Therapists in Wheaton, IL

Photo of Aliyah Levi, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Wheaton, IL
Aliyah Levi
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MS, LCPC
Verified Verified
Wheaton, IL 60189  (Online Only)
I use trauma informed care to connect with individuals and help clients and families through emotional distress. I use humor, unconditional positive regard and clinical approaches to assess, diagnose and offer behavioral intervention strategies that promote positive growth, healing and increase life satisfaction.
I use trauma informed care to connect with individuals and help clients and families through emotional distress. I use humor, unconditional positive regard and clinical approaches to assess, diagnose and offer behavioral intervention strategies that promote positive growth, healing and increase life satisfaction.
(331) 241-6497 View (331) 241-6497
Photo of Kyla Donovan, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Wheaton, IL
Kyla Donovan
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Wheaton, IL 60189
Kyla Donovan believes in taking a holistic mind/body/spirit approach when it comes to treating mental health and focuses on creating greater harmony between these aspects of an individual's life. Each client is unique and special, and there is no "one size fits all" approach to therapy. Kyla takes each individual's life circumstances into consideration and tailors her technique to them so as to provide the best possible care for all of her clients. Kyla always strives to create a safe environment in which to foster trust and build rapport. Kyla listens non-judgmentally and accepts you for who you are.
Kyla Donovan believes in taking a holistic mind/body/spirit approach when it comes to treating mental health and focuses on creating greater harmony between these aspects of an individual's life. Each client is unique and special, and there is no "one size fits all" approach to therapy. Kyla takes each individual's life circumstances into consideration and tailors her technique to them so as to provide the best possible care for all of her clients. Kyla always strives to create a safe environment in which to foster trust and build rapport. Kyla listens non-judgmentally and accepts you for who you are.
(331) 241-6594 View (331) 241-6594
Photo of Stefanie Warning-Probst, Psychologist in Wheaton, IL
Stefanie Warning-Probst
Psychologist, PsyD, MS
Verified Verified
Wheaton, IL 60187
Parenthood is challenging. It's even harder when things aren't going quite right for your child. Wondering if your child has Autism, ADHD, or learning challenges can feel lonely, scary, and overwhelming. You've probably spent a lot of time Googling symptoms and even more time worrying about what might be going on. You can feel stuck and like no one fully understands you or your child. You know your child best. I want to partner with you to learn more about your child and give you the best strategies to help. I aim to help children, teens, and young adults struggling with social-emotional, behavioral, and learning challenges.
Parenthood is challenging. It's even harder when things aren't going quite right for your child. Wondering if your child has Autism, ADHD, or learning challenges can feel lonely, scary, and overwhelming. You've probably spent a lot of time Googling symptoms and even more time worrying about what might be going on. You can feel stuck and like no one fully understands you or your child. You know your child best. I want to partner with you to learn more about your child and give you the best strategies to help. I aim to help children, teens, and young adults struggling with social-emotional, behavioral, and learning challenges.
(847) 230-9458 View (847) 230-9458
Photo of Maggie Spoelhof, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Wheaton, IL
Maggie Spoelhof
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Wheaton, IL 60189
Hello, I'm Maggie! I'm a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW). The bulk of my work history has been in child welfare and working with children and youth in the context of their families. We all have a lot of navigating to do and I really enjoy walking alongside individuals as they pilot life's transitions. Adjusting can be hard, scary work. How can I help support you along life's path in ways that empower and, at times, challenge you? Let me help encourage and support you in discovering your potential through healthy change. Let's redefine your potential and find purpose by starting exactly where you are, today.
Hello, I'm Maggie! I'm a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW). The bulk of my work history has been in child welfare and working with children and youth in the context of their families. We all have a lot of navigating to do and I really enjoy walking alongside individuals as they pilot life's transitions. Adjusting can be hard, scary work. How can I help support you along life's path in ways that empower and, at times, challenge you? Let me help encourage and support you in discovering your potential through healthy change. Let's redefine your potential and find purpose by starting exactly where you are, today.
(630) 523-8820 View (630) 523-8820
Photo of Shannon Cagle, Licensed Professional Counselor in Wheaton, IL
Shannon Cagle
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, CCTP
Verified Verified
Wheaton, IL 60187
As a psychotherapist, I have a unique perspective from my combined experience as a mental health professional and former law enforcement officer; as such, I have significant experience in counseling military veterans, law enforcement officers, and first responders.
As a psychotherapist, I have a unique perspective from my combined experience as a mental health professional and former law enforcement officer; as such, I have significant experience in counseling military veterans, law enforcement officers, and first responders.
(630) 528-1705 View (630) 528-1705
Photo of Sara Raja, Licensed Professional Counselor in Wheaton, IL
Sara Raja
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Wheaton, IL 60187  (Online Only)
Are you looking for a trustworthy and compassionate collaborator to help you navigate challenges in your life? I am passionate about helping my clients process their pasts, problem solve and work through current issues, and create meaningful change in their lives. As a therapist, I am gentle and warm and I make it a goal to help clients feel comfortable quickly. By honoring your individuality and the unique circumstances that bring you to therapy, I can help you build upon your strengths, optimize your self awareness, and create the life you want!
Are you looking for a trustworthy and compassionate collaborator to help you navigate challenges in your life? I am passionate about helping my clients process their pasts, problem solve and work through current issues, and create meaningful change in their lives. As a therapist, I am gentle and warm and I make it a goal to help clients feel comfortable quickly. By honoring your individuality and the unique circumstances that bring you to therapy, I can help you build upon your strengths, optimize your self awareness, and create the life you want!
(630) 345-4743 View (630) 345-4743
Photo of Lauren Bose, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Wheaton, IL
Lauren Bose
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, L, C, S, W
Verified Verified
Wheaton, IL 60187
My name is Lauren Bose and I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with a Master’s degree from Aurora University. I like to assist others in overcoming obstacles to achieve their goals. Many times stress, anxiety and depression can make us feel like we can’t. I like to help others realize that they can!
My name is Lauren Bose and I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with a Master’s degree from Aurora University. I like to assist others in overcoming obstacles to achieve their goals. Many times stress, anxiety and depression can make us feel like we can’t. I like to help others realize that they can!
(630) 634-9844 View (630) 634-9844
Photo of Vanessa Houdek, Psychologist in Wheaton, IL
Vanessa Houdek
Psychologist, PsyD, PMH-C
Verified Verified
Wheaton, IL 60187  (Online Only)
I specialize in "Moms," working mostly with women throughout different phases of motherhood including those trying to conceive, soon-to-be, new and seasoned mothers. Protecting and supporting mental health throughout each phase may look different for each client; however, my approach is always centered on creating a warm, supportive and relatable space. I focus on connection and find space for humor. I normalize so much of what women experience along this journey in becoming "Mom" but also provide real skills to use in daily life.
I specialize in "Moms," working mostly with women throughout different phases of motherhood including those trying to conceive, soon-to-be, new and seasoned mothers. Protecting and supporting mental health throughout each phase may look different for each client; however, my approach is always centered on creating a warm, supportive and relatable space. I focus on connection and find space for humor. I normalize so much of what women experience along this journey in becoming "Mom" but also provide real skills to use in daily life.
(630) 216-8780 View (630) 216-8780
Photo of Colleen Watson, Counselor in Wheaton, IL
Colleen Watson
Counselor, MA, LCPC
Verified Verified
Wheaton, IL 60189  (Online Only)
Often times we find barriers in our lives that are interfering with our health and happiness, however, we don’t know where to start in making changes. Maybe the thoughts in your head are limiting you from living your most valued life. Maybe your fears are hindering you from living according to your true values. Maybe this continuous loop has resulted in you feeling like a less vibrant version of yourself. You have tried and hoped for things to be different or to change and the same patterns of thought and behavior are getting in your way.
Often times we find barriers in our lives that are interfering with our health and happiness, however, we don’t know where to start in making changes. Maybe the thoughts in your head are limiting you from living your most valued life. Maybe your fears are hindering you from living according to your true values. Maybe this continuous loop has resulted in you feeling like a less vibrant version of yourself. You have tried and hoped for things to be different or to change and the same patterns of thought and behavior are getting in your way.
(331) 258-1918 View (331) 258-1918
Photo of Shannon Giovingo, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Wheaton, IL
Shannon Giovingo
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Wheaton, IL 60187
Are you a person who struggles in your relationships? Are you an exhausted caregiver, people-pleaser, perfectionist, overachiever, or rescuer who is ready to retire your role? Perhaps you’re seeking to reweave your experiences and want to learn how to peacefully realign with an experienced guide by your side. I help sensitive souls learn to break free from reactivity to external circumstances and repair their relationships by creating compassionate insight to their inner worlds.
Are you a person who struggles in your relationships? Are you an exhausted caregiver, people-pleaser, perfectionist, overachiever, or rescuer who is ready to retire your role? Perhaps you’re seeking to reweave your experiences and want to learn how to peacefully realign with an experienced guide by your side. I help sensitive souls learn to break free from reactivity to external circumstances and repair their relationships by creating compassionate insight to their inner worlds.
(630) 349-2954 View (630) 349-2954
Photo of Shannon Dudzienski, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Wheaton, IL
Shannon Dudzienski
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LSW
Verified Verified
Wheaton, IL 60189
Shannon Dudzienski is a Licensed Social Worker in Illinois with 4 years of experience. She received her Associate of Arts from then College of DuPage, and then transferred to Northern Illinois University to obtain her Bachelor in Psychology, followed by her Master in Social Work. Shannon believes in a strength-based and client-centered approach. She provides support, validation, a welcoming environment, and meets clients where they are at. Her treatment philosophy includes using interventions such as cognitive-behavioral therapy, acceptance and commitment therapy, dialectical behavioral therapy, art therapy, and play therapy.
Shannon Dudzienski is a Licensed Social Worker in Illinois with 4 years of experience. She received her Associate of Arts from then College of DuPage, and then transferred to Northern Illinois University to obtain her Bachelor in Psychology, followed by her Master in Social Work. Shannon believes in a strength-based and client-centered approach. She provides support, validation, a welcoming environment, and meets clients where they are at. Her treatment philosophy includes using interventions such as cognitive-behavioral therapy, acceptance and commitment therapy, dialectical behavioral therapy, art therapy, and play therapy.
(331) 259-8743 View (331) 259-8743
Photo of Lauren Lucas, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Wheaton, IL
Lauren Lucas
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Wheaton, IL 60187  (Online Only)
Perhaps you're pursuing therapy in the hopes of strengthening your self-worth, or maybe to improve communication skills, to process the impact traumatic experiences have had on your worldview, or to learn new ways to cope with depression, anxiety, or life's stressors. Whatever it is that has prompted you to start this process, I look forward to working together to move you towards a place of contentment, emotional security, and confidence in coping with what life brings you. My approach is collaborative and conversational; my clients have described our sessions as warm, empowering, educational, and connective.
Perhaps you're pursuing therapy in the hopes of strengthening your self-worth, or maybe to improve communication skills, to process the impact traumatic experiences have had on your worldview, or to learn new ways to cope with depression, anxiety, or life's stressors. Whatever it is that has prompted you to start this process, I look forward to working together to move you towards a place of contentment, emotional security, and confidence in coping with what life brings you. My approach is collaborative and conversational; my clients have described our sessions as warm, empowering, educational, and connective.
(630) 557-8218 View (630) 557-8218
Photo of Anna Finnegan, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Wheaton, IL
Anna Finnegan
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Wheaton, IL 60187
I believe wholeheartedly in the healing power of authentic and meaningful human connection. I believe growth and change are best fostered in an environment where you feel heard, seen, respected, safe, and valued. As a therapist, it is of the utmost importance that the therapeutic work we do together be a completely collaborative process. I feel passionate that the relationship we have with our emotions, especially the painful ones, dictates the quality of our lives. As humans, we all struggle with painful feelings, whether from loss, anxiety, illness, or changes.
I believe wholeheartedly in the healing power of authentic and meaningful human connection. I believe growth and change are best fostered in an environment where you feel heard, seen, respected, safe, and valued. As a therapist, it is of the utmost importance that the therapeutic work we do together be a completely collaborative process. I feel passionate that the relationship we have with our emotions, especially the painful ones, dictates the quality of our lives. As humans, we all struggle with painful feelings, whether from loss, anxiety, illness, or changes.
(872) 231-3646 View (872) 231-3646
Photo of Ann Thorwall, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Wheaton, IL
Ann Thorwall
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Wheaton, IL 60187
My approach to therapy combines the empathy and support of traditional talk therapy with active, research- based methods to help you overcome life’s hurdles and transitions. My clients have had great success with these methods in transforming relationships, overcoming depression, conquering anxiety, and gaining mastery of personal and professional challenges. My approach is both collaborative and directive; it is structured but not rigid.
My approach to therapy combines the empathy and support of traditional talk therapy with active, research- based methods to help you overcome life’s hurdles and transitions. My clients have had great success with these methods in transforming relationships, overcoming depression, conquering anxiety, and gaining mastery of personal and professional challenges. My approach is both collaborative and directive; it is structured but not rigid.
(630) 755-6663 View (630) 755-6663
Photo of Peter Zammuto, Psychologist in Wheaton, IL
Peter Zammuto
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Wheaton, IL 60189
Dr. Peter Zammuto is a Psychologist in Illinois. Dr. Zammuto tailors care to assist clients in meeting their personal goals through systematic and evidencebased approaches. He uses CognitiveBehavioral techniques and Operant learning theory, within an integrated Family Systems context, to provide support for children, adolescents, and families across a spectrum of ages and presenting concerns. Dr. Zammuto provides appropriate accommodations to sessions to meet the developmental level and needs of each client, to maximize retention and engagement of session content.
Dr. Peter Zammuto is a Psychologist in Illinois. Dr. Zammuto tailors care to assist clients in meeting their personal goals through systematic and evidencebased approaches. He uses CognitiveBehavioral techniques and Operant learning theory, within an integrated Family Systems context, to provide support for children, adolescents, and families across a spectrum of ages and presenting concerns. Dr. Zammuto provides appropriate accommodations to sessions to meet the developmental level and needs of each client, to maximize retention and engagement of session content.
(331) 267-6194 View (331) 267-6194
Photo of Mateusz Dzikowski, Psychologist in Wheaton, IL
Mateusz Dzikowski
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Wheaton, IL 60187  (Online Only)
I help individuals overcome obstacles and difficulties that keep them from reaching their desired goals and living lives that are marked by peace, meaning, and freedom. I try to do this in a collaborative and respectful manner—in the context of a therapeutic relationship. In this relationship, I seek to explore, process, and resolve challenging and often painful life experiences that have contributed to the development of unhelpful psychological dynamics (e.g., thinking patterns, emotional responses, and interpersonal habits) that cause distress and that negatively impact various parts daily life.
I help individuals overcome obstacles and difficulties that keep them from reaching their desired goals and living lives that are marked by peace, meaning, and freedom. I try to do this in a collaborative and respectful manner—in the context of a therapeutic relationship. In this relationship, I seek to explore, process, and resolve challenging and often painful life experiences that have contributed to the development of unhelpful psychological dynamics (e.g., thinking patterns, emotional responses, and interpersonal habits) that cause distress and that negatively impact various parts daily life.
(630) 653-1717 View (630) 653-1717
Photo of Kasia Tomanek, Licensed Professional Counselor in Wheaton, IL
Kasia Tomanek
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, NCC, MA
Verified Verified
Wheaton, IL 60187
Are you struggling to prioritize your own needs and caring for yourself? Are you feeling the weight of depression, anxiety, and relationship problems? I strongly believe that, as individuals, we need to prioritize our own well-being to live a full and rewarding lives. Helping clients discover and access self-care and self-compassion as they begin their journey in therapy is a passion of mine. Beginnings are never easy, but I am here to walk alongside you in this journey and will be here to support and guide you through this rewarding and life changing process.
Are you struggling to prioritize your own needs and caring for yourself? Are you feeling the weight of depression, anxiety, and relationship problems? I strongly believe that, as individuals, we need to prioritize our own well-being to live a full and rewarding lives. Helping clients discover and access self-care and self-compassion as they begin their journey in therapy is a passion of mine. Beginnings are never easy, but I am here to walk alongside you in this journey and will be here to support and guide you through this rewarding and life changing process.
(630) 538-7405 View (630) 538-7405
Photo of Rachel Rosales, Licensed Professional Counselor in Wheaton, IL
Rachel Rosales
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Wheaton, IL 60187
Everyone deserves a non-judgmental and compassionate space to heal! I am passionate about building healthy relationships with my clients. I believe in creating a safe, stable space that will allow you to express yourself and explore your concerns fully and authentically. I specialize in working with clients dealing with mood disorders, neurodiversity, and complex trauma. I regularly work with individuals who have felt let down, misunderstood, or unheard by the traditional healthcare system. I am passionate about and deeply committed to providing neurodivergent-affirming and diversity-affirming care for all of my clients.
Everyone deserves a non-judgmental and compassionate space to heal! I am passionate about building healthy relationships with my clients. I believe in creating a safe, stable space that will allow you to express yourself and explore your concerns fully and authentically. I specialize in working with clients dealing with mood disorders, neurodiversity, and complex trauma. I regularly work with individuals who have felt let down, misunderstood, or unheard by the traditional healthcare system. I am passionate about and deeply committed to providing neurodivergent-affirming and diversity-affirming care for all of my clients.
(331) 253-4638 View (331) 253-4638
Photo of Debbie Prescott, Counselor in Wheaton, IL
Debbie Prescott
Counselor, MA, LCPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Wheaton, IL 60187
Are you facing unexpected challenges in your life? Let me help you rediscover your strengths and regain mental and emotional wellness. I offer support and teach techniques to help you overcome your obstacles. My specialty is guiding my clients through life transitions, such as divorce, illness, grief, and job loss. I focus on treatment of depression, marital and relational codependency, workplace conflict, and parenting issues, especially those related to discord with adult children.
Are you facing unexpected challenges in your life? Let me help you rediscover your strengths and regain mental and emotional wellness. I offer support and teach techniques to help you overcome your obstacles. My specialty is guiding my clients through life transitions, such as divorce, illness, grief, and job loss. I focus on treatment of depression, marital and relational codependency, workplace conflict, and parenting issues, especially those related to discord with adult children.
(331) 208-5568 View (331) 208-5568
Photo of Laurel R. Erickson, PsyD, Psychologist in Wheaton, IL
Laurel R. Erickson, PsyD
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Wheaton, IL 60189
I understand it takes courage to ask for help. The right therapeutic relationship should be a useful tool to help overcome life's challenges. I want to offer you a place where you can safely share your concerns and learn new ways to cope with the struggles you encounter. I provide a safe, supportive atmosphere which is free from criticism and offers direct feedback and suggestions. Our work together helps you better understand yourself and have more insight into your relationships. I will collaborate with you to find new ways to communicate and feel more life satisfaction.
I understand it takes courage to ask for help. The right therapeutic relationship should be a useful tool to help overcome life's challenges. I want to offer you a place where you can safely share your concerns and learn new ways to cope with the struggles you encounter. I provide a safe, supportive atmosphere which is free from criticism and offers direct feedback and suggestions. Our work together helps you better understand yourself and have more insight into your relationships. I will collaborate with you to find new ways to communicate and feel more life satisfaction.
(630) 478-2428 View (630) 478-2428

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Wheaton, IL

300+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Wheaton, IL who prioritize treating:

94% Anxiety
90% Depression
79% Relationship Issues
77% Self Esteem
71% Grief
69% Trauma and PTSD
65% Coping Skills

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

96% BlueCross and BlueShield
61% Aetna
48% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in Wheaton, IL see their clients

86% In Person and Online
14% Online Only

Gender breakdown

77% Female
22% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Wheaton?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.