service to individuals struggling with a range of mental health issues, including anxiety, depression, stress, and relationship and parenting issues. My collaborative, problem-solving approach to working with clients helps them better understand, navigate, and overcome the challenges of life.
As a licensed clinical social worker with 25 years of experience in mental health, I have worked with a variety of populations in multiple settings, including outpatient, inpatient, residential, judicial, and educational. As a psychiatric social worker for a large medical system, I provided direct service to individuals struggling with a range of mental health issues, including anxiety, depression, stress, and relationship and parenting issues. My collaborative, problem-solving approach to working with clients helps them better understand, navigate, and overcome the challenges of life.
(773) 912-0146 View (773) 912-0146
Photo of Courtney Howell, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Chicago, IL
Courtney Howell
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60606  (Online Only)
I am licensed in Illinois, Utah, and Kansas and currently seeing clients online on telehealth. I have over 10 years of professional work experience. I have experience in helping clients with stress and anxiety, relationship issues, aging, depression, grief, and loss. I currently teach full-time at the University of St. Mary in the Social Work department. I see clients in the evenings and on weekends because I am very passionate about clinical social work and about helping people and I love seeing my own clients when I can.
I am licensed in Illinois, Utah, and Kansas and currently seeing clients online on telehealth. I have over 10 years of professional work experience. I have experience in helping clients with stress and anxiety, relationship issues, aging, depression, grief, and loss. I currently teach full-time at the University of St. Mary in the Social Work department. I see clients in the evenings and on weekends because I am very passionate about clinical social work and about helping people and I love seeing my own clients when I can.
(913) 733-1323 View (913) 733-1323

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Chicago, IL

3,000+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Chicago, IL who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
88% Depression
79% Relationship Issues
77% Self Esteem
71% Trauma and PTSD
67% Coping Skills
67% Stress

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

95% BlueCross and BlueShield
59% Aetna
49% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Chicago, IL see their clients

63% In Person and Online
37% Online Only

Gender breakdown

79% Female
18% Male
3% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Chicago?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.