Therapists in Oakland, CA

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Photo of Alison Moon Jackson, Psychologist in Oakland, CA
Alison Moon Jackson
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94618
I specialize in helping adults and adolescents who are struggling with depression, anxiety, relationships, or identity issues. Changing things in life - whether in relationships with others, at work, or just in the day to day - can be hard to do on your own. I work to help you understand yourself on a new level, recognize patterns in your life that are keeping you from feeling how you want to feel, having the relationships you want to have, and achieving the accomplishments you hope to achieve.
I specialize in helping adults and adolescents who are struggling with depression, anxiety, relationships, or identity issues. Changing things in life - whether in relationships with others, at work, or just in the day to day - can be hard to do on your own. I work to help you understand yourself on a new level, recognize patterns in your life that are keeping you from feeling how you want to feel, having the relationships you want to have, and achieving the accomplishments you hope to achieve.
(510) 405-6346 View (510) 405-6346
Photo of Dr. Aviva Wilcox, Psychologist in Oakland, CA
Dr. Aviva Wilcox
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94602  (Online Only)
The single most consistent predictor of success in therapy is the relationship between therapist and client. I prioritize creating a trusting relationship. My approach is collaborative, relational, and interactive. I balance listening deeply with gently challenging clients to make meaningful change. I am not a therapist who sits back silently. I also do not presume that any given technique or my own experience hold all the answers in our journey together. Rather, I draw on evidence-based, relational practices, more than a decade of clinical practice, and your lived experience, cultural and personal practices, beliefs, and values.
The single most consistent predictor of success in therapy is the relationship between therapist and client. I prioritize creating a trusting relationship. My approach is collaborative, relational, and interactive. I balance listening deeply with gently challenging clients to make meaningful change. I am not a therapist who sits back silently. I also do not presume that any given technique or my own experience hold all the answers in our journey together. Rather, I draw on evidence-based, relational practices, more than a decade of clinical practice, and your lived experience, cultural and personal practices, beliefs, and values.
(510) 902-1335 View (510) 902-1335
Photo of Heather Coleman, Marriage & Family Therapist in Oakland, CA
Heather Coleman
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94609
Welcome! Whether you’re dealing with anxiety, depression, stuck relationship patterns, or the effects of trauma, I will help you unpack your situation so you can gain more perspective, choice, and control. We’ll honor the strengths and strategies that have gotten you through while keeping an eye out for any underlying beliefs or relational habits that no longer serve you. I will listen carefully, ask questions, and share my ideas with you. I may also suggest practical tools to help you ground yourself or handle moments of emotional overwhelm.
Welcome! Whether you’re dealing with anxiety, depression, stuck relationship patterns, or the effects of trauma, I will help you unpack your situation so you can gain more perspective, choice, and control. We’ll honor the strengths and strategies that have gotten you through while keeping an eye out for any underlying beliefs or relational habits that no longer serve you. I will listen carefully, ask questions, and share my ideas with you. I may also suggest practical tools to help you ground yourself or handle moments of emotional overwhelm.
(510) 756-3342 View (510) 756-3342
Photo of Aneta Coufalova, Psychological Associate in Oakland, CA
Aneta Coufalova
Psychological Associate, PsyD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94618  (Online Only)
Do you feel as though your partner listens but doesn’t really hear you? Have you ever felt as though your past is haunting you even though you try so hard to change or stay positive? Do your attempts to silence negative thoughts only intensify them? You are not condemned to endless suffering. You do not have to give up on your happiness. Instead, consider that the challenges you encounter are not here to defeat you, but rather are crucial signals that some part of your life is out of balance. Let me help you make inner peace with your feelings so you can stop rejecting yourself and instead discover the strength you have within you.
Do you feel as though your partner listens but doesn’t really hear you? Have you ever felt as though your past is haunting you even though you try so hard to change or stay positive? Do your attempts to silence negative thoughts only intensify them? You are not condemned to endless suffering. You do not have to give up on your happiness. Instead, consider that the challenges you encounter are not here to defeat you, but rather are crucial signals that some part of your life is out of balance. Let me help you make inner peace with your feelings so you can stop rejecting yourself and instead discover the strength you have within you.
(510) 529-3835 View (510) 529-3835
Photo of Megan Shaughnessy-Mogill, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Oakland, CA
Megan Shaughnessy-Mogill
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94619  (Online Only)
I deeply believe in our innate capacity, as humans, to heal, and I hold great reverence for the creative wisdom and resilience of the people I accompany in this work. My clinical approach is rooted in relational psychodynamic and politicized somatic lineages. I work intuitively and collaboratively, bringing a holistic and compassionate approach to the unique nature of each therapeutic relationship, supporting clients in building upon their wise and adaptive capacities with greater self-knowledge, compassion and support. I attune to the ways each of us is dialectically shaped by, and shaping, the conditions of the world around us.
I deeply believe in our innate capacity, as humans, to heal, and I hold great reverence for the creative wisdom and resilience of the people I accompany in this work. My clinical approach is rooted in relational psychodynamic and politicized somatic lineages. I work intuitively and collaboratively, bringing a holistic and compassionate approach to the unique nature of each therapeutic relationship, supporting clients in building upon their wise and adaptive capacities with greater self-knowledge, compassion and support. I attune to the ways each of us is dialectically shaped by, and shaping, the conditions of the world around us.
(510) 519-3640 View (510) 519-3640
Photo of Jess Wynn-Grant, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Oakland, CA
Jess Wynn-Grant
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, M Ed
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94605
I specialize in whole-bodied therapy to heal anxiety and trauma for children, teens, and adults. I offer attachment-based, trauma-healing, body-oriented approaches (EMDR, Havening & Somatics), play therapy, integrative talk therapy, & nature-oriented outdoor therapy. I also provide therapy for hopeful, awaiting, and new parents who are navigating the fertility, pregnancy, and postpartum journey. I provide therapy online across CA and outdoors if you are local to the East Bay. In-home therapy is also available for children and families.
I specialize in whole-bodied therapy to heal anxiety and trauma for children, teens, and adults. I offer attachment-based, trauma-healing, body-oriented approaches (EMDR, Havening & Somatics), play therapy, integrative talk therapy, & nature-oriented outdoor therapy. I also provide therapy for hopeful, awaiting, and new parents who are navigating the fertility, pregnancy, and postpartum journey. I provide therapy online across CA and outdoors if you are local to the East Bay. In-home therapy is also available for children and families.
(510) 479-0165 View (510) 479-0165
Photo of Cecilia Ding; Parental Trauma Mixed Couple Self-Growth, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in Oakland, CA
Cecilia Ding; Parental Trauma Mixed Couple Self-Growth
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, EMDR, IFS
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94607  (Online Only)
Feeling torn between your family and your individuality? Your family’s closeness feels like a trap that does not allow you to be yourself. There is love on both sides, yet you also want space to expand and take advantages of realities your family never had. Your family has been through hard times such as poverty, immigration or illness. After living circumstances have dramatically improved, you feel as if your family is not ready for you to enjoy the fruits of your success. Their survival mode prevents your growth. How can you move forward carrying all this weight? You just want to stay connected and grow without any guilt.
Feeling torn between your family and your individuality? Your family’s closeness feels like a trap that does not allow you to be yourself. There is love on both sides, yet you also want space to expand and take advantages of realities your family never had. Your family has been through hard times such as poverty, immigration or illness. After living circumstances have dramatically improved, you feel as if your family is not ready for you to enjoy the fruits of your success. Their survival mode prevents your growth. How can you move forward carrying all this weight? You just want to stay connected and grow without any guilt.
(415) 842-1277 View (415) 842-1277
Photo of Danielle Dekker, Marriage & Family Therapist in Oakland, CA
Danielle Dekker
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94611
It’s not always easy to ask for help. It often takes courage to recognize that something is off and that your feelings and behaviors have overwhelmed your resources to cope. You may have already put considerable time and energy into your wellness and yet are baffled by why it is that you still are experiencing things like negative beliefs about yourself, overwhelming emotions, knee-jerk emotional reactions, difficulty having the kind of relationships or work you truly want, or why it is that you engage in self-destructive behavior. I'm here to help you gain freedom from these patterns so that you can live the life you deserve.
It’s not always easy to ask for help. It often takes courage to recognize that something is off and that your feelings and behaviors have overwhelmed your resources to cope. You may have already put considerable time and energy into your wellness and yet are baffled by why it is that you still are experiencing things like negative beliefs about yourself, overwhelming emotions, knee-jerk emotional reactions, difficulty having the kind of relationships or work you truly want, or why it is that you engage in self-destructive behavior. I'm here to help you gain freedom from these patterns so that you can live the life you deserve.
(510) 738-3669 View (510) 738-3669
Photo of Molly Mulanax, Marriage & Family Therapist in Oakland, CA
Molly Mulanax
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94611  (Online Only)
I specialize in treating women struggling with anxiety, depression, codependency, history of family dysfunction, history of family substance use, perfectionism and /or low self esteem. My goal as a therapist is to help you reach a greater understanding and compassion for yourself, heal from painful experiences and to find new ways of coping with stress and interacting with others. I am committed to learning about who you truly are and working with you to make long lasting changes
I specialize in treating women struggling with anxiety, depression, codependency, history of family dysfunction, history of family substance use, perfectionism and /or low self esteem. My goal as a therapist is to help you reach a greater understanding and compassion for yourself, heal from painful experiences and to find new ways of coping with stress and interacting with others. I am committed to learning about who you truly are and working with you to make long lasting changes
(510) 858-2597 View (510) 858-2597
Photo of Silver Lake Psychology, Psychologist in Oakland, CA
Silver Lake Psychology
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94612
Learn how to feel more connected to yourself, others, and the world around you. Therapy provides all the elements of intimacy: honest communication, vulnerability, and trust. Good therapy is challenging yet warm, providing both structure and empathy for your unique experience.
Learn how to feel more connected to yourself, others, and the world around you. Therapy provides all the elements of intimacy: honest communication, vulnerability, and trust. Good therapy is challenging yet warm, providing both structure and empathy for your unique experience.
(415) 949-3802 View (415) 949-3802
Photo of Kristy Shanks, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Oakland, CA
Kristy Shanks
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94609  (Online Only)
Do you have difficulty maintaining healthy relationships? Are you anxious or depressed? Are you having difficulty connecting with others? I am here to support you in expressing your feelings, acknowledging your lived experiences, and navigating relationships.
Do you have difficulty maintaining healthy relationships? Are you anxious or depressed? Are you having difficulty connecting with others? I am here to support you in expressing your feelings, acknowledging your lived experiences, and navigating relationships.
(510) 631-0424 View (510) 631-0424
Photo of Sarah Spear, Psychologist in Oakland, CA
Sarah Spear
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94618
Psychotherapy offers us an opportunity to better understand ourselves and to create important and meaningful changes in our lives. It also offers an effective way to address questions and feelings that we may find confusing or painful. I approach this work with empathy, warmth, curiosity, and a collaborative spirit. I tailor my approach to the particular needs of each client, offering both the opportunity to reflect and explore as well as down to earth, pragmatic tools to address difficult feelings or behaviors.
Psychotherapy offers us an opportunity to better understand ourselves and to create important and meaningful changes in our lives. It also offers an effective way to address questions and feelings that we may find confusing or painful. I approach this work with empathy, warmth, curiosity, and a collaborative spirit. I tailor my approach to the particular needs of each client, offering both the opportunity to reflect and explore as well as down to earth, pragmatic tools to address difficult feelings or behaviors.
(510) 399-1891 View (510) 399-1891
Photo of Connie C Linas, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Oakland, CA
Connie C Linas
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94609
Do you need relief from anxiety or depression? Are you and your partner fighting and trying to move forward together? I often help people who are exactly where you are. A collaborative, focused relationship with a caring professional can be a life-changing experience. I have a goal oriented and interactive style, and my goal is always to help you move forward - at your own pace - with ease and acceptance. Check out my website and call for a phone consultation to see if I'd be a good fit for you.
Do you need relief from anxiety or depression? Are you and your partner fighting and trying to move forward together? I often help people who are exactly where you are. A collaborative, focused relationship with a caring professional can be a life-changing experience. I have a goal oriented and interactive style, and my goal is always to help you move forward - at your own pace - with ease and acceptance. Check out my website and call for a phone consultation to see if I'd be a good fit for you.
(510) 338-6655 View (510) 338-6655
Photo of Katie Keech, Marriage & Family Therapist in Oakland, CA
Katie Keech
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94610
Not accepting new clients
My clients are creative, questioning, and active in diverse communities. They often want a therapist who is both engaging and collaborative with the healing process. Someone who combines the skills of being transparent, supportive, and respectfully challenges them towards change. I have 18 years experience with adults, teens couples, and poly groups. I've led grief groups for those who've lost someone to suicide, managed programs for individuals struggling with severe mental illness, and have become an expert in clinically working with trauma with TAY (Transitional Aged Youth) who are young adult individuals between 18-25.
My clients are creative, questioning, and active in diverse communities. They often want a therapist who is both engaging and collaborative with the healing process. Someone who combines the skills of being transparent, supportive, and respectfully challenges them towards change. I have 18 years experience with adults, teens couples, and poly groups. I've led grief groups for those who've lost someone to suicide, managed programs for individuals struggling with severe mental illness, and have become an expert in clinically working with trauma with TAY (Transitional Aged Youth) who are young adult individuals between 18-25.
(510) 399-0501 View (510) 399-0501
Photo of Ashley Mullins, Psychologist in Oakland, CA
Ashley Mullins
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94618
The decision to begin therapy can be daunting, especially if you are already feeling vulnerable and uncertain about what to expect from a therapist. Whether you have specific symptoms that you want to address or a vague sense of something not feeling right, therapy can help. I am a licensed clinical psychologist with over 15 years of US and international experience. I’ve worked with individuals and couples across the lifespan who come from every region of the world. I have successfully treated a broad range of difficulties, and my work is grounded in effective treatment methods.
The decision to begin therapy can be daunting, especially if you are already feeling vulnerable and uncertain about what to expect from a therapist. Whether you have specific symptoms that you want to address or a vague sense of something not feeling right, therapy can help. I am a licensed clinical psychologist with over 15 years of US and international experience. I’ve worked with individuals and couples across the lifespan who come from every region of the world. I have successfully treated a broad range of difficulties, and my work is grounded in effective treatment methods.
(510) 925-1847 View (510) 925-1847
Photo of Jessica Nagahashi Baer in Oakland, CA
Jessica Nagahashi Baer
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94605  (Online Only)
Is loneliness, grief, self-doubt and static hum of floating adrift governing your sense of being? Do you miss feeling like YOURSELF? Being Human is Hard. These past few years have put our minds and bodies to the test in ways we are only beginning to understand. I am with you. I can help you navigate the road back to your infinite fabulousness where you will have the confidence to hold the relationships, purpose, and self-love you seek.
Is loneliness, grief, self-doubt and static hum of floating adrift governing your sense of being? Do you miss feeling like YOURSELF? Being Human is Hard. These past few years have put our minds and bodies to the test in ways we are only beginning to understand. I am with you. I can help you navigate the road back to your infinite fabulousness where you will have the confidence to hold the relationships, purpose, and self-love you seek.
(510) 804-8851 View (510) 804-8851
Photo of Shideh Shahvarian, Marriage & Family Therapist in Oakland, CA
Shideh Shahvarian
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94612  (Online Only)
My approach to therapy is warm, companionate, and empathetic. My philosophy is that everyone can become the happy, effective person they desire. Finding and using new skills to access happiness is critical. I use Motivational Interviewing to help my clients gain the motivation they need to change the behaviors that are preventing them from making healthier personal or professional decisions. My training in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy approaches also helps me address the depression and anxiety that we all experience on our journey through life.
My approach to therapy is warm, companionate, and empathetic. My philosophy is that everyone can become the happy, effective person they desire. Finding and using new skills to access happiness is critical. I use Motivational Interviewing to help my clients gain the motivation they need to change the behaviors that are preventing them from making healthier personal or professional decisions. My training in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy approaches also helps me address the depression and anxiety that we all experience on our journey through life.
(510) 439-9695 View (510) 439-9695
Photo of Diane Cohen, Psychologist in Oakland, CA
Diane Cohen
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94618
I am a highly trained clinical and consulting psychologist working in the field of psychotherapy for 30 years. I specialize in psychodynamic psychotherapy and provide long term and brief counseling services. I am experienced with adults, adolescents, couples and families struggling with a variety of emotional issues. Specialties include relational psychology and a multi-dimensional approach to finding solutions to life's difficulties. Areas of expertise include; depression, anxiety, impostor syndrome, and adjustment to life-transitions. I have also done extensive work and research in addictions and eating disorders/body image.
I am a highly trained clinical and consulting psychologist working in the field of psychotherapy for 30 years. I specialize in psychodynamic psychotherapy and provide long term and brief counseling services. I am experienced with adults, adolescents, couples and families struggling with a variety of emotional issues. Specialties include relational psychology and a multi-dimensional approach to finding solutions to life's difficulties. Areas of expertise include; depression, anxiety, impostor syndrome, and adjustment to life-transitions. I have also done extensive work and research in addictions and eating disorders/body image.
(510) 573-7108 View (510) 573-7108
Photo of Jessee Lovegood, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in Oakland, CA
Jessee Lovegood
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, AMFT
Verified Verified
6 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94610  (Online Only)
Folks come to therapy for a variety of reasons that all boil down to change, whether they're struggling to handle it or make it. Many of my clients' lives don't align with societal norms, either intentionally coloring outside the lines or struggling to fit in. Folks may find themselves overwhelmed, dealing with big emotions, the effects of complex or single-event trauma, complex medical issues, or chronic pain. I am passionate about working with the LGBTQ+ - including trans kids and their families, disabled, and neurodiverse populations. I like to work with individuals, couples, polycules, and families of all shapes and sizes.
Folks come to therapy for a variety of reasons that all boil down to change, whether they're struggling to handle it or make it. Many of my clients' lives don't align with societal norms, either intentionally coloring outside the lines or struggling to fit in. Folks may find themselves overwhelmed, dealing with big emotions, the effects of complex or single-event trauma, complex medical issues, or chronic pain. I am passionate about working with the LGBTQ+ - including trans kids and their families, disabled, and neurodiverse populations. I like to work with individuals, couples, polycules, and families of all shapes and sizes.
(510) 240-8070 View (510) 240-8070
Photo of Andy Sussman, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Oakland, CA
Andy Sussman
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94618
It's a courageous step to seek help. Things aren't working and perhaps you are looking for a new way, new strategies and perspective. You need relief from this angst. The surprise here is that your pain, frustration or relationship conflict can also be an asset. I am not suggesting minimizing your emotional suffering nor the importance of us finding immediate relief. My experience is that in facing your difficulties we can move towards enduring change. How does change happen in therapy? In my work with clients we identify some of the stories you have been telling yourself.
It's a courageous step to seek help. Things aren't working and perhaps you are looking for a new way, new strategies and perspective. You need relief from this angst. The surprise here is that your pain, frustration or relationship conflict can also be an asset. I am not suggesting minimizing your emotional suffering nor the importance of us finding immediate relief. My experience is that in facing your difficulties we can move towards enduring change. How does change happen in therapy? In my work with clients we identify some of the stories you have been telling yourself.
(415) 969-2593 View (415) 969-2593

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Oakland, CA

2,000+

Average cost per session

$185

Therapists in Oakland, CA who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
88% Depression
81% Relationship Issues
74% Self Esteem
73% Trauma and PTSD
69% Grief
66% Stress

Average years in practice

12 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

59% Aetna
48% Cigna and Evernorth
44% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Oakland, CA see their clients

62% In Person and Online
38% Online Only

Gender breakdown

75% Female
21% Male
4% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Oakland?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.