Therapists in Alexandria, VA

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Photo of Elia H Charles, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Alexandria, VA
Elia H Charles
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, LCSW, BCD, MAC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Alexandria, VA 22314
Waitlist for new clients
I have 17+ years of experience in the field of Social Work, treating individuals with childhood trauma and abuse, grief and loss, combat trauma, sexual assault, and domestic violence. I have successfully helped individuals and families build a strong foundation for the long-term management of their mental health needs. I am also a CSAT, and I treat individuals with sex and/or love addiction as well as sexual anorexia.
I have 17+ years of experience in the field of Social Work, treating individuals with childhood trauma and abuse, grief and loss, combat trauma, sexual assault, and domestic violence. I have successfully helped individuals and families build a strong foundation for the long-term management of their mental health needs. I am also a CSAT, and I treat individuals with sex and/or love addiction as well as sexual anorexia.
(703) 372-9682 View (703) 372-9682
Photo of Maria-Pilar Pina, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Alexandria, VA
Maria-Pilar Pina
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Alexandria, VA 22314  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
I am honored to be trusted in all of my clients' lives. I believe that holding a safe holistic therapeutic space supports individuals to address their emotional needs, allowing for the development of a deeper authentic relationship with self and others that they love, as well as reach their personal goals. My style of therapy is highly individualized and collaboratively designed with each client. I provide both short-term and long-term therapy in Virginia and DC.
I am honored to be trusted in all of my clients' lives. I believe that holding a safe holistic therapeutic space supports individuals to address their emotional needs, allowing for the development of a deeper authentic relationship with self and others that they love, as well as reach their personal goals. My style of therapy is highly individualized and collaboratively designed with each client. I provide both short-term and long-term therapy in Virginia and DC.
(571) 777-0120 View (571) 777-0120
Photo of Margaret Moira Kappler, Licensed Professional Counselor in Alexandria, VA
Margaret Moira Kappler
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Alexandria, VA 22314  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
Not Accepting New Patients. Please reach out and see if there is another good fit at the practice. HMT has many wonderful clinicians! I am comfortable working with many different populations with varying levels of issues. Depression, anxiety, trauma, substance use, and military specific stressors are a small cross-section of the issues I treat. I am a sex-positive, kink informed and trauma informed clinician. I am a laid-back person with a robust, and admittedly sometimes immature, sense of humor who is a big believer in radical acceptance. You can expect these things, and many more during our sessions.
Not Accepting New Patients. Please reach out and see if there is another good fit at the practice. HMT has many wonderful clinicians! I am comfortable working with many different populations with varying levels of issues. Depression, anxiety, trauma, substance use, and military specific stressors are a small cross-section of the issues I treat. I am a sex-positive, kink informed and trauma informed clinician. I am a laid-back person with a robust, and admittedly sometimes immature, sense of humor who is a big believer in radical acceptance. You can expect these things, and many more during our sessions.
(540) 845-6940 View (540) 845-6940
Photo of Lisa Staab, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Alexandria, VA
Lisa Staab
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Alexandria, VA 22314  (Online Only)
I am a Master’s Level trained, Licensed Clinical Social Worker and psychotherapist with a background in Geriatric counseling and Family Counseling. My background includes in-depth training and experience with multiple therapeutic modalities. Clinically and personally, I bring a broad-range of experience to my practice. My work can be described as being inclusive of individual and group psychotherapy with people from varying backgrounds, age, races, genders, and sexual preferences.
I am a Master’s Level trained, Licensed Clinical Social Worker and psychotherapist with a background in Geriatric counseling and Family Counseling. My background includes in-depth training and experience with multiple therapeutic modalities. Clinically and personally, I bring a broad-range of experience to my practice. My work can be described as being inclusive of individual and group psychotherapy with people from varying backgrounds, age, races, genders, and sexual preferences.
(703) 337-3302 View (703) 337-3302
Photo of Mind Chronicles Therapeutic Services LLC, Licensed Professional Counselor in Alexandria, VA
Mind Chronicles Therapeutic Services LLC
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Alexandria, VA 22314  (Online Only)
Life is an amazing journey but occasionally we encounter many bumps in the road and we lose sight of some of life’s beautiful blessings. These obstacles can be very challenging to manage in the moment, but it is within our darkest moments; where we discover our light. My name is Najah Dail and I am a licensed professional counselor in the state of Virginia (LPC). I primarily work with adolescents and young adults who are dealing with issues such as trauma/PTSD, anxiety, mood disorders, ADHD, anger/stress Management, self-image and self-Esteem, depression, emotional regulation, foster care/adoption and grief.
Life is an amazing journey but occasionally we encounter many bumps in the road and we lose sight of some of life’s beautiful blessings. These obstacles can be very challenging to manage in the moment, but it is within our darkest moments; where we discover our light. My name is Najah Dail and I am a licensed professional counselor in the state of Virginia (LPC). I primarily work with adolescents and young adults who are dealing with issues such as trauma/PTSD, anxiety, mood disorders, ADHD, anger/stress Management, self-image and self-Esteem, depression, emotional regulation, foster care/adoption and grief.
(571) 378-5012 View (571) 378-5012
Photo of Brenna Johnson, Pre-Licensed Professional in Alexandria, VA
Brenna Johnson
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
Alexandria, VA 22314
I specialize in treating clients with a host of concerns surrounding anxiety, depression, sexual trauma, and domestic violence, post-traumatic stress disorder in addition to other mental health goals. I also facilitate Battery and Intervention groups at Counseling and Forensic Services.
I specialize in treating clients with a host of concerns surrounding anxiety, depression, sexual trauma, and domestic violence, post-traumatic stress disorder in addition to other mental health goals. I also facilitate Battery and Intervention groups at Counseling and Forensic Services.
(571) 556-3530 View (571) 556-3530
Photo of Heidi Elliot, Licensed Professional Counselor in Alexandria, VA
Heidi Elliot
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, NCC, LPC
Verified Verified
10 Endorsed
Alexandria, VA 22314
Life doesn’t often go according to our plans. Unmet needs and expectations can leave deep and invisible scars. That doesn’t mean you’re broken, it means you’re human. I work with individuals to increase self-acceptance and self-awareness, build empathy, and improve the quality of their relationships. My hope is to support your journey to express, explore, and discover who you are and who you want to be.
Life doesn’t often go according to our plans. Unmet needs and expectations can leave deep and invisible scars. That doesn’t mean you’re broken, it means you’re human. I work with individuals to increase self-acceptance and self-awareness, build empathy, and improve the quality of their relationships. My hope is to support your journey to express, explore, and discover who you are and who you want to be.
(571) 366-7694 View (571) 366-7694
Photo of Gabrielle Oblena, Licensed Professional Counselor in Alexandria, VA
Gabrielle Oblena
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Alexandria, VA 22304
Hello there! I'm Gabby Oblena, a Licensed Professional Counselor in Virginia and a National Certified Counselor. Should you choose to embark on this journey with me, my aim is to empower you with the ability to embrace vulnerability, discover your resilience, foster healthier relationships with both yourself and others, and untangle any complexities you may be facing. You are in control of your voyage, and I am here to serve as your navigator, meeting you at your current point and collaborating towards achieving your desired outcomes.
Hello there! I'm Gabby Oblena, a Licensed Professional Counselor in Virginia and a National Certified Counselor. Should you choose to embark on this journey with me, my aim is to empower you with the ability to embrace vulnerability, discover your resilience, foster healthier relationships with both yourself and others, and untangle any complexities you may be facing. You are in control of your voyage, and I am here to serve as your navigator, meeting you at your current point and collaborating towards achieving your desired outcomes.
(571) 517-2612 x1 View (571) 517-2612 x1
Photo of Alima S Mustapha-Palmer, Licensed Professional Counselor in Alexandria, VA
Alima S Mustapha-Palmer
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Alexandria, VA 22314
Are you experiencing difficulty managing stress and anxiety related to a chronic illness? Do you find it difficult to get past traumatic episodes from your past? Do you have intrusive thoughts, difficulty sleeping, problems forming healthy relationships? Are you struggling with drinking too much or other substance abuse challenges, or BPD? If you, your child, or your family needs help, you can expect effective therapy focused on your needs. I have over twenty years of experience and success. You can achieve more while building a successful, and satisfying life. Contact me via phone, text, or email. I am looking forward to helping!
Are you experiencing difficulty managing stress and anxiety related to a chronic illness? Do you find it difficult to get past traumatic episodes from your past? Do you have intrusive thoughts, difficulty sleeping, problems forming healthy relationships? Are you struggling with drinking too much or other substance abuse challenges, or BPD? If you, your child, or your family needs help, you can expect effective therapy focused on your needs. I have over twenty years of experience and success. You can achieve more while building a successful, and satisfying life. Contact me via phone, text, or email. I am looking forward to helping!
(571) 470-5393 View (571) 470-5393
Photo of Higher Life Pathways Counseling Services, Counselor in Alexandria, VA
Higher Life Pathways Counseling Services
Counselor, LPC, LMHC, CCMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Alexandria, VA 22314  (Online Only)
Higher Life Pathways Counseling Services provides counseling services to individuals, couples and families. Our counselors are committed to ensuring that you gain the coping skills and strategies to improve your specific circumstance. We are here as a resource to help you get to the heart of the matter to help you to an improved way of thinking and living.
Higher Life Pathways Counseling Services provides counseling services to individuals, couples and families. Our counselors are committed to ensuring that you gain the coping skills and strategies to improve your specific circumstance. We are here as a resource to help you get to the heart of the matter to help you to an improved way of thinking and living.
(571) 450-9881 View (571) 450-9881
Photo of A Rhaea Hope, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Alexandria, VA
A Rhaea Hope
Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Verified Verified
Alexandria, VA 22314  (Online Only)
A Rhaea Hope is a multidisciplinary group practice that offers individual therapy, couples counseling, and coaching. Our mission is to help individuals live authentically by unlearning unhealthy patterns and uncovering barriers preventing them from achieving happiness, stability, and success. Our specialties are as follows: anxiety, depression, codependency, coping skills, family conflict, infidelity, parenting, peer relationships, divorce, work burnout, self-esteem, stress, women’s issues, trauma, LGBTQ+, and topics related to gender identity. ​ We work with individuals, families, adolescents, and college students.
A Rhaea Hope is a multidisciplinary group practice that offers individual therapy, couples counseling, and coaching. Our mission is to help individuals live authentically by unlearning unhealthy patterns and uncovering barriers preventing them from achieving happiness, stability, and success. Our specialties are as follows: anxiety, depression, codependency, coping skills, family conflict, infidelity, parenting, peer relationships, divorce, work burnout, self-esteem, stress, women’s issues, trauma, LGBTQ+, and topics related to gender identity. ​ We work with individuals, families, adolescents, and college students.
(571) 570-3648 View (571) 570-3648
Photo of Kasandra Sanchez Hernandez, Pre-Licensed Professional in Alexandria, VA
Kasandra Sanchez Hernandez
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA, LPC-R
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Alexandria, VA 22314  (Online Only)
Are you adjusting to new changes in your life? Feeling stressed or anxious? Have difficulties with sadness or loneliness? Life can be difficult sometimes, and we might need a helping hand to get where we want to be. If you are struggling with the abovementioned things, many strategies and techniques exist to improve your daily living. We will work together to meet your goal by utilizing the best methods suited for you. This journey will help you gain the knowledge to handle daily stressors by yourself. If you are ready to start your self-improvement journey, please visit our website at www.higherlifepathways.com.
Are you adjusting to new changes in your life? Feeling stressed or anxious? Have difficulties with sadness or loneliness? Life can be difficult sometimes, and we might need a helping hand to get where we want to be. If you are struggling with the abovementioned things, many strategies and techniques exist to improve your daily living. We will work together to meet your goal by utilizing the best methods suited for you. This journey will help you gain the knowledge to handle daily stressors by yourself. If you are ready to start your self-improvement journey, please visit our website at www.higherlifepathways.com.
(571) 601-2580 View (571) 601-2580
Photo of Glen A Chilstrom, Psychologist in Alexandria, VA
Glen A Chilstrom
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Alexandria, VA 22314
I practice adult psychotherapy that appreciates and explores the richness and complexity of interactions between body, mind, soul, and spirit. My therapeutic work aims to help clients not only to get 'unstuck' from current symptoms and problems, but also to 'look forward' to their next stage of self-growth. Working with an integral psychology, I draw upon cognitive-behavioral, psychodynamic, and humanistic-existential treatment modalities but add meditation, guided imagery, and dream work. In addition to seeing individuals and couples, I guide groups on 'care of the soul', loss and grief and spirituality.
I practice adult psychotherapy that appreciates and explores the richness and complexity of interactions between body, mind, soul, and spirit. My therapeutic work aims to help clients not only to get 'unstuck' from current symptoms and problems, but also to 'look forward' to their next stage of self-growth. Working with an integral psychology, I draw upon cognitive-behavioral, psychodynamic, and humanistic-existential treatment modalities but add meditation, guided imagery, and dream work. In addition to seeing individuals and couples, I guide groups on 'care of the soul', loss and grief and spirituality.
(540) 822-0939 View (540) 822-0939
Photo of Lauren Schlenger, Licensed Professional Counselor in Alexandria, VA
Lauren Schlenger
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, ATR-BC, LPC
Verified Verified
Alexandria, VA 22314
Not accepting new clients
As an art therapist, I integrate the visual art process with counseling techniques to help clients communicate feelings and achieve their goals. Art therapy can help clients can practice mindfulness, make connections between the art process and their lives, and find meaning in what they make. Together, we can explore how artwork fits with thoughts, feelings, and experiences. I collaborate with my clients to help them grow, and tailor my approach to support each individual. I develop trusting relationships and create a warm, non-judgmental environment to facilitate growth, increase self-awareness, and explore feelings.
As an art therapist, I integrate the visual art process with counseling techniques to help clients communicate feelings and achieve their goals. Art therapy can help clients can practice mindfulness, make connections between the art process and their lives, and find meaning in what they make. Together, we can explore how artwork fits with thoughts, feelings, and experiences. I collaborate with my clients to help them grow, and tailor my approach to support each individual. I develop trusting relationships and create a warm, non-judgmental environment to facilitate growth, increase self-awareness, and explore feelings.
(571) 620-6202 View (571) 620-6202
Photo of Meg Simmons, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Alexandria, VA
Meg Simmons
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
7 Endorsed
Alexandria, VA 22314
As a therapist, I have been awed by the diversity of experiences and strengths of those I have had the privilege to work with. We all go through difficult times in our lives in which we find ourselves stuck and unhappy. There is no shame in reaching out for help. In fact, it is a very courageous thing to do. In my private practice, I work with individuals who may have experienced trauma or feel anxious and depressed but don't know why. I also have extensive experience working in the field of addictions/recovery.
As a therapist, I have been awed by the diversity of experiences and strengths of those I have had the privilege to work with. We all go through difficult times in our lives in which we find ourselves stuck and unhappy. There is no shame in reaching out for help. In fact, it is a very courageous thing to do. In my private practice, I work with individuals who may have experienced trauma or feel anxious and depressed but don't know why. I also have extensive experience working in the field of addictions/recovery.
(703) 596-8377 View (703) 596-8377
Photo of Whitney Campbell, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Alexandria, VA
Whitney Campbell
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Alexandria, VA 22314  (Online Only)
Whitney is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW), with a focus on holistic psychotherapy. In therapy, she will work alongside you towards your goals and towards real solutions that can make your life better.
Whitney is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW), with a focus on holistic psychotherapy. In therapy, she will work alongside you towards your goals and towards real solutions that can make your life better.
(571) 620-6313 View (571) 620-6313
Photo of Reland Finch, Licensed Professional Counselor in Alexandria, VA
Reland Finch
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Alexandria, VA 22314  (Online Only)
Finding a therapist can be really, really hard. You can look at dozens of profiles on Psychology Today and other websites, trying to feel comfortable and just feeling like nobody really clicks. On the other hand, it may be stressful even to look for a therapist and admit that you want a little help. If you’re reading this and feeling overwhelmed, it’s important for you to know that there’s nothing wrong with those feelings. It’s natural to be a little nervous when you’re looking for someone you can open up to.
Finding a therapist can be really, really hard. You can look at dozens of profiles on Psychology Today and other websites, trying to feel comfortable and just feeling like nobody really clicks. On the other hand, it may be stressful even to look for a therapist and admit that you want a little help. If you’re reading this and feeling overwhelmed, it’s important for you to know that there’s nothing wrong with those feelings. It’s natural to be a little nervous when you’re looking for someone you can open up to.
(540) 845-6940 x1 View (540) 845-6940 x1
Photo of Lauren Fisher, Psychologist in Alexandria, VA
Lauren Fisher
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
8 Endorsed
Alexandria, VA 22301
Are you feeling stuck in your life? Is your depression, anxiety, or trauma symptoms not changing despite taking various medications or attending years of talk therapy? Interested in an alternative therapy like psychedelic assisted psychotherapy? If you are looking for a more holistic orientation that incorporates the mind, body, and spirit, with somatic based ketamine assisted psychotherapy, then I may be a good fit for you. My goal is to help people achieve their desired level of wellbeing by helping them to heal quicker and to break through through barriers that prevent them from living fully.
Are you feeling stuck in your life? Is your depression, anxiety, or trauma symptoms not changing despite taking various medications or attending years of talk therapy? Interested in an alternative therapy like psychedelic assisted psychotherapy? If you are looking for a more holistic orientation that incorporates the mind, body, and spirit, with somatic based ketamine assisted psychotherapy, then I may be a good fit for you. My goal is to help people achieve their desired level of wellbeing by helping them to heal quicker and to break through through barriers that prevent them from living fully.
(703) 957-7764 View (703) 957-7764
Photo of Thi Nguyen, Supervisee in Clinical Social Work in Alexandria, VA
Thi Nguyen
Supervisee in Clinical Social Work, MSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Alexandria, VA 22305
Navigating life is challenging, and facing the aftermath or effects of those challenges may make you feel it is impossible to function or manage. I aim to help you recognize that reaching a positive turning point in your life at any age or stage is possible. Each person’s circumstances are unique, and yours may make you feel alone, but I will work with you on your journey toward self-discovery, self-worth, healing, empowerment, and belonging.
Navigating life is challenging, and facing the aftermath or effects of those challenges may make you feel it is impossible to function or manage. I aim to help you recognize that reaching a positive turning point in your life at any age or stage is possible. Each person’s circumstances are unique, and yours may make you feel alone, but I will work with you on your journey toward self-discovery, self-worth, healing, empowerment, and belonging.
View
Photo of Polly Garcia, Resident in Counseling in Alexandria, VA
Polly Garcia
Resident in Counseling, MA, MS, NCC
Verified Verified
Alexandria, VA 22304  (Online Only)
My focus is primarily working with adults dealing with anxiety, depression, life transitions, relationship issues, family stressors, career challenges, and people looking to find a stronger mind/body connection. My theoretical approach is based strongly in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT). Using CBT with my clients means that some of the time will be spent exploring core beliefs, values systems, and how negative self-talk might be influencing present behavior. I also like to establish short and long-term goals with my clients and, together, discover ways in which to achieve them.
My focus is primarily working with adults dealing with anxiety, depression, life transitions, relationship issues, family stressors, career challenges, and people looking to find a stronger mind/body connection. My theoretical approach is based strongly in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT). Using CBT with my clients means that some of the time will be spent exploring core beliefs, values systems, and how negative self-talk might be influencing present behavior. I also like to establish short and long-term goals with my clients and, together, discover ways in which to achieve them.
(571) 474-2073 View (571) 474-2073

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Alexandria, VA

1,000+

Average cost per session

$160

Therapists in Alexandria, VA who prioritize treating:

95% Anxiety
91% Depression
80% Self Esteem
75% Relationship Issues
75% Stress
74% Coping Skills
69% Trauma and PTSD

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

76% BlueCross and BlueShield
67% Cigna and Evernorth
63% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Alexandria, VA see their clients

57% In Person and Online
43% Online Only

Gender breakdown

85% Female
14% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Alexandria?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.