Photo of WisdomPath Way Institute, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Fair Oaks, CA
WisdomPath Way Institute
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, PhD, LCSW
Verified Verified
Fair Oaks, CA 95628
It is often when we feel the most overwhelmed __ when we have "tried everything we know" to feel better, to make changes, to break out of bad habits or unhelpful behavior patterns __ that we find ourselves the most open to growth and change. This is the purpose of psychotherapy. To provide us with the opportunity to open to the process of self-discovery __ to explore our thoughts, our feelings, and our behaviors and to find or regain our essential wholeness and sense of well-being.
It is often when we feel the most overwhelmed __ when we have "tried everything we know" to feel better, to make changes, to break out of bad habits or unhelpful behavior patterns __ that we find ourselves the most open to growth and change. This is the purpose of psychotherapy. To provide us with the opportunity to open to the process of self-discovery __ to explore our thoughts, our feelings, and our behaviors and to find or regain our essential wholeness and sense of well-being.
(916) 341-9335 View (916) 341-9335
Photo of Alicia Luna, Marriage & Family Therapist in Fair Oaks, CA
Alicia Luna
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Fair Oaks, CA 95628
I've been practicing therapy for over 20 years and am consistently in awe of the process. What an honor to come alongside kids, teens, and adults and see improvement. I consider it a privilege to be intentional, and helpful when people need it most, whether wading through challenging circumstances, navigating a desire to change a behavior, or processing overwhelming emotions. Clients range from students, individuals, & couples to professionals with high performance stressful careers and work related pressures. Sessions take place in person & via telehealth. I have two locations in Fair Oaks & Roseville, CA.
I've been practicing therapy for over 20 years and am consistently in awe of the process. What an honor to come alongside kids, teens, and adults and see improvement. I consider it a privilege to be intentional, and helpful when people need it most, whether wading through challenging circumstances, navigating a desire to change a behavior, or processing overwhelming emotions. Clients range from students, individuals, & couples to professionals with high performance stressful careers and work related pressures. Sessions take place in person & via telehealth. I have two locations in Fair Oaks & Roseville, CA.
(916) 597-1152 View (916) 597-1152
Photo of Ruth Cohn, Psychologist in Fair Oaks, CA
Ruth Cohn
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Fair Oaks, CA 95628
I don't have a specific client that is "ideal" as every client has their own unique history and backstory. I definitely look forward to meeting with people who are interested in self-growth but I also enjoy helping people get to the point to where the may be ready to work on their self-growth. If you are reading this, you would probably be the ideal client since you have taken the first step in just having that thought in your head about maybe it is time to give yourself the love you give to others and focusing on yourself.
I don't have a specific client that is "ideal" as every client has their own unique history and backstory. I definitely look forward to meeting with people who are interested in self-growth but I also enjoy helping people get to the point to where the may be ready to work on their self-growth. If you are reading this, you would probably be the ideal client since you have taken the first step in just having that thought in your head about maybe it is time to give yourself the love you give to others and focusing on yourself.
(916) 269-4853 View (916) 269-4853
Photo of Lana Garvin, Marriage & Family Therapist in Fair Oaks, CA
Lana Garvin
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Fair Oaks, CA 95628
Welcome! If you are searching for a counselor then you may be struggling with difficulties in your life that seem overwhelming or impossible to overcome. In the face of troubling life circumstances, we all do our best to cope, but sometimes we need help and guidance to know the next step to take. I can help you discover and use your internal strengths to overcome personal challenges. I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist #93813 and I believe there is hope, and there can be healing!
Welcome! If you are searching for a counselor then you may be struggling with difficulties in your life that seem overwhelming or impossible to overcome. In the face of troubling life circumstances, we all do our best to cope, but sometimes we need help and guidance to know the next step to take. I can help you discover and use your internal strengths to overcome personal challenges. I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist #93813 and I believe there is hope, and there can be healing!
(916) 235-6461 View (916) 235-6461
Photo of Kymberly Haas, Marriage & Family Therapist in Fair Oaks, CA
Kymberly Haas
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, CADC-II
Verified Verified
Fair Oaks, CA 95628
Waitlist for new clients
It takes courage to be willing to get some help. I'd like to honor your courage and be a partner in healing, while you address the issues that make your world less than you imagine it can be. Whether your relationships feel difficult, or you are struggling with specific issues like substance use, mental health, or the wreckage of trauma in your life-- healing is both possible and available. I work in a variety of ways, and try to match the way I work and skills I bring to the PERSON I am working with. Find your peace today.
It takes courage to be willing to get some help. I'd like to honor your courage and be a partner in healing, while you address the issues that make your world less than you imagine it can be. Whether your relationships feel difficult, or you are struggling with specific issues like substance use, mental health, or the wreckage of trauma in your life-- healing is both possible and available. I work in a variety of ways, and try to match the way I work and skills I bring to the PERSON I am working with. Find your peace today.
(916) 297-4926 View (916) 297-4926
Photo of Barbara Eggenberger, Marriage & Family Therapist in Fair Oaks, CA
Barbara Eggenberger
Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT
Verified Verified
Fair Oaks, CA 95628  (Online Only)
I am a licensed Marriage Family Therapist serving clients via zoom in California and Oregon. If you struggle with chronic issues and have tried other therapists and are still struggling, I may be the therapist for you. I am a specialist in accessing early trauma and clearing it through the use of brain-based therapies such as EMDR and Brainspotting. I am certified in Brainspotting and Systemic Family Constellations and trained in EMDR I/II. I combine these three methods plus my natural empathic abilities to access blockages and clear them. You will feel immediately better!
I am a licensed Marriage Family Therapist serving clients via zoom in California and Oregon. If you struggle with chronic issues and have tried other therapists and are still struggling, I may be the therapist for you. I am a specialist in accessing early trauma and clearing it through the use of brain-based therapies such as EMDR and Brainspotting. I am certified in Brainspotting and Systemic Family Constellations and trained in EMDR I/II. I combine these three methods plus my natural empathic abilities to access blockages and clear them. You will feel immediately better!
(916) 571-9297 View (916) 571-9297
Photo of Ciara Scott Erler, Marriage & Family Therapist in Fair Oaks, CA
Ciara Scott Erler
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Fair Oaks, CA 95628  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
My Cognitive Behavioral approach is focused on identifying the point of change that can help create momentum to move towards growth.
My practice is focused on empowering people to take charge of their lives and work towards goals that they set for themselves. I support individuals, couples and families in identifying patterns that are not working for them and creating cooperative relational dynamics. I enjoy helping people see themselves from a strengths perspective, creating a powerful counter message to the negative messages they may have received.
My Cognitive Behavioral approach is focused on identifying the point of change that can help create momentum to move towards growth.
My practice is focused on empowering people to take charge of their lives and work towards goals that they set for themselves. I support individuals, couples and families in identifying patterns that are not working for them and creating cooperative relational dynamics. I enjoy helping people see themselves from a strengths perspective, creating a powerful counter message to the negative messages they may have received.
(279) 205-4642 View (279) 205-4642

More Therapists Nearby

Meghan Holland
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Citrus Heights, CA 95621
Have you been searching for someone that will listen? Someone who will work with you to solve the challenges life throws at you? Let me be that person. I am an LMFT and a Board Certified Behavior Analyst (BCBA). I have experience working with a variety of different individuals, including those struggling with trauma, relationships, marriage difficulties, infidelity, family discord, behavior challenges, at-risk youth, developmental delays, building social skills, teenage issues, adjustment and attachment, depression, anxiety, parenting and many more.
Have you been searching for someone that will listen? Someone who will work with you to solve the challenges life throws at you? Let me be that person. I am an LMFT and a Board Certified Behavior Analyst (BCBA). I have experience working with a variety of different individuals, including those struggling with trauma, relationships, marriage difficulties, infidelity, family discord, behavior challenges, at-risk youth, developmental delays, building social skills, teenage issues, adjustment and attachment, depression, anxiety, parenting and many more.
(916) 619-4001 View (916) 619-4001
Photo of Hengameh Roohi, Psychologist in Fair Oaks, CA
Hengameh Roohi
Psychologist, LCP
Verified Verified
Citrus Heights, CA 95610
I have been a licensed Psychologist since 2011 with a Ph.D. in Clinical Psychology and Post-Doctoral training in Neuropsychology. My specialties include working with clients experiencing anxiety, stress, depression, couples issues, women's issues, and multicultural issues. I am trained in both Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and psychodynamic therapy. This means that I think about your challenges from multiple perspectives. I try to help you not just fix the pressing issue of the day but also make deeper, more lasting changes.
I have been a licensed Psychologist since 2011 with a Ph.D. in Clinical Psychology and Post-Doctoral training in Neuropsychology. My specialties include working with clients experiencing anxiety, stress, depression, couples issues, women's issues, and multicultural issues. I am trained in both Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and psychodynamic therapy. This means that I think about your challenges from multiple perspectives. I try to help you not just fix the pressing issue of the day but also make deeper, more lasting changes.
(323) 629-8356 View (323) 629-8356
Photo of Lorain Arlene Tremayne, Marriage & Family Therapist in Fair Oaks, CA
Lorain Arlene Tremayne
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Sacramento, CA 95826
I offer a heartfelt warm and compassionate eclectic approach that includes, psychotherapy, re-decision, mindfulness, meditation, cognitive behavioral and inner child.
I believe the answers we are searching for are found within ourselves. It may take the support and trust of a skillful therapist in feeling safe in revealing our true selves and bringing purpose and meaning to our lives. By uncovering the blocks and developing the courage to shine a light on our authentic self, you discover the self you have been seeking. I'll support you in developing a plan that best serves your goals towards a path of self discovery and empowerment. I feel personal growth is connected to mind, body and spirit.
I offer a heartfelt warm and compassionate eclectic approach that includes, psychotherapy, re-decision, mindfulness, meditation, cognitive behavioral and inner child.
I believe the answers we are searching for are found within ourselves. It may take the support and trust of a skillful therapist in feeling safe in revealing our true selves and bringing purpose and meaning to our lives. By uncovering the blocks and developing the courage to shine a light on our authentic self, you discover the self you have been seeking. I'll support you in developing a plan that best serves your goals towards a path of self discovery and empowerment. I feel personal growth is connected to mind, body and spirit.
(916) 668-4254 View (916) 668-4254
Photo of Juana Gonzalez, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Fair Oaks, CA
Juana Gonzalez
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Sacramento, CA 95821
My name is Juana Gonzalez, and I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW). I am oriented to helping those that are experiencing distress and life changes that are affecting everyday functioning by using a holistic approach to treatment. I typically work with clients that are experiencing anxiety and inability to cope due to stress and life changes. Primarily work with women and elderly clients that are in need of tools for coping with life changes and stressors. The theoretical approaches I use are cognitive behavioral, person-centered, and holistic.
My name is Juana Gonzalez, and I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW). I am oriented to helping those that are experiencing distress and life changes that are affecting everyday functioning by using a holistic approach to treatment. I typically work with clients that are experiencing anxiety and inability to cope due to stress and life changes. Primarily work with women and elderly clients that are in need of tools for coping with life changes and stressors. The theoretical approaches I use are cognitive behavioral, person-centered, and holistic.
(209) 802-0592 View (209) 802-0592
Photo of Janene Kingsley, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in Fair Oaks, CA
Janene Kingsley
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA, APCC, AMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Rancho Cordova, CA 95670
If you have come to this spot, I know you are hurting in ways people often can’t see and seeking direction. I also know this might be hard for you. I can help you find the silver lining in your pain and suffering. I can help you understand what’s happening in your brain and reduce your stress. I can help you change your brain. I have specialized training and experience in Relationships, Personality Disorders, Addiction Recovery, Disorders of the Brain, Behavior issues with children and teens, Abuse and Trauma Recovery. I hope to help you find greater joy and meaning in this life by utilizing multiple therapy practices.
If you have come to this spot, I know you are hurting in ways people often can’t see and seeking direction. I also know this might be hard for you. I can help you find the silver lining in your pain and suffering. I can help you understand what’s happening in your brain and reduce your stress. I can help you change your brain. I have specialized training and experience in Relationships, Personality Disorders, Addiction Recovery, Disorders of the Brain, Behavior issues with children and teens, Abuse and Trauma Recovery. I hope to help you find greater joy and meaning in this life by utilizing multiple therapy practices.
(916) 884-2802 View (916) 884-2802
Photo of Samantha Chilton, Marriage & Family Therapist in Fair Oaks, CA
Samantha Chilton
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Folsom, CA 95630  (Online Only)
I offer a variety of cutting edge therapeutic methods and techniques with proven results, including but not limited to: EMDR, ACT, DBT, Behavior Modification, Therapeutic Movement, Mindfulness, Meditation, Spiritual and Nutritional Guidance.
"You may not control all the events that happen to you, but you can decide not to be reduced by them." Maya Angelou. I am a therapist, coach, and encourager. I believe people are stronger than they think, better than they know and capable of more than they ever imagined. My passion is helping individuals, families, and couples navigate through the difficulties and sometimes unbearable challenges of life, to a place of newfound strength, hope, healing, and peace. I utilize a collaborative approach working together with you assessing your life situation and setting effective goals uniquely designed to meet your specific needs.
I offer a variety of cutting edge therapeutic methods and techniques with proven results, including but not limited to: EMDR, ACT, DBT, Behavior Modification, Therapeutic Movement, Mindfulness, Meditation, Spiritual and Nutritional Guidance.
"You may not control all the events that happen to you, but you can decide not to be reduced by them." Maya Angelou. I am a therapist, coach, and encourager. I believe people are stronger than they think, better than they know and capable of more than they ever imagined. My passion is helping individuals, families, and couples navigate through the difficulties and sometimes unbearable challenges of life, to a place of newfound strength, hope, healing, and peace. I utilize a collaborative approach working together with you assessing your life situation and setting effective goals uniquely designed to meet your specific needs.
(916) 459-2005 View (916) 459-2005
Photo of Naomi Buchanan, Marriage & Family Therapist in Fair Oaks, CA
Naomi Buchanan
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Citrus Heights, CA 95610
I am a licensed Marriage and Family Therapist with expertise in treating complex trauma and stressor-related disorders. I have a history of working with individuals, couples, and families who are experiencing the impacts of substance use disorders. I am passionate about the healing arts and connecting with adults and adolescents who are open to sharing their stories and trusting the therapeutic process. My modalities include Dialectical Behavioral Therapy, trauma-informed, and family systems. I feel honored to work in a profession that is centered around interpersonal relationships, healing, and hope.
I am a licensed Marriage and Family Therapist with expertise in treating complex trauma and stressor-related disorders. I have a history of working with individuals, couples, and families who are experiencing the impacts of substance use disorders. I am passionate about the healing arts and connecting with adults and adolescents who are open to sharing their stories and trusting the therapeutic process. My modalities include Dialectical Behavioral Therapy, trauma-informed, and family systems. I feel honored to work in a profession that is centered around interpersonal relationships, healing, and hope.
(818) 938-2796 View (818) 938-2796
Photo of Ying Kam, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Fair Oaks, CA
Ying Kam
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Folsom, CA 95630
I have worked across various setting, including outpatient clinic, inpatient hospital, community, in-home, and within school settings. According to your needs, we may use different interventions, including cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), dialectical behavioral therapy (DBT), motivational interviewing technique (MIT), solution-focused therapy models to provide empathetic supportive and yet directive, counseling style to empower you to explore and resolve ambivalence and enhance motivation for positive change in your life.
I have worked across various setting, including outpatient clinic, inpatient hospital, community, in-home, and within school settings. According to your needs, we may use different interventions, including cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), dialectical behavioral therapy (DBT), motivational interviewing technique (MIT), solution-focused therapy models to provide empathetic supportive and yet directive, counseling style to empower you to explore and resolve ambivalence and enhance motivation for positive change in your life.
(442) 309-4432 View (442) 309-4432
Photo of Patricia Soto, Marriage & Family Therapist in Fair Oaks, CA
Patricia Soto
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
North Highlands, CA 95660
Hello! My name is Patricia Soto and I’m a Licensed Marriage & Family Therapist. I am dedicated to empowering individuals on their journey to mental well-being. I work with a wide range of emotional and behavioral issues providing services that span from depression, anxiety, life adjustments, grief, and work stress, to family or relationship stress. Let's work collaboratively to get you on the path of healing & happiness. My approach to therapy is being a Client-Centered therapist who also utilizes Solution-Focus.
Hello! My name is Patricia Soto and I’m a Licensed Marriage & Family Therapist. I am dedicated to empowering individuals on their journey to mental well-being. I work with a wide range of emotional and behavioral issues providing services that span from depression, anxiety, life adjustments, grief, and work stress, to family or relationship stress. Let's work collaboratively to get you on the path of healing & happiness. My approach to therapy is being a Client-Centered therapist who also utilizes Solution-Focus.
(310) 929-6148 View (310) 929-6148
Photo of Kendra Cunha, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Fair Oaks, CA
Kendra Cunha
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Sacramento, CA 95842
My treatment approaches include Cognitive Behavioral (CBT), Motivational Interviewing, Solution Focused, Strength Based, and Structural Family Therapy.
Welcome! My name is Kendra Cunha, Licensed Clinical Social Worker. I believe that safety and trust are the foundation of a good therapeutic relationship. Despite your circumstances, I will welcome you into a judgment-free space. My client focus includes individuals (Adults and Teens), Couples, and Elders (65+). I enjoy working with all communities. My passion is helping those who are struggling with interpersonal relationships, family conflict, life transitions, trauma, addiction, anxiety, depression, domestic violence, stress, medical trauma, and self-harm.
My treatment approaches include Cognitive Behavioral (CBT), Motivational Interviewing, Solution Focused, Strength Based, and Structural Family Therapy.
Welcome! My name is Kendra Cunha, Licensed Clinical Social Worker. I believe that safety and trust are the foundation of a good therapeutic relationship. Despite your circumstances, I will welcome you into a judgment-free space. My client focus includes individuals (Adults and Teens), Couples, and Elders (65+). I enjoy working with all communities. My passion is helping those who are struggling with interpersonal relationships, family conflict, life transitions, trauma, addiction, anxiety, depression, domestic violence, stress, medical trauma, and self-harm.
(916) 471-4435 View (916) 471-4435
Photo of Tanda Almont, Psychologist in Fair Oaks, CA
Tanda Almont
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Roseville, CA 95661
If you have children with difficult to manage behaviors, seek to learn better parenting skills or are a teacher/daycare provider who needs training to handle misbehavior in the classroom, you have come to the right place! I specialize in Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) which is an empirically supported, short-term live coaching program for parents of children with behavioral problems. I also train local preschools, daycares and other agencies who wish to learn techniques for understanding and handling behavioral problems in the classroom. In addition, I provide psychological testing and individual therapy for children and adults.
If you have children with difficult to manage behaviors, seek to learn better parenting skills or are a teacher/daycare provider who needs training to handle misbehavior in the classroom, you have come to the right place! I specialize in Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) which is an empirically supported, short-term live coaching program for parents of children with behavioral problems. I also train local preschools, daycares and other agencies who wish to learn techniques for understanding and handling behavioral problems in the classroom. In addition, I provide psychological testing and individual therapy for children and adults.
(916) 251-9936 View (916) 251-9936
Photo of Melanie Castellari, Marriage & Family Therapist in Fair Oaks, CA
Melanie Castellari
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Citrus Heights, CA 95621
I have an eclectic approach to therapy, working with my clients within the time and space that they are in while providing guidance and empathetic listening. I enjoy working with individuals and couples who need to reduce their angst and increase their enjoyment of life, themselves, and one another. I work with clients one-on-one or as a couple. My specialty is couples; however, I enjoy doing individual self-development work as well as behavior and crisis management. Working to ensure individuals fully maximize their individual potential. I believe communication is the base for a full, intimate, and engaging relationship.
I have an eclectic approach to therapy, working with my clients within the time and space that they are in while providing guidance and empathetic listening. I enjoy working with individuals and couples who need to reduce their angst and increase their enjoyment of life, themselves, and one another. I work with clients one-on-one or as a couple. My specialty is couples; however, I enjoy doing individual self-development work as well as behavior and crisis management. Working to ensure individuals fully maximize their individual potential. I believe communication is the base for a full, intimate, and engaging relationship.
(916) 633-6005 View (916) 633-6005
Photo of Crystal Harper, Pastoral Counselor in Fair Oaks, CA
Crystal Harper
Pastoral Counselor, DMinCC, LCPC, CTSS, PhD
Verified Verified
Citrus Heights, CA 95610  (Online Only)
Are you struggling with trauma, depression, anxiety, or other distressing emotions? How about your relationship? Do you desire release from unsuccessful patterns of behavior? Do you want to experience more peace and well-being? I effectively and compassionately help you navigate life-altering crisis and heal from traumatic experiences. With over 30 years of counseling experience, I have worked in: Suicide Prevention, Physical/Sexual Abuse, Trauma, Addiction, Anxiety, Depression, Domestic Violence, and PTSD. I have both a strong clinical and faith-based educational background and believe in taking a holistic approach to counseling.
Are you struggling with trauma, depression, anxiety, or other distressing emotions? How about your relationship? Do you desire release from unsuccessful patterns of behavior? Do you want to experience more peace and well-being? I effectively and compassionately help you navigate life-altering crisis and heal from traumatic experiences. With over 30 years of counseling experience, I have worked in: Suicide Prevention, Physical/Sexual Abuse, Trauma, Addiction, Anxiety, Depression, Domestic Violence, and PTSD. I have both a strong clinical and faith-based educational background and believe in taking a holistic approach to counseling.
(916) 579-7621 View (916) 579-7621
Behavioral Issues Therapists

What happens in therapy for behavioral issues?

No matter the type of therapy, individuals form an alliance with the therapist; that connection is often therapeutic in itself, plus it becomes an instrument of change. Individuals learn to identify situations that are especially troublesome for them and acquire new patterns of thinking and behaving. In therapy for ADHD, one of the most common behavior issues for children, individuals learn how to improve frustration tolerance, control impulsivity, manage attentional focus, and gain skills of self-organisation.

What therapy types help with behavioral issues?

Many types of therapy have been found effective, each targeting one or more areas of dysfunction. Perhaps best-known and most widely tested is cognitive and behavioral therapy (CBT), in which individuals learn new behavioral strategies and curb reactivity to frustrating or distressing situations that trigger disruptive behaviour. Anger, anxiety, mood disorders, impulse control problems are commonly addressed in CBT. Family therapy or parent management training is often helpful to reduce parent-child conflict and behavioral difficulties at home.

How long does therapy last for behavioral issues?

Among popular approaches to treating behavioral concerns, CBT is considered a short-term therapy intended to be administered in 15 to 20 weekly sessions. Parent training in behavior management, often used when the underlying cause of behavior issues is ADHD in children under 12, usually occurs in weekly sessions for 8 to 16 weeks. When behavioral issues stem from persistent aggression or defiance, therapy may last for months, and usually targets both children and their parents.

How effective is therapy for behavior issues?

Studies show that therapy for behavior issues in children is highly effective and may prevent the development of antisocial behavior later in life. Family intervention—parent management training or family therapy, both of which involve parents and children together—is considered most effective, notably for children under age 12 who persistently engage in aggressive, defiant, rule-breaking or other disruptive behavior. Whether provided alone or in combination with medication, CBT is highly effective in helping people regulate their emotions, and for people with ADHD, it addresses impulsiveness, hyperactivity and attentional focus.