Therapists in Great Neck, NY

Photo of Elaine Stein, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Great Neck, NY
Elaine Stein
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-R
Verified Verified
Great Neck, NY 11021
I hope to help individuals and couples increase their self awareness and identify challenges and goals. I offer an integrated approach to treatment drawing from a variety of theories and techniques. Change is a process that takes time and commitment but may feel daunting and isolating. My hope is reduce the isolation by creating a safe and supportive environment to explore concerns while taking steps to reach identified goals.
I hope to help individuals and couples increase their self awareness and identify challenges and goals. I offer an integrated approach to treatment drawing from a variety of theories and techniques. Change is a process that takes time and commitment but may feel daunting and isolating. My hope is reduce the isolation by creating a safe and supportive environment to explore concerns while taking steps to reach identified goals.
(516) 530-8487 View (516) 530-8487
Photo of Sahar Younai, Psychologist in Great Neck, NY
Sahar Younai
Psychologist, Psy D
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Great Neck, NY 11021
Have you hit a wall in your ability to move forward despite your best efforts at seeking therapy? Has medication failed to make a dent in your symptoms? Have Cognitive Behavioral Approaches only helped a bit? Has anxiety already extracted too great of a cost on your life? I will do my utmost to help you. My treatment approach combines the best of QEEG guided neurofeedback with third-generation psychotherapeutic approaches. I will do my best to assist you in Being YOUR BEST SELF. Short-term treatment can yield long-term results! I utilize a 25 session therapeutic approach.
Have you hit a wall in your ability to move forward despite your best efforts at seeking therapy? Has medication failed to make a dent in your symptoms? Have Cognitive Behavioral Approaches only helped a bit? Has anxiety already extracted too great of a cost on your life? I will do my utmost to help you. My treatment approach combines the best of QEEG guided neurofeedback with third-generation psychotherapeutic approaches. I will do my best to assist you in Being YOUR BEST SELF. Short-term treatment can yield long-term results! I utilize a 25 session therapeutic approach.
(516) 272-4795 View (516) 272-4795
Photo of Anne Liblich, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Great Neck, NY
Anne Liblich
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
Great Neck, NY 11021  (Online Only)
Are you looking for a therapist for yourself, or loved one and unsure where to begin? Finding a new therapist can be quite daunting, and time consuming. Do you worry about connecting with your new therapist, or aligning with values? I believe the rapport built between therapist and client is a critical component in receiving adequate treatment, and support. I pride myself on creating a safe, nonjudgmental and compassionate space allowing one to feel comfortable discussing sensitive and private matters. I am available for tele-health sessions from the comfort of your own home in both MA & NY.
Are you looking for a therapist for yourself, or loved one and unsure where to begin? Finding a new therapist can be quite daunting, and time consuming. Do you worry about connecting with your new therapist, or aligning with values? I believe the rapport built between therapist and client is a critical component in receiving adequate treatment, and support. I pride myself on creating a safe, nonjudgmental and compassionate space allowing one to feel comfortable discussing sensitive and private matters. I am available for tele-health sessions from the comfort of your own home in both MA & NY.
(347) 321-9642 View (347) 321-9642
Linda Alexander
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, CSW, EdD, naap
Verified Verified
Great Neck, NY 11020
I have worked with individuals, couples,children, families and always am interested in the best interests of my clients. I understand how difficult it is to make that initial contact but truly believe in the coperative process. I am available in the mornings and late in the evening.
I have worked with individuals, couples,children, families and always am interested in the best interests of my clients. I understand how difficult it is to make that initial contact but truly believe in the coperative process. I am available in the mornings and late in the evening.
(516) 830-4848 View (516) 830-4848
Photo of Dina Eva Kalnicki, Psychologist in Great Neck, NY
Dina Eva Kalnicki
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Great Neck, NY 11021  (Online Only)
I believe in the power of our therapeutic relationship, the ultimate yet genuine collaborative problem solving process. Together we will create positive change. I draw from my diverse psychology experiences, spanning schools, hospitals, day treatment programs, assessment centers, community mental health clinics, and private practice to tailor my interventions to meet your unique needs. My focus is providing concrete life skills while working through underlying issues and improving our everyday relationships. I view relationships as essential for helping to create change. The office has a room for testing and therapy and another for play therapy and PCIT.
I believe in the power of our therapeutic relationship, the ultimate yet genuine collaborative problem solving process. Together we will create positive change. I draw from my diverse psychology experiences, spanning schools, hospitals, day treatment programs, assessment centers, community mental health clinics, and private practice to tailor my interventions to meet your unique needs. My focus is providing concrete life skills while working through underlying issues and improving our everyday relationships. I view relationships as essential for helping to create change. The office has a room for testing and therapy and another for play therapy and PCIT.
(516) 806-6814 View (516) 806-6814
Photo of Kathy Sionit, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Great Neck, NY
Kathy Sionit
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
Great Neck, NY 11021
I have several years of experience helping clients with an array of challenges. My clients are teenagers and adults struggling with depression, anxiety, suicidal thoughts, and drug and alcohol dependency and abuse.
I have several years of experience helping clients with an array of challenges. My clients are teenagers and adults struggling with depression, anxiety, suicidal thoughts, and drug and alcohol dependency and abuse.
(718) 569-7193 View (718) 569-7193
Photo of Flavia Badillo, Psychologist in Great Neck, NY
Flavia Badillo
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Great Neck, NY 11021
I work with adults who are seeking relief and understanding of what underlies their anxieties, depression and any feelings of powerlessness, in a empathetic and judgement free manner. For the last seven years, I have worked exclusively with adults. My work involves, but is not limited to, empowering my patients and helping them identify/understand life patterns, such as, repeatedly in unhappy relationships/situations, difficulty achieving a goal, or feeling unhappy/dissatisfied in all stages of life.
I work with adults who are seeking relief and understanding of what underlies their anxieties, depression and any feelings of powerlessness, in a empathetic and judgement free manner. For the last seven years, I have worked exclusively with adults. My work involves, but is not limited to, empowering my patients and helping them identify/understand life patterns, such as, repeatedly in unhappy relationships/situations, difficulty achieving a goal, or feeling unhappy/dissatisfied in all stages of life.
(929) 265-5161 View (929) 265-5161
Photo of Dr. Victoria Grinman, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Great Neck, NY
Dr. Victoria Grinman
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, PhD, LCSW-R, LICSW, CFTP, CA
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Great Neck, NY 11021
I am a clinical therapist and professor who practices in New York and Massachusetts. Many times, challenges, pain, loss, and even suffering hold just as much a place in our lives as happiness, joy, peace and triumph. Utilizing best-practices and empirical knowledge, my hope is for our journey to be an intricate process of joining and receiving; discovering and growing; learning and practicing. My approach is integrative, taking into consideration all the systems within you, including race, culture and environment. I aim to hold a warm and supportive space wherein empowerment, balance and growth can be achieved.
I am a clinical therapist and professor who practices in New York and Massachusetts. Many times, challenges, pain, loss, and even suffering hold just as much a place in our lives as happiness, joy, peace and triumph. Utilizing best-practices and empirical knowledge, my hope is for our journey to be an intricate process of joining and receiving; discovering and growing; learning and practicing. My approach is integrative, taking into consideration all the systems within you, including race, culture and environment. I aim to hold a warm and supportive space wherein empowerment, balance and growth can be achieved.
(646) 791-3364 View (646) 791-3364
Photo of Phyllis Schalet, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Great Neck, NY
Phyllis Schalet
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, BCD, ACSW
Verified Verified
Great Neck, NY 11027
Not accepting new clients
I believe in empowering people to help themselves through self-understanding. Only when we know what is wrong do we have the potential to change it. Understanding that change is difficult even when it is for the better, I provide a safe, supportive environment where my clients can grow, achieve positive self-acceptance, and find peace and fulfillment in their lives. I work with adult individuals and couples who are facing relationship problems, life crises and change, loss, anxiety, and depression.
I believe in empowering people to help themselves through self-understanding. Only when we know what is wrong do we have the potential to change it. Understanding that change is difficult even when it is for the better, I provide a safe, supportive environment where my clients can grow, achieve positive self-acceptance, and find peace and fulfillment in their lives. I work with adult individuals and couples who are facing relationship problems, life crises and change, loss, anxiety, and depression.
(516) 806-5458 View (516) 806-5458
Photo of Karen Wachtel, Psychologist in Great Neck, NY
Karen Wachtel
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Great Neck, NY 11021
Seeking help is not always easy, but I have found that most patients end up feeling relieved and more optimistic once they have taken that first step. As a therapist, I try my best to make you feel comfortable and understood. I work in a supportive, interactive, and collaborative manner and it is my goal to help you develop tools, right from the start, to help you manage your situation as we continue to get to know one another. I have over 15-years experience working with adults, adolescents and young families with a variety of concerns including anxiety, depression, difficult transitions, stress, and parenting challenges.
Seeking help is not always easy, but I have found that most patients end up feeling relieved and more optimistic once they have taken that first step. As a therapist, I try my best to make you feel comfortable and understood. I work in a supportive, interactive, and collaborative manner and it is my goal to help you develop tools, right from the start, to help you manage your situation as we continue to get to know one another. I have over 15-years experience working with adults, adolescents and young families with a variety of concerns including anxiety, depression, difficult transitions, stress, and parenting challenges.
(646) 461-6661 View (646) 461-6661
Photo of Nicole Dicker, Counselor in Great Neck, NY
Nicole Dicker
Counselor, MS, LMHC
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Great Neck, NY 11023  (Online Only)
Life has no shortage of stressors; therapy is an opportunity to process challenges which can lead to self-discovery and growth. Whether it’s anxiety, relationship problems, diminished self-worth, mood difficulties, school-related obstacles, parenting issues, life transitions or the like, I am committed to utilizing a personalized approach, tailoring my work and interventions to focus on each individual client – with their particular struggles and strengths. As such, I help clients become better equipped to effect change – large or small - leading to better relationships, more fulfillment and improved feelings of self-worth.
Life has no shortage of stressors; therapy is an opportunity to process challenges which can lead to self-discovery and growth. Whether it’s anxiety, relationship problems, diminished self-worth, mood difficulties, school-related obstacles, parenting issues, life transitions or the like, I am committed to utilizing a personalized approach, tailoring my work and interventions to focus on each individual client – with their particular struggles and strengths. As such, I help clients become better equipped to effect change – large or small - leading to better relationships, more fulfillment and improved feelings of self-worth.
(516) 980-4327 View (516) 980-4327
Photo of Mary Cho, Counselor in Great Neck, NY
Mary Cho
Counselor, MA, LMHC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Great Neck, NY 11021  (Online Only)
In this journey of life, as we go through the seasons, we all need someone to walk with. Whether young or old, at the core of our being, we want to be heard in the midst of all of life's "noises". My desire is to walk with you and hear you.
In this journey of life, as we go through the seasons, we all need someone to walk with. Whether young or old, at the core of our being, we want to be heard in the midst of all of life's "noises". My desire is to walk with you and hear you.
(516) 774-1925 View (516) 774-1925
Photo of Jonathan Berent, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Great Neck, NY
Jonathan Berent
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, ACSW
Verified Verified
Great Neck, NY 11021
Since 1978 I have provided and supervised psychotherapy to approximately ten thousand individuals of all ages with social anxiety. The result of this process has been the development of The Berent Treatment Methodology, which has adapted to the specific needs of social anxiety sufferers, rather than fitting the problem of social anxiety into the narrow confines of existing modalities. Treatment integrates physiological, behavioral, cognitive, and emotional dynamics. The Berent Treatment Methodology is effective for: public speaking anxiety disorder, fear of being noticeably nervous as in erythrophobia and hyper-hidrosis, performance anxiety, selective mutism, pervasive social avoidance, and dependent personality.
Since 1978 I have provided and supervised psychotherapy to approximately ten thousand individuals of all ages with social anxiety. The result of this process has been the development of The Berent Treatment Methodology, which has adapted to the specific needs of social anxiety sufferers, rather than fitting the problem of social anxiety into the narrow confines of existing modalities. Treatment integrates physiological, behavioral, cognitive, and emotional dynamics. The Berent Treatment Methodology is effective for: public speaking anxiety disorder, fear of being noticeably nervous as in erythrophobia and hyper-hidrosis, performance anxiety, selective mutism, pervasive social avoidance, and dependent personality.
(800) 248-2034 View (800) 248-2034
Photo of Dustin Kahoud, Psychologist in Great Neck, NY
Dustin Kahoud
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Great Neck, NY 11021  (Online Only)
If you are reading this, it is likely that you are searching for change. Something new to impact your life. You might be searching for a way to feel and live your life differently. You might be seeking more satisfying relationships. Many are looking for relief from painful feelings and experiences. Maybe you are desiring more meaningful perspectives on stressful situations and relationship conflicts. In striving to achieve any of these ends, you cannot underestimate the impact of processing your feelings and communicating your experiences through a discussion like you have never had prior to coming in.
If you are reading this, it is likely that you are searching for change. Something new to impact your life. You might be searching for a way to feel and live your life differently. You might be seeking more satisfying relationships. Many are looking for relief from painful feelings and experiences. Maybe you are desiring more meaningful perspectives on stressful situations and relationship conflicts. In striving to achieve any of these ends, you cannot underestimate the impact of processing your feelings and communicating your experiences through a discussion like you have never had prior to coming in.
(516) 342-7683 View (516) 342-7683
Photo of Gary M Goldman, Psychologist in Great Neck, NY
Gary M Goldman
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Great Neck, NY 11021
I am a licensed psychologist with over 30 years of experience treating children, adolescents, young adults and adults. I provide a warm and safe atmosphere for you and or your family members to express their thoughts and feelings. As a result of my broad training and experience, I have successfully treated clients facing challenging life events, such as failing relationships, anxieties and parent child management concerns. I incorporate the therapeutic process with a collaborative team effort. Our work together will allow you to increase self awareness, insight and coping skills. All in an effort to approach life with more success and happiness.
I am a licensed psychologist with over 30 years of experience treating children, adolescents, young adults and adults. I provide a warm and safe atmosphere for you and or your family members to express their thoughts and feelings. As a result of my broad training and experience, I have successfully treated clients facing challenging life events, such as failing relationships, anxieties and parent child management concerns. I incorporate the therapeutic process with a collaborative team effort. Our work together will allow you to increase self awareness, insight and coping skills. All in an effort to approach life with more success and happiness.
(516) 308-9871 View (516) 308-9871
Photo of Donna Dilmanian Peri, Psychologist in Great Neck, NY
Donna Dilmanian Peri
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Great Neck, NY 11021
Psychotherapy provides a space to achieve personal growth and navigate challenges within a trusting, supportive relationship with a trained expert. As a clinical psychologist, I specialize in helping adolescents and adults with a variety of problems, including those struggling with mood, emotion regulation, trauma, identity, relationships, academic/professional issues, body image, and eating disorders. Together, we identify and work toward goals while seeking deeper understanding into their behaviors and problems.
Psychotherapy provides a space to achieve personal growth and navigate challenges within a trusting, supportive relationship with a trained expert. As a clinical psychologist, I specialize in helping adolescents and adults with a variety of problems, including those struggling with mood, emotion regulation, trauma, identity, relationships, academic/professional issues, body image, and eating disorders. Together, we identify and work toward goals while seeking deeper understanding into their behaviors and problems.
(917) 214-3066 View (917) 214-3066
Photo of Ann Bareish, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Great Neck, NY
Ann Bareish
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, ACSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Great Neck, NY 11021  (Online Only)
All people go through times where they feel overwhelmed, especially during a crisis. Often feelings of anxiety and depression cloud a persons ability to solve their daily conflicts. It is during those times that an objective, sympathetic support can help you get past these difficult times. I can provide the empathy and insight that will allow you to approach your problems in a new way, and provide feedback when you feel that it will be helpful. We can work together on the issues to achieve your goals, and gain a better understanding of your needs. I look forward to helping you in your journey.
All people go through times where they feel overwhelmed, especially during a crisis. Often feelings of anxiety and depression cloud a persons ability to solve their daily conflicts. It is during those times that an objective, sympathetic support can help you get past these difficult times. I can provide the empathy and insight that will allow you to approach your problems in a new way, and provide feedback when you feel that it will be helpful. We can work together on the issues to achieve your goals, and gain a better understanding of your needs. I look forward to helping you in your journey.
(516) 916-6422 View (516) 916-6422
Photo of Eileen Rubin, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Great Neck, NY
Eileen Rubin
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Great Neck, NY 11023
Sometimes difficult and painful emotions can become overwhelming and begin to interfere with your life. It can feel very lonely being stuck in a cycle of challenging problems that don't seem to get any better. As a therapist, my main goal is to provide a safe space to help clients with anxiety, depression and struggle due to both long-standing issues or perhaps a recent crisis. You may be dealing with major life changes, work or school problems, relationship/family conflict or other upsetting issues. With skilled and compassionate therapy, it is possible to find a way out of the pain-towards peace and happiness.
Sometimes difficult and painful emotions can become overwhelming and begin to interfere with your life. It can feel very lonely being stuck in a cycle of challenging problems that don't seem to get any better. As a therapist, my main goal is to provide a safe space to help clients with anxiety, depression and struggle due to both long-standing issues or perhaps a recent crisis. You may be dealing with major life changes, work or school problems, relationship/family conflict or other upsetting issues. With skilled and compassionate therapy, it is possible to find a way out of the pain-towards peace and happiness.
(516) 874-3767 View (516) 874-3767
Photo of Sherica Ross-Nickle in Great Neck, NY
Sherica Ross-Nickle
MHC-LP
Verified Verified
Great Neck, NY 11021  (Online Only)
One of my favorite quotes is “Self-care is how you take your power back.” Making this important decision to seek counseling is the first step to taking your power back, and I would be happy to be a part of your journey! My name is Sherica Ross-Nickle, and I am an MHC-LP Psychotherapist at Center Rock Mental Health Counseling. I have grown to understand how important it is to find a provider that you can confide in, someone you can trust, and someone who can support your well-being. If you are currently experiencing stress, anxiety, depression, low self-esteem, or trauma, I can provide the support and guidance that you need.
One of my favorite quotes is “Self-care is how you take your power back.” Making this important decision to seek counseling is the first step to taking your power back, and I would be happy to be a part of your journey! My name is Sherica Ross-Nickle, and I am an MHC-LP Psychotherapist at Center Rock Mental Health Counseling. I have grown to understand how important it is to find a provider that you can confide in, someone you can trust, and someone who can support your well-being. If you are currently experiencing stress, anxiety, depression, low self-esteem, or trauma, I can provide the support and guidance that you need.
(917) 912-2925 View (917) 912-2925
Photo of Adam Holstein, Licensed Psychoanalyst in Great Neck, NY
Adam Holstein
Licensed Psychoanalyst, PD, LP
Verified Verified
Great Neck, NY 11021
We construct our emotional world based on our past experience. What we attend to in the present, and what we expect in the future, is also based on our past experience. Our initial work is to understand your past and how it shapes your perceptions of challenges. As we learn how these perceptions came into existence, we then work toward making different choices in our interactions with others. In this manner we attain understanding and acceptance of our "self" and others.
We construct our emotional world based on our past experience. What we attend to in the present, and what we expect in the future, is also based on our past experience. Our initial work is to understand your past and how it shapes your perceptions of challenges. As we learn how these perceptions came into existence, we then work toward making different choices in our interactions with others. In this manner we attain understanding and acceptance of our "self" and others.
(516) 882-6443 View (516) 882-6443

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Great Neck, NY

200+

Average cost per session

$200

Therapists in Great Neck, NY who prioritize treating:

94% Anxiety
88% Depression
85% Relationship Issues
76% Self Esteem
68% Coping Skills
65% Family Conflict
64% Grief

Average years in practice

18 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

75% Aetna
65% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
63% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in Great Neck, NY see their clients

65% In Person and Online
35% Online Only

Gender breakdown

78% Female
22% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Great Neck?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.