Therapists in San Rafael, CA

Photo of Gigi Pagani, Psychologist in San Rafael, CA
Gigi Pagani
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
San Rafael, CA 94903
Are you or your child unhappy, anxious, angry, or grieving? Perhaps you are adjusting to a bipolar diagnosis, recovering from trauma, struggling in relationships, seeking personal growth, or discovering your identity. Adults, couples, and children are all welcome in my practice! Together, we will consider the complexity of who and how you are—your unique combination of life experiences, temperament, culture, relationships, and more. In exploring formative experiences and present-day struggles and strengths, we will discover and address what is interfering with you having the life you desire.
Are you or your child unhappy, anxious, angry, or grieving? Perhaps you are adjusting to a bipolar diagnosis, recovering from trauma, struggling in relationships, seeking personal growth, or discovering your identity. Adults, couples, and children are all welcome in my practice! Together, we will consider the complexity of who and how you are—your unique combination of life experiences, temperament, culture, relationships, and more. In exploring formative experiences and present-day struggles and strengths, we will discover and address what is interfering with you having the life you desire.
(415) 300-2099 View (415) 300-2099
Photo of Thomas L Kim, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Rafael, CA
Thomas L Kim
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
San Rafael, CA 94903  (Online Only)
"Whoever you are, no matter how lonely, the world offers itself to your imagination...." In Wild Geese, Mary Oliver does not promise salvation, but points to the okay-ness of your being, to the importance of your inner world. How do you, in your imagination, relate to the world? You can find peace inside yourself. I believe therapy is about wholeness-it's not about rejecting who you already are, but about including all aspects of yourself. With compassion and honesty, let's explore the full you so that you may find your inner peace.
"Whoever you are, no matter how lonely, the world offers itself to your imagination...." In Wild Geese, Mary Oliver does not promise salvation, but points to the okay-ness of your being, to the importance of your inner world. How do you, in your imagination, relate to the world? You can find peace inside yourself. I believe therapy is about wholeness-it's not about rejecting who you already are, but about including all aspects of yourself. With compassion and honesty, let's explore the full you so that you may find your inner peace.
(415) 938-8024 View (415) 938-8024
Photo of Virgine De Paepe, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Rafael, CA
Virgine De Paepe
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT, CMT, LCSW
Verified Verified
7 Endorsed
San Rafael, CA 94901
Hello! I have a warm, active and authentic style. I am not the stereo typical therapist who sits back and nods. I'm engaged and curious about you and your process, and I'm constantly learning about new approaches to healing and therapy. I am originally from Belgium and have been living in the states for 20 years now. My ultimate goal is to inspire, guide and empower you to live more JOY-FUL lives. I have a strong interest in working with women on the foundation of their SELF ESTEEM and how this impacts their relationships and decisions.
Hello! I have a warm, active and authentic style. I am not the stereo typical therapist who sits back and nods. I'm engaged and curious about you and your process, and I'm constantly learning about new approaches to healing and therapy. I am originally from Belgium and have been living in the states for 20 years now. My ultimate goal is to inspire, guide and empower you to live more JOY-FUL lives. I have a strong interest in working with women on the foundation of their SELF ESTEEM and how this impacts their relationships and decisions.
(415) 969-7190 View (415) 969-7190
Photo of Rosary Moreno-Derks, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Rafael, CA
Rosary Moreno-Derks
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Rafael, CA 94903  (Online Only)
My approach to therapy is based on the individual needs of my clients, and most frequently I work with cognitive behavioral therapy approaches, as well as EMDR to affect the change that they are looking for. I find that both of these modalities help clients learn to better understand what motivates behavior that does not serve them.
My approach to therapy is based on the individual needs of my clients, and most frequently I work with cognitive behavioral therapy approaches, as well as EMDR to affect the change that they are looking for. I find that both of these modalities help clients learn to better understand what motivates behavior that does not serve them.
(415) 917-1099 View (415) 917-1099
Photo of Michelle Bonsignore, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Rafael, CA
Michelle Bonsignore
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
San Rafael, CA 94901
Waitlist for new clients
Are you feeling lonely, sad, angry, or unhappy in your relationships? Do you worry about your or someone else's alcohol or drug use? Substance Use Disorder often impacts individuals and families in painful + predictable ways that trap people in destructive patterns of anxiety, loneliness, anger, helplessness, and despair. You are not alone if your efforts to manage and move beyond the chaos in your relationships feel futile. Don't lose hope! People do get better, and relationships can be repaired!
Are you feeling lonely, sad, angry, or unhappy in your relationships? Do you worry about your or someone else's alcohol or drug use? Substance Use Disorder often impacts individuals and families in painful + predictable ways that trap people in destructive patterns of anxiety, loneliness, anger, helplessness, and despair. You are not alone if your efforts to manage and move beyond the chaos in your relationships feel futile. Don't lose hope! People do get better, and relationships can be repaired!
(628) 240-0812 View (628) 240-0812
Photo of Cathy Della Valle, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Rafael, CA
Cathy Della Valle
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Rafael, CA 94903
I have many years of experience and training and feel fortunate to work with adults, couples and teens. I find that most clients come to me when their old ways of coping are no longer working (or they are unhealthy) and the stress is too much! Why do it alone? I hold the hope for my clients when they aren't able.
I have many years of experience and training and feel fortunate to work with adults, couples and teens. I find that most clients come to me when their old ways of coping are no longer working (or they are unhealthy) and the stress is too much! Why do it alone? I hold the hope for my clients when they aren't able.
(415) 813-5401 View (415) 813-5401
Photo of Lou Rappaport, Psychologist in San Rafael, CA
Lou Rappaport
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Rafael, CA 94903
My theoretical orientation is Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) because evidence-based treatment has shown this approach to be highly effective in helping people change the thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that do not work for them. I have been in private practice in Marin County since 1982, and I am the former Chief of Psychology at Marin General Hospital. My clinical experience is that short-term therapy can help teach you what you need to know in order to make the adjustments you know you need to make. Therapy should be about providing you with the tools you can use to have your life work better.
My theoretical orientation is Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) because evidence-based treatment has shown this approach to be highly effective in helping people change the thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that do not work for them. I have been in private practice in Marin County since 1982, and I am the former Chief of Psychology at Marin General Hospital. My clinical experience is that short-term therapy can help teach you what you need to know in order to make the adjustments you know you need to make. Therapy should be about providing you with the tools you can use to have your life work better.
(415) 796-0442 View (415) 796-0442
Photo of Wellspring Psychotherapy Center, Psychologist in San Rafael, CA
Wellspring Psychotherapy Center
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
San Rafael, CA 94903
We specialize in the treatment of children, teens, adults and families. We use ACT, CBT, art and play therapy to work with children who are struggling with friendships, impulse control issues, the effects of divorce, low self-esteem, anxiety, and depression. Our evidence based practices are especially helpful for children with OCD, separation anxiety, fears and phobias, attachment and adoption issues, sleep issues, and post traumatic stress. As a parent you can also benefit by gaining new insights about your child and getting guidance and consultation.
We specialize in the treatment of children, teens, adults and families. We use ACT, CBT, art and play therapy to work with children who are struggling with friendships, impulse control issues, the effects of divorce, low self-esteem, anxiety, and depression. Our evidence based practices are especially helpful for children with OCD, separation anxiety, fears and phobias, attachment and adoption issues, sleep issues, and post traumatic stress. As a parent you can also benefit by gaining new insights about your child and getting guidance and consultation.
(415) 878-1892 View (415) 878-1892
Photo of Jeffrey D Helvig, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in San Rafael, CA
Jeffrey D Helvig
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
San Rafael, CA 94901
Even the richest of lives lived will bring with it many challenges and emotional pain. Unfortunately, it's often natural that we add to that suffering through worries and rumination, obsessive problem-solving, and a fixation on our shame, fears, and doubt. Our work together can help you make sense of this struggle, break free of unhelpful patterns of thinking, and facilitate more conscious and deliberate ways of interpreting and responding to your world. Let's sort out what's important to you and what's getting in the way, explore how and where you'd like to invest your energy, and take control of your emotional wellness.
Even the richest of lives lived will bring with it many challenges and emotional pain. Unfortunately, it's often natural that we add to that suffering through worries and rumination, obsessive problem-solving, and a fixation on our shame, fears, and doubt. Our work together can help you make sense of this struggle, break free of unhelpful patterns of thinking, and facilitate more conscious and deliberate ways of interpreting and responding to your world. Let's sort out what's important to you and what's getting in the way, explore how and where you'd like to invest your energy, and take control of your emotional wellness.
(415) 687-5133 View (415) 687-5133
Photo of Rita Groszmann, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Rafael, CA
Rita Groszmann
Marriage & Family Therapist, PhD
Not Verified Not Verified
San Rafael, CA 94903  (Online Only)
What I bring to my work in over 25 years of working with people is clarity, competence, personal warmth and an ability to draw from a wide range of effective approaches. I have had particular success with couples, teenage girls and individuals in recovery. My approach is both personable and effective.
What I bring to my work in over 25 years of working with people is clarity, competence, personal warmth and an ability to draw from a wide range of effective approaches. I have had particular success with couples, teenage girls and individuals in recovery. My approach is both personable and effective.
(415) 894-0982 View (415) 894-0982
Photo of Sasha Levine, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Rafael, CA
Sasha Levine
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Rafael, CA 94901
I provide warm and supportive guidance to help you move towards a happier and more fulfilling life. Whether you are struggling in your relationships, going through a transitional period, lost someone close to you, or having difficulty breaking habits we can work together to create positive change in your life. My approach is compassionate, non-judgmental, and goal-oriented, adjusting to fit the needs of each unique individual.
I provide warm and supportive guidance to help you move towards a happier and more fulfilling life. Whether you are struggling in your relationships, going through a transitional period, lost someone close to you, or having difficulty breaking habits we can work together to create positive change in your life. My approach is compassionate, non-judgmental, and goal-oriented, adjusting to fit the needs of each unique individual.
(415) 549-0075 View (415) 549-0075
Photo of David J Kest, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Rafael, CA
David J Kest
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, MFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
San Rafael, CA 94901
Waitlist for new clients
I offer an "Integrated Approach to Psychotherapy" for adults, couples and families. We may first seek to reduce negative symptoms and increase stability in our life, but eventually I support and challenge my clients to graduate from "surviving to truly "thriving" in all major aspects of their life. Relationships have shaped and influenced who we are and many clients appreciate help with essential relationship skills. I am one of the few therapists in Marin and SF actually certified as an Imago Relationship Therapist and have had the honor to assist the cofounders many times with their weekend workshops. on the West Coast.
I offer an "Integrated Approach to Psychotherapy" for adults, couples and families. We may first seek to reduce negative symptoms and increase stability in our life, but eventually I support and challenge my clients to graduate from "surviving to truly "thriving" in all major aspects of their life. Relationships have shaped and influenced who we are and many clients appreciate help with essential relationship skills. I am one of the few therapists in Marin and SF actually certified as an Imago Relationship Therapist and have had the honor to assist the cofounders many times with their weekend workshops. on the West Coast.
(650) 924-9677 View (650) 924-9677
Photo of Ashley Brady, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in San Rafael, CA
Ashley Brady
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Rafael, CA 94901
As a Licensed Clinical Social Worker, I am passionate about fostering resiliency in my clients which include teens and adults in California (both in person & online) and in New York (online). My primary goal is to meet you where you are at and provide individualized evidenced based treatment. I have experience providing treatment at all levels of psychiatric care and will work with you to determine additional resources/services if needed. I work from a strength based approach, checking in with my clients on efficacy of care and our relationship regularly. Please see my website: www.ashleybradytherapy.com
As a Licensed Clinical Social Worker, I am passionate about fostering resiliency in my clients which include teens and adults in California (both in person & online) and in New York (online). My primary goal is to meet you where you are at and provide individualized evidenced based treatment. I have experience providing treatment at all levels of psychiatric care and will work with you to determine additional resources/services if needed. I work from a strength based approach, checking in with my clients on efficacy of care and our relationship regularly. Please see my website: www.ashleybradytherapy.com
(415) 873-3901 View (415) 873-3901
Photo of Deane Rain Marie, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Rafael, CA
Deane Rain Marie
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Rafael, CA 94901  (Online Only)
I work with chronic dieters, binge eating disorder, and poor body image. Your body does not determine your value. However, you're surrounded by a culture that tells you it's YOUR fault. You've dieted until you don't even recognize your relationship with food anymore. You can't hear your body, let alone trust it. Your concept of your body and your relationship with it are damaged. You just know you're not what you're supposed to be, not valuable or acceptable.You're binging one moment and dieting the next. We weren't designed to live this way. I can help! I’ve been there. If you’re tired of the weight cycling, let’s work to end it!
I work with chronic dieters, binge eating disorder, and poor body image. Your body does not determine your value. However, you're surrounded by a culture that tells you it's YOUR fault. You've dieted until you don't even recognize your relationship with food anymore. You can't hear your body, let alone trust it. Your concept of your body and your relationship with it are damaged. You just know you're not what you're supposed to be, not valuable or acceptable.You're binging one moment and dieting the next. We weren't designed to live this way. I can help! I’ve been there. If you’re tired of the weight cycling, let’s work to end it!
(415) 306-8551 View (415) 306-8551
Photo of Karen Weinberger, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in San Rafael, CA
Karen Weinberger
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
San Rafael, CA 94903  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
I have been helping my clients find solutions to problems of addiction, depression and difficult relationships for more than twenty-five years. I can help you feel better and make the changes you want to make. I recognize and respect what is unique about you and I don't practice "one size fits all" psychotherapy. I understand emotional pain and how a good therapeutic relationship can heal the hurt. Having better relationships, overcoming depression, or getting off the merry-go-round of addiction is possible with help, commitment and hard work.
I have been helping my clients find solutions to problems of addiction, depression and difficult relationships for more than twenty-five years. I can help you feel better and make the changes you want to make. I recognize and respect what is unique about you and I don't practice "one size fits all" psychotherapy. I understand emotional pain and how a good therapeutic relationship can heal the hurt. Having better relationships, overcoming depression, or getting off the merry-go-round of addiction is possible with help, commitment and hard work.
(415) 799-8787 View (415) 799-8787
Photo of Debbie Vuong, MFT, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Rafael, CA
Debbie Vuong, MFT
Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT
Verified Verified
San Rafael, CA 94903
I have been in practice for nearly 20 years. I treat children, teens and adults who have difficulty with social skills, suffer from social anxiety, or difficulty with emotional regulation. I offer individual and group therapy for those struggling with communication, understanding their emotions, and understanding themselves in the context of their relationships with others. I help adults, teens, and children improve their self-esteem, learn better communication skills, and enjoy more satisfying relationships with friends and family.
I have been in practice for nearly 20 years. I treat children, teens and adults who have difficulty with social skills, suffer from social anxiety, or difficulty with emotional regulation. I offer individual and group therapy for those struggling with communication, understanding their emotions, and understanding themselves in the context of their relationships with others. I help adults, teens, and children improve their self-esteem, learn better communication skills, and enjoy more satisfying relationships with friends and family.
(628) 600-2959 View (628) 600-2959
Photo of Janeen Taylor, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Rafael, CA
Janeen Taylor
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Rafael, CA 94901  (Online Only)
Janeen Vieira Taylor is a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist (LMFT) who has more than 10 years of experience helping clients to develop strategies for their ongoing success. Janeen has worked with individuals experiencing post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, depression, bipolar I, anxiety/panic disorders, substance abuse, and many other conditions. Janeen completed her Bachelor of Arts (BA) in Psychology at Sonoma State University and her Master of Arts (MA) in Counseling Psychology at the University of San Francisco.
Janeen Vieira Taylor is a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist (LMFT) who has more than 10 years of experience helping clients to develop strategies for their ongoing success. Janeen has worked with individuals experiencing post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, depression, bipolar I, anxiety/panic disorders, substance abuse, and many other conditions. Janeen completed her Bachelor of Arts (BA) in Psychology at Sonoma State University and her Master of Arts (MA) in Counseling Psychology at the University of San Francisco.
(415) 965-0817 View (415) 965-0817
Photo of Bonnie Kaufman, Licensed Professional Counselor in San Rafael, CA
Bonnie Kaufman
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPCC, MSEd, MHC
Verified Verified
San Rafael, CA 94903
Finding the right therapist can be overwhelming. It takes a lot of strength to begin the process of therapy and I applaud you for taking the first step. Entering into a therapeutic relationship is all about building trust. I provide a relaxed, non-judgmental, and compassionate atmosphere in which you can safely explore your thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. I truly want to get to know who you are and how we can work together to reach your goals, work on changing behaviors that are no longer suiting your needs, and modify unhealthy thinking styles.
Finding the right therapist can be overwhelming. It takes a lot of strength to begin the process of therapy and I applaud you for taking the first step. Entering into a therapeutic relationship is all about building trust. I provide a relaxed, non-judgmental, and compassionate atmosphere in which you can safely explore your thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. I truly want to get to know who you are and how we can work together to reach your goals, work on changing behaviors that are no longer suiting your needs, and modify unhealthy thinking styles.
(628) 229-3527 View (628) 229-3527
Photo of Cheryl R Woodruff, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Rafael, CA
Cheryl R Woodruff
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
San Rafael, CA 94913
The most difficult step in therapy is getting to the first session. If you are ready to say goodbye to loneliness, depression or bad habits such as overeating, dieting, drinking or using drugs, please call me. I will help you reduce anxiety, anger, depression and self-destructive behaviors. If you are stuck or contemplating a career, marriage or relationship change, call me. I provide a safe, neutral environment to explore your issues. Weekend hours available. I accept credit, ATM, and FSA cards and all insurance PPO plans.
The most difficult step in therapy is getting to the first session. If you are ready to say goodbye to loneliness, depression or bad habits such as overeating, dieting, drinking or using drugs, please call me. I will help you reduce anxiety, anger, depression and self-destructive behaviors. If you are stuck or contemplating a career, marriage or relationship change, call me. I provide a safe, neutral environment to explore your issues. Weekend hours available. I accept credit, ATM, and FSA cards and all insurance PPO plans.
(424) 254-5005 View (424) 254-5005
Photo of Alex Stephen Markels, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in San Rafael, CA
Alex Stephen Markels
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
San Rafael, CA 94901
I have over 25 years experience assisting people make significant changes in their life and learn strategies to lessen symptoms of depression, anxiety, bipolar and other disorders.
I have over 25 years experience assisting people make significant changes in their life and learn strategies to lessen symptoms of depression, anxiety, bipolar and other disorders.
(415) 857-4841 View (415) 857-4841

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in San Rafael, CA

600+

Average cost per session

$195

Therapists in San Rafael, CA who prioritize treating:

91% Anxiety
84% Depression
82% Relationship Issues
70% Self Esteem
66% Grief
66% Trauma and PTSD
63% Stress

Average years in practice

16 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

55% Aetna
45% Cigna and Evernorth
44% Anthem | Elevance

How Therapists in San Rafael, CA see their clients

70% In Person and Online
30% Online Only

Gender breakdown

77% Female
22% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in San Rafael?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.