Therapists in Bethlehem, PA

Photo of Anissa Rieger, Licensed Professional Counselor in Bethlehem, PA
Anissa Rieger
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Bethlehem, PA 18017  (Online Only)
Anissa A. Rieger is a Licensed Professional Counselor in the state of Pennsylvania, as well as a Nationally Certified Counselor. She has over 15 years in the helping profession supporting individuals with interpersonal relationships, phase of life stressors, gender identity & expression, educational, learning, and career difficulties, all levels of anxiety and depressive disorders, trauma, grief and loss. Additionally, Anissa has a background in Early Childhood Education, School Counseling, Parent-Child Interaction Therapy, as well as certification in Psychological First Aid and Disaster Mental Health through the American Red Cross.
Anissa A. Rieger is a Licensed Professional Counselor in the state of Pennsylvania, as well as a Nationally Certified Counselor. She has over 15 years in the helping profession supporting individuals with interpersonal relationships, phase of life stressors, gender identity & expression, educational, learning, and career difficulties, all levels of anxiety and depressive disorders, trauma, grief and loss. Additionally, Anissa has a background in Early Childhood Education, School Counseling, Parent-Child Interaction Therapy, as well as certification in Psychological First Aid and Disaster Mental Health through the American Red Cross.
(610) 510-4923 View (610) 510-4923
Photo of Brianna Serrano in Bethlehem, PA
Brianna Serrano
MSW , LSW
Verified Verified
Bethlehem, PA 18018
Hi! Whether you are trying therapy for the first time or it’s not your first rodeo, I’m here to help! I believe therapy should be customized for each person and their goals. With a passion for those struggling with life's transitions, I am dedicated to helping individuals become the best version of themselves. I utilize evidence-based therapeutic interventions, including Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and trauma informed care as well as a variety of other therapeutic interventions.
Hi! Whether you are trying therapy for the first time or it’s not your first rodeo, I’m here to help! I believe therapy should be customized for each person and their goals. With a passion for those struggling with life's transitions, I am dedicated to helping individuals become the best version of themselves. I utilize evidence-based therapeutic interventions, including Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and trauma informed care as well as a variety of other therapeutic interventions.
(484) 314-3474 View (484) 314-3474
Photo of Ashley Bass, Pre-Licensed Professional in Bethlehem, PA
Ashley Bass
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA, NCC
Verified Verified
Bethlehem, PA 18018
Emotions can often seem overwhelming, but they serve a purpose in pointing to what needs our attention. There tends to be parts of ourselves that we don’t understand or want to suppress, which causes stress and misalignment. I love guiding people through more deeply understanding themselves, having more compassion and acceptance for their emotions and experiences, and encouraging new perspectives by testing outdated beliefs, in order to experience more joy and fulfillment.
Emotions can often seem overwhelming, but they serve a purpose in pointing to what needs our attention. There tends to be parts of ourselves that we don’t understand or want to suppress, which causes stress and misalignment. I love guiding people through more deeply understanding themselves, having more compassion and acceptance for their emotions and experiences, and encouraging new perspectives by testing outdated beliefs, in order to experience more joy and fulfillment.
(484) 971-7561 View (484) 971-7561
Photo of Joseph Kelly, Licensed Professional Counselor in Bethlehem, PA
Joseph Kelly
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MS, NCC, CiPP, CPPC
Verified Verified
Bethlehem, PA 18018
A State Licensed Professional Counselor with an advanced Masters degree in Counseling Psychology. I have engaged in years of work with individuals, couples, and families that provide me the skills, strengths, and clinical knowledge to work with my patients in the core areas of anxiety, depression, trauma, and relationship issues of communication and trust. We explore the areas that are most important to patients in helping them move from a place of conflict, confusion, and pain to realizing their potential for happiness and well-being. We can help you understand your current challenges, grow from them, and learn to enjoy your life and your relationships.
A State Licensed Professional Counselor with an advanced Masters degree in Counseling Psychology. I have engaged in years of work with individuals, couples, and families that provide me the skills, strengths, and clinical knowledge to work with my patients in the core areas of anxiety, depression, trauma, and relationship issues of communication and trust. We explore the areas that are most important to patients in helping them move from a place of conflict, confusion, and pain to realizing their potential for happiness and well-being. We can help you understand your current challenges, grow from them, and learn to enjoy your life and your relationships.
(484) 334-8490 View (484) 334-8490
Photo of Patricia Pierzga, Licensed Professional Counselor in Bethlehem, PA
Patricia Pierzga
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Bethlehem, PA 18017
Patricia "Trish" Pierzga is a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) with over 3 years of experience. She is passionate about partnering with adults and adolescents to assist them in understanding life's challenges in a safe space. Trish specializes in anxiety, depression, grief, chronic illness, bipolar disorders, life transitions, and trauma. She uses an integrated treatment approach, which includes cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), reality therapy (RT), acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT), person-centered therapy (PCT), and solutions-focused therapy (SFT).
Patricia "Trish" Pierzga is a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) with over 3 years of experience. She is passionate about partnering with adults and adolescents to assist them in understanding life's challenges in a safe space. Trish specializes in anxiety, depression, grief, chronic illness, bipolar disorders, life transitions, and trauma. She uses an integrated treatment approach, which includes cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), reality therapy (RT), acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT), person-centered therapy (PCT), and solutions-focused therapy (SFT).
(484) 759-9342 View (484) 759-9342
Photo of Center for Integrated Behavioral Health, Psychologist in Bethlehem, PA
Center for Integrated Behavioral Health
Psychologist
Verified Verified
Bethlehem, PA 18018
Center for Integrated Behavioral Health is a private group practice of Psychologists, Postdoctoral Residents, and Professional Counselors with advanced specialization & training in Cognitive & Dialectical Behavior Therapy for adolescents & adults. We are the only comprehensive Dialectical Behavior Therapy Center in the greater Lehigh Valley region. We specialize in research supported treatments for anxiety & mood concerns, disordered eating, post-traumatic stress & those who struggle with problems related to emotion dysregulation such as self injury, chronic suicidality, substance us & relationship difficulties.
Center for Integrated Behavioral Health is a private group practice of Psychologists, Postdoctoral Residents, and Professional Counselors with advanced specialization & training in Cognitive & Dialectical Behavior Therapy for adolescents & adults. We are the only comprehensive Dialectical Behavior Therapy Center in the greater Lehigh Valley region. We specialize in research supported treatments for anxiety & mood concerns, disordered eating, post-traumatic stress & those who struggle with problems related to emotion dysregulation such as self injury, chronic suicidality, substance us & relationship difficulties.
(484) 604-2265 View (484) 604-2265
Photo of Bea von Watzdorf, Licensed Professional Counselor in Bethlehem, PA
Bea von Watzdorf
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, NCC, MS, MA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Bethlehem, PA 18017
Ever feel run down from taking care of others? Tired to the point of exhaustion but afraid or unable to stop? Unsure how you ended up where you are but sure you don't want to be there anymore? It's an easy place to find ourselves. What isn't easy is getting out of it. I can help. For over 20 years I've been providing a confidential, nurturing environment that in which people can safely figure out who they are and what they’re about. Working together, we explore life’s questions, challenges and opportunities, as well as the stories we're living by and the ones we want to live by.
Ever feel run down from taking care of others? Tired to the point of exhaustion but afraid or unable to stop? Unsure how you ended up where you are but sure you don't want to be there anymore? It's an easy place to find ourselves. What isn't easy is getting out of it. I can help. For over 20 years I've been providing a confidential, nurturing environment that in which people can safely figure out who they are and what they’re about. Working together, we explore life’s questions, challenges and opportunities, as well as the stories we're living by and the ones we want to live by.
(202) 600-8302 View (202) 600-8302
Photo of Toni-Ann McErlean, Pre-Licensed Professional in Bethlehem, PA
Toni-Ann McErlean
Pre-Licensed Professional, MS
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Bethlehem, PA 18018
How did I get here? How do I get things back things back on track? Through counseling you will find the tools to challenge problematic behaviors and thoughts patterns and resolve them. I have skill and experience working with adolescents as young as 13 and adults. My main areas of clinical expertise include substance use, gambling addiction, anxiety, adjustment to life transitions, depression, bi-polar, self-esteem, relational issues, Borderline Personality Disorder, stress, imposter syndrome (career issues or phase of life issues), women’s issues, sexuality issues, coping skills, codependency and family conflict.
How did I get here? How do I get things back things back on track? Through counseling you will find the tools to challenge problematic behaviors and thoughts patterns and resolve them. I have skill and experience working with adolescents as young as 13 and adults. My main areas of clinical expertise include substance use, gambling addiction, anxiety, adjustment to life transitions, depression, bi-polar, self-esteem, relational issues, Borderline Personality Disorder, stress, imposter syndrome (career issues or phase of life issues), women’s issues, sexuality issues, coping skills, codependency and family conflict.
(610) 320-2366 x1 View (610) 320-2366 x1
Alan Shapiro
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Bethlehem, PA 18020  (Online Only)
I can help you to develop or refine coping skills for dealing with numerous issues including but not limited to substance abuse issues, co-occurring disorders, depression, anxiety, marital/relationship issues and loss. I have been providing non-judgmental, compassionate care in behavioral healthcare services for the past 21 years. I am an excellent listener who is dedicated to the truth, committed to accepting others where they are, as they are.
I can help you to develop or refine coping skills for dealing with numerous issues including but not limited to substance abuse issues, co-occurring disorders, depression, anxiety, marital/relationship issues and loss. I have been providing non-judgmental, compassionate care in behavioral healthcare services for the past 21 years. I am an excellent listener who is dedicated to the truth, committed to accepting others where they are, as they are.
(610) 915-8783 View (610) 915-8783
Photo of Jacquelyn Otto, Licensed Professional Counselor in Bethlehem, PA
Jacquelyn Otto
Licensed Professional Counselor, MEd, CAADC, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Bethlehem, PA 18018
I am a licensed professional counselor, who is passionate in helping others reach their treatment goals through therapeutic interventions and working on setting specific, measurable, attainable, realistic, and timely treatment objectives. I strongly support person-centered treatment and maintaining a safe and holistic therapeutic environment, while also focusing on the strengths of the individual.
I am a licensed professional counselor, who is passionate in helping others reach their treatment goals through therapeutic interventions and working on setting specific, measurable, attainable, realistic, and timely treatment objectives. I strongly support person-centered treatment and maintaining a safe and holistic therapeutic environment, while also focusing on the strengths of the individual.
(484) 778-4185 View (484) 778-4185
Photo of Inner Resources Counseling, Licensed Professional Counselor in Bethlehem, PA
Inner Resources Counseling
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Bethlehem, PA 18018
Inner Resource Counseling is a group practice serving Bethlehem & the Lehigh Valley area. Our focus is on acting as therapeutic supports in assisting people in improving their lives by gaining personal insights about themselves and making healthier choices in problematic times, allowing for positive change to occur in life. If you are feeling stuck, frustrated or overwhelmed as a result of current life stressors or have been living with long-standing issues, clinicians can work with you to develop skills and raise your level of functioning and satisfaction with the use of multiple techniques, based on your individual needs.
Inner Resource Counseling is a group practice serving Bethlehem & the Lehigh Valley area. Our focus is on acting as therapeutic supports in assisting people in improving their lives by gaining personal insights about themselves and making healthier choices in problematic times, allowing for positive change to occur in life. If you are feeling stuck, frustrated or overwhelmed as a result of current life stressors or have been living with long-standing issues, clinicians can work with you to develop skills and raise your level of functioning and satisfaction with the use of multiple techniques, based on your individual needs.
(570) 221-6852 View (570) 221-6852
Photo of Sara Struckmann, Licensed Professional Counselor in Bethlehem, PA
Sara Struckmann
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Bethlehem, PA 18018
I work well with mood problems, anxiety, substance use problems and trauma. I also enjoy helping clients who are struggling with low self-esteem, codependent relationships, and those uncertain about their purpose or direction in life. If you're feeling lost, therapy can help you to find a sense of meaning.
I work well with mood problems, anxiety, substance use problems and trauma. I also enjoy helping clients who are struggling with low self-esteem, codependent relationships, and those uncertain about their purpose or direction in life. If you're feeling lost, therapy can help you to find a sense of meaning.
(610) 320-2366 View (610) 320-2366
Photo of Katherine de la Croix, Marriage & Family Therapist in Bethlehem, PA
Katherine de la Croix
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Bethlehem, PA 18017  (Online Only)
Not currently accepting new patients. I have been helping individuals and couples address anxiety, depression, infidelity, and trauma for nearly six years. My training as a marriage and family therapist allows me to assess and treat your problems through a systemic lens getting at the heart of the problems in your thoughts, behaviors, and emotions while improving your connections with others in your life.
Not currently accepting new patients. I have been helping individuals and couples address anxiety, depression, infidelity, and trauma for nearly six years. My training as a marriage and family therapist allows me to assess and treat your problems through a systemic lens getting at the heart of the problems in your thoughts, behaviors, and emotions while improving your connections with others in your life.
(484) 207-6320 View (484) 207-6320
Photo of Lisa Mawhinney, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Bethlehem, PA
Lisa Mawhinney
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Bethlehem, PA 18018
Not accepting new clients
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker specializing in CBT and Evidenced-Based Treatment for symptoms of depression, anxiety, and Trauma. My style to Therapy is authentic and empathetic in order to comfort you. Therapy is you'r best investment and tool for growth. Together, we can decide what works for you as far as therapy modalities and take it from there. Previously, I worked in school districts with special needs adolescents, numerous group practices, nursing facility, telehealth, and private practice.
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker specializing in CBT and Evidenced-Based Treatment for symptoms of depression, anxiety, and Trauma. My style to Therapy is authentic and empathetic in order to comfort you. Therapy is you'r best investment and tool for growth. Together, we can decide what works for you as far as therapy modalities and take it from there. Previously, I worked in school districts with special needs adolescents, numerous group practices, nursing facility, telehealth, and private practice.
(484) 552-9334 View (484) 552-9334
Photo of Deadra Clewell Counseling, LLC, Licensed Professional Counselor in Bethlehem, PA
Deadra Clewell Counseling, LLC
Licensed Professional Counselor, PhD, LPC
Verified Verified
Bethlehem, PA 18018
I like to work with a broad range of clientelle who prefer a straightforward approach. I work with individual clients and at times, host couple/family sessions to assist in the treatment of the individual. I accept many commercial insurances. My waitlist for Pa Medicaid spans over a year in length, so I am NOT accepting new Medicaid referrals. I work with clients exhibiting symptoms of anxiety, depression and trauma. As a US Army Veteran, I have a keen understanding of the military culture and concerns of military personnel and their families not often seen in the private sector.
I like to work with a broad range of clientelle who prefer a straightforward approach. I work with individual clients and at times, host couple/family sessions to assist in the treatment of the individual. I accept many commercial insurances. My waitlist for Pa Medicaid spans over a year in length, so I am NOT accepting new Medicaid referrals. I work with clients exhibiting symptoms of anxiety, depression and trauma. As a US Army Veteran, I have a keen understanding of the military culture and concerns of military personnel and their families not often seen in the private sector.
(484) 209-1337 View (484) 209-1337
Photo of Megan Russell-Currie, Psychologist in Bethlehem, PA
Megan Russell-Currie
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Bethlehem, PA 18017  (Online Only)
Dr. Megan Russell-Currie is a Licensed Clinical Psychologist (LCP) with over 20 years' experience providing services across many levels of care. Her clinical work includes helping individuals and families coping with chronic and life-threatening medical conditions, as well as those coping depression, anxiety, and trauma.
Dr. Megan Russell-Currie is a Licensed Clinical Psychologist (LCP) with over 20 years' experience providing services across many levels of care. Her clinical work includes helping individuals and families coping with chronic and life-threatening medical conditions, as well as those coping depression, anxiety, and trauma.
(484) 497-0857 View (484) 497-0857
Photo of Tiffany Jolly Jacob, Licensed Professional Counselor in Bethlehem, PA
Tiffany Jolly Jacob
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC, BSL, NCC
Verified Verified
Bethlehem, PA 18020
Throughout the years I've found opportunities to work with various populations ranging in ages, diagnoses, goals, & approaches. I have extensive experience working with children & adolescents on the autism spectrum, as well as with parents to teach skills to manage behavioral issues. I also do family counseling, including with families & adoption. I work with with children & adolescents with trauma, anxiety, & behavioral issues (oppositional defiant disorder, intermittent explosive disorder, ADHD, & reactive attachment disorder). I have experience working with the female population struggling with drug/alcohol addiction, as well as individuals with anxiety, depression, andd mood difficulties.
Throughout the years I've found opportunities to work with various populations ranging in ages, diagnoses, goals, & approaches. I have extensive experience working with children & adolescents on the autism spectrum, as well as with parents to teach skills to manage behavioral issues. I also do family counseling, including with families & adoption. I work with with children & adolescents with trauma, anxiety, & behavioral issues (oppositional defiant disorder, intermittent explosive disorder, ADHD, & reactive attachment disorder). I have experience working with the female population struggling with drug/alcohol addiction, as well as individuals with anxiety, depression, andd mood difficulties.
(631) 593-4482 View (631) 593-4482
Photo of Jackie L Gower, Licensed Professional Counselor in Bethlehem, PA
Jackie L Gower
Licensed Professional Counselor, MEd, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Bethlehem, PA 18018  (Online Only)
Sometimes life can seem overwhelming. My goal is to listen, understand and assist you on your journey through life. Together we will decide your direction ... creating boundaries, building bridges, and experiencing all life has to offer, while laying to rest negative and painful habits.
Sometimes life can seem overwhelming. My goal is to listen, understand and assist you on your journey through life. Together we will decide your direction ... creating boundaries, building bridges, and experiencing all life has to offer, while laying to rest negative and painful habits.
(484) 602-2292 View (484) 602-2292
Photo of William James Dougherty, Licensed Professional Counselor in Bethlehem, PA
William James Dougherty
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, CAADC, CCS
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Bethlehem, PA 18017
As noted by the award-winning nationally and regionally recognized correspondent, television and radio host Jim Masters (of PBS and Close-Up Talk Radio), "effective therapy requires a combination of compassion, skill set and education level, as well as a safe environment in order for clients to share their feelings", and "nowhere is that more true" than with Bill Dougherty. Furthermore, Jim points out that Dougherty "provides a client-centered approach....and I love when I hear that phrase, client-centered ....its all about you, its not one size fits all, it's tailored to you..."
As noted by the award-winning nationally and regionally recognized correspondent, television and radio host Jim Masters (of PBS and Close-Up Talk Radio), "effective therapy requires a combination of compassion, skill set and education level, as well as a safe environment in order for clients to share their feelings", and "nowhere is that more true" than with Bill Dougherty. Furthermore, Jim points out that Dougherty "provides a client-centered approach....and I love when I hear that phrase, client-centered ....its all about you, its not one size fits all, it's tailored to you..."
(610) 810-2847 View (610) 810-2847
Photo of Michael McNeill, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Bethlehem, PA
Michael McNeill
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LSW
Verified Verified
Bethlehem, PA 18018
I see in person and telehealth clients in Pennsylvania. I also see Telehealth patients from New Jersey. Everyone goes through mental health phases. These phases can range from misunderstandings among couples, adjusting to life after the death of a loved one, and or major depression. All of these Issues have one thing in common. They all can be managed. People can live a high quality of life despite being challenged with mental health obstacles.
I see in person and telehealth clients in Pennsylvania. I also see Telehealth patients from New Jersey. Everyone goes through mental health phases. These phases can range from misunderstandings among couples, adjusting to life after the death of a loved one, and or major depression. All of these Issues have one thing in common. They all can be managed. People can live a high quality of life despite being challenged with mental health obstacles.
(484) 623-5479 View (484) 623-5479

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Bethlehem, PA

300+

Average cost per session

$125

Therapists in Bethlehem, PA who prioritize treating:

95% Anxiety
91% Depression
75% Relationship Issues
75% Self Esteem
73% Trauma and PTSD
71% Coping Skills
68% Stress

Average years in practice

12 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

83% Highmark
75% Aetna
71% BlueCross and BlueShield

How Therapists in Bethlehem, PA see their clients

73% In Person and Online
27% Online Only

Gender breakdown

81% Female
18% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Bethlehem?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.