Therapists in Darien, CT

Photo of Jennifer Stevens, Licensed Professional Counselor in Darien, CT
Jennifer Stevens
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MS
Verified Verified
Darien, CT 06820  (Online Only)
My style is interactive, individualized and solution-focused. I provide a non-judgmental and compassionate atmosphere in which individuals can safely explore and work through feelings, thoughts, and beliefs that may be keeping them from fulfilling their inner potential.
My style is interactive, individualized and solution-focused. I provide a non-judgmental and compassionate atmosphere in which individuals can safely explore and work through feelings, thoughts, and beliefs that may be keeping them from fulfilling their inner potential.
(203) 883-0464 View (203) 883-0464
Photo of Michelle Woodward, Licensed Professional Counselor in Darien, CT
Michelle Woodward
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Darien, CT 06820
Finding balance is hard and we all need help sometimes. School struggles, parenting/marital stress, or past traumatic events can lead us to feel overwhelmed. Therapy is a powerful experience to better understand our emotions and behaviors. You deserve to be happy. Feeling anger, hurt, or sadness is natural, but it doesn't have to define you or control you or your child's life. With my diverse background, I am committed to helping you/your child reclaim your happiness and achieve mental and emotional well-being. Together we will build the skills and resilience you need to achieve growth and see change.
Finding balance is hard and we all need help sometimes. School struggles, parenting/marital stress, or past traumatic events can lead us to feel overwhelmed. Therapy is a powerful experience to better understand our emotions and behaviors. You deserve to be happy. Feeling anger, hurt, or sadness is natural, but it doesn't have to define you or control you or your child's life. With my diverse background, I am committed to helping you/your child reclaim your happiness and achieve mental and emotional well-being. Together we will build the skills and resilience you need to achieve growth and see change.
(203) 202-3422 View (203) 202-3422
Photo of Shannon De Ycaza, Licensed Professional Counselor in Darien, CT
Shannon De Ycaza
Licensed Professional Counselor, MSEd, LMHC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Darien, CT 06820  (Online Only)
Whether you are looking to gain insight on your emotions or patterns, better understand a difficult relationship, facing a challenge, or need a space to process- therapy is the place to begin. I appreciate the courage it requires to take this first step and make a commitment to yourself. I have a compassionate approach and my commitment is that you never feel you are on this journey alone. I will provide a warm space for you to be your authentic self and together we will move forward with intention and purpose.
Whether you are looking to gain insight on your emotions or patterns, better understand a difficult relationship, facing a challenge, or need a space to process- therapy is the place to begin. I appreciate the courage it requires to take this first step and make a commitment to yourself. I have a compassionate approach and my commitment is that you never feel you are on this journey alone. I will provide a warm space for you to be your authentic self and together we will move forward with intention and purpose.
(646) 397-0486 View (646) 397-0486
Photo of Irene M Blum, Pre-Licensed Professional in Darien, CT
Irene M Blum
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Darien, CT 06820
Hi, my name is Irene and I am here to help you reach your full potential. I am fluent in English and Spanish. I work with adolescents and young adults with a spectrum of challenges. They could be facing typical teenage struggles or crises, struggling with health and/or disability, teen pregnancy, socioemotional troubles, educational and/or organizational hurdles, or navigating complex family dynamics, and more. My aim is to guide them towards personal growth and a brighter future.
Hi, my name is Irene and I am here to help you reach your full potential. I am fluent in English and Spanish. I work with adolescents and young adults with a spectrum of challenges. They could be facing typical teenage struggles or crises, struggling with health and/or disability, teen pregnancy, socioemotional troubles, educational and/or organizational hurdles, or navigating complex family dynamics, and more. My aim is to guide them towards personal growth and a brighter future.
(475) 252-4683 View (475) 252-4683
Photo of Mary Frank, Licensed Professional Counselor in Darien, CT
Mary Frank
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, NCC, MA
Verified Verified
Darien, CT 06820
Welcome! If you've made it this far, chances are you or a loved one are in need of some help. I'm a wellness and strength based counselor, meaning I believe wellness to be our natural state, and that we possess the innate strength to get there. In the midst of adversity, the goal is to return to a state of wellness, improve daily functioning, and regain the ability to experience joy in life. It often feels overwhelming or even hopeless, but it's not. I offer a non-judgmental and positive, person centered approach that ensures a confidential and comfortable space to process all the challenges life has thrown your way.
Welcome! If you've made it this far, chances are you or a loved one are in need of some help. I'm a wellness and strength based counselor, meaning I believe wellness to be our natural state, and that we possess the innate strength to get there. In the midst of adversity, the goal is to return to a state of wellness, improve daily functioning, and regain the ability to experience joy in life. It often feels overwhelming or even hopeless, but it's not. I offer a non-judgmental and positive, person centered approach that ensures a confidential and comfortable space to process all the challenges life has thrown your way.
(203) 424-2370 View (203) 424-2370
Photo of Anna Gonzalez, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Darien, CT
Anna Gonzalez
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Darien, CT 06820  (Online Only)
I work with children, adolescents and young adults who struggle with anxiety, depression, adjustment disorders and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). I utilize a strengths-based approach when working in collaboration with clients and Cognitive Behavioral methods of intervention. I take a creative approach to therapy, using interventions that are most effective for my client's individual needs.
I work with children, adolescents and young adults who struggle with anxiety, depression, adjustment disorders and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). I utilize a strengths-based approach when working in collaboration with clients and Cognitive Behavioral methods of intervention. I take a creative approach to therapy, using interventions that are most effective for my client's individual needs.
(203) 883-0464 View (203) 883-0464
Photo of Sarah Turney, Licensed Professional Counselor in Darien, CT
Sarah Turney
Licensed Professional Counselor, LMHC, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Darien, CT 06820  (Online Only)
Welcome. Are you struggling in your interpersonal relationships? Do you find yourself overwhelmed by worries and intrusive thoughts? Do past negative experiences keep you from moving forward and achieving your goals? I can help you get to where you want to be. I have over 10 years working in the field in various mental health settings. My empathetic and nonjudgmental approach creates a safe and supportive space for you to explore your emotions and confront life's challenges. I can help you to overcome obstacles, build resilience, and achieve improved mental and emotional well-being.
Welcome. Are you struggling in your interpersonal relationships? Do you find yourself overwhelmed by worries and intrusive thoughts? Do past negative experiences keep you from moving forward and achieving your goals? I can help you get to where you want to be. I have over 10 years working in the field in various mental health settings. My empathetic and nonjudgmental approach creates a safe and supportive space for you to explore your emotions and confront life's challenges. I can help you to overcome obstacles, build resilience, and achieve improved mental and emotional well-being.
(203) 357-5533 View (203) 357-5533
Photo of Vincent M O'Halloran, Drug & Alcohol Counselor in Darien, CT
Vincent M O'Halloran
Drug & Alcohol Counselor, MS, CAC, LADC
Verified Verified
Darien, CT 06820
I am a native New Englander with over 28 years of experience in recovery and helping those suffering from substance use disorders (SUD) and mental health challenges. I spent over three decades in the financial services industry before transitioning full time in 2015 to the treatment field, first earning my CAC credentialing and then graduate degree and LADC at WCSU. I am motivated to help individuals overcome the stigma associated with SUD and mental health challenges which I have personally experienced.
I am a native New Englander with over 28 years of experience in recovery and helping those suffering from substance use disorders (SUD) and mental health challenges. I spent over three decades in the financial services industry before transitioning full time in 2015 to the treatment field, first earning my CAC credentialing and then graduate degree and LADC at WCSU. I am motivated to help individuals overcome the stigma associated with SUD and mental health challenges which I have personally experienced.
(203) 587-8007 View (203) 587-8007
Photo of Natalie McAlister, Licensed Professional Counselor in Darien, CT
Natalie McAlister
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Darien, CT 06820  (Online Only)
Do you feel overwhelmed, overworked, under appreciated or at your wit's end? Perhaps your current coping mechanisms aren't working so well or are creating tension in your intimate relationships? I believe the answers to your problems lie within you and through talking and exploring your emotions and reactions, we can construct solutions that can enhance your life. (Exclusively telehealth at this time.)
Do you feel overwhelmed, overworked, under appreciated or at your wit's end? Perhaps your current coping mechanisms aren't working so well or are creating tension in your intimate relationships? I believe the answers to your problems lie within you and through talking and exploring your emotions and reactions, we can construct solutions that can enhance your life. (Exclusively telehealth at this time.)
(203) 689-0813 View (203) 689-0813
Photo of Hannah Chesser, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Darien, CT
Hannah Chesser
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Darien, CT 06820
The foundation of our programming is our team of compassionate and highly experienced behavioral healthcare professionals. The Newport staff is comprised of the best mental health leaders in the country, surrounding each client with 360-degree care. Because Newport’s philosophy of care views family as central to long-term, sustainable healing, the groundbreaking Attachment-Based Family Therapy (ABFT) methodology is also a central component of our approach. ABFT is proven to be successful in addressing adolescent and young adult suicidality by repairing ruptures in the parent-child relationship.
The foundation of our programming is our team of compassionate and highly experienced behavioral healthcare professionals. The Newport staff is comprised of the best mental health leaders in the country, surrounding each client with 360-degree care. Because Newport’s philosophy of care views family as central to long-term, sustainable healing, the groundbreaking Attachment-Based Family Therapy (ABFT) methodology is also a central component of our approach. ABFT is proven to be successful in addressing adolescent and young adult suicidality by repairing ruptures in the parent-child relationship.
(203) 580-6754 View (203) 580-6754
Photo of Darien Counseling and Coaching, LLC , Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Darien, CT
Darien Counseling and Coaching, LLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LADC
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Darien, CT 06820
Everyone has a story to tell and sometimes the bravest thing a person can do is share their story. When your story is holding you back from becoming the greatest version of yourself then it’s time to work through any negative messages you may have been telling yourself. I believe we all have the tools we need to accomplish our goals and sometimes we need a different perspective.
Everyone has a story to tell and sometimes the bravest thing a person can do is share their story. When your story is holding you back from becoming the greatest version of yourself then it’s time to work through any negative messages you may have been telling yourself. I believe we all have the tools we need to accomplish our goals and sometimes we need a different perspective.
(203) 350-7175 View (203) 350-7175
Photo of Dana Nuzzo, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Darien, CT
Dana Nuzzo
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MA, LMSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Darien, CT 06820
Hi, my name is Dana Nuzzo. Ultimately, my ideal client wants to feel seen, heard, and understood. They want to reclaim their power and agency, to rewrite their story and create a life that aligns with their values and aspirations. And they choose to embark on this journey because they believe they deserve it—they deserve to live a life filled with love, purpose, and possibility. In envisioning my ideal client, I see someone who is brave and ready to embark on a journey of self-discovery and healing. They may be struggling with a myriad of issues, such as anxiety, depression, trauma, or relationship difficulties.
Hi, my name is Dana Nuzzo. Ultimately, my ideal client wants to feel seen, heard, and understood. They want to reclaim their power and agency, to rewrite their story and create a life that aligns with their values and aspirations. And they choose to embark on this journey because they believe they deserve it—they deserve to live a life filled with love, purpose, and possibility. In envisioning my ideal client, I see someone who is brave and ready to embark on a journey of self-discovery and healing. They may be struggling with a myriad of issues, such as anxiety, depression, trauma, or relationship difficulties.
(475) 267-4552 View (475) 267-4552
Photo of Robert Romano, LCSW, LLC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Darien, CT
Robert Romano, LCSW, LLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Darien, CT 06820
Hello, thanks for visiting. My experience as a therapist includes working with adolescents and adults into late adulthood. I have compassionately supported a diverse group of clients (at Silver Hill Hospital in New Canaan, CT and elsewhere) by teaming with them to address issues such as: addiction and co-occurring disorders; anxiety, depression, trauma, PTSD, identity development and acceptance; low self-esteem, emotional self-regulation; stress management; relationships, family conflict; co-dependency, career struggles; academic difficulties; grief and loss; and other life transitions. My goal is to understand your needs, and provide tools to help you live your best life.
Hello, thanks for visiting. My experience as a therapist includes working with adolescents and adults into late adulthood. I have compassionately supported a diverse group of clients (at Silver Hill Hospital in New Canaan, CT and elsewhere) by teaming with them to address issues such as: addiction and co-occurring disorders; anxiety, depression, trauma, PTSD, identity development and acceptance; low self-esteem, emotional self-regulation; stress management; relationships, family conflict; co-dependency, career struggles; academic difficulties; grief and loss; and other life transitions. My goal is to understand your needs, and provide tools to help you live your best life.
(203) 654-9094 View (203) 654-9094
Photo of Danielle Sileo, Marriage & Family Therapist in Darien, CT
Danielle Sileo
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Darien, CT 06820
My passion is helping clients to achieve their goals and create positive change through a client-centered and solution focused approach. I believe that having a supportive and safe relationship between client and therapist is the key to a successful therapeutic journey. My compassionate and gentle style allow me to meet my clients where they are at and work towards making their life more healthy and fullfilled. For over 10 years, my specialty is treating individuals struggling with substance abuse and co-occuring disorders, along with their families.
My passion is helping clients to achieve their goals and create positive change through a client-centered and solution focused approach. I believe that having a supportive and safe relationship between client and therapist is the key to a successful therapeutic journey. My compassionate and gentle style allow me to meet my clients where they are at and work towards making their life more healthy and fullfilled. For over 10 years, my specialty is treating individuals struggling with substance abuse and co-occuring disorders, along with their families.
(914) 269-2134 View (914) 269-2134
Photo of Sherry Minniti D'Elia, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Darien, CT
Sherry Minniti D'Elia
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, CFEP, LCSW
Verified Verified
Darien, CT 06820
For 25 years, I have helped people resolve their difficulties with regard to: grief and loss, struggles in their relationships, abuse/trauma related issues, eating disorders, substance abuse and other addictions, behavioral problems, self-esteem, anxiety and depression. Our work together will help you work through difficulties, to promote positive change in your life. I will teach you about underlying psychological principles that help you to understand yourself and how you relate in the world. Along with helping you to understand, I will provide you with many tools, which will give you a clear sense of direction, for making lasting, positive, changes in your life.
For 25 years, I have helped people resolve their difficulties with regard to: grief and loss, struggles in their relationships, abuse/trauma related issues, eating disorders, substance abuse and other addictions, behavioral problems, self-esteem, anxiety and depression. Our work together will help you work through difficulties, to promote positive change in your life. I will teach you about underlying psychological principles that help you to understand yourself and how you relate in the world. Along with helping you to understand, I will provide you with many tools, which will give you a clear sense of direction, for making lasting, positive, changes in your life.
(203) 889-9864 View (203) 889-9864
Photo of Naomi Kavka, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Darien, CT
Naomi Kavka
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
Darien, CT 06820
You may have wondered whether therapy could be helpful to you. I understand the importance of your psychological health in everyday functioning and am committed to helping during this time. I offer a free consultation to discuss any questions you may have. As a therapist at Greenwich Psychology group, I enjoy working with individuals who are committed to self- exploration and may be struggling with anxiety, depression, trauma, family concerns, parenting concerns, and/or work issues. I work to create a safe and non-judgmental space where we can explore your challenges and find ways to reconnect with your healthier and positive self.
You may have wondered whether therapy could be helpful to you. I understand the importance of your psychological health in everyday functioning and am committed to helping during this time. I offer a free consultation to discuss any questions you may have. As a therapist at Greenwich Psychology group, I enjoy working with individuals who are committed to self- exploration and may be struggling with anxiety, depression, trauma, family concerns, parenting concerns, and/or work issues. I work to create a safe and non-judgmental space where we can explore your challenges and find ways to reconnect with your healthier and positive self.
(203) 601-7483 View (203) 601-7483
Photo of Deborah Friedland, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Darien, CT
Deborah Friedland
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Darien, CT 06820  (Online Only)
I have over 15 years experience working for the Connecticut Department of Mental Health and Addiction Services, serving clients with severe illnesses in both inpatient and outpatient settings throughout the state. Using evidence-based techniques such as CBT, DBT, and Harm Reduction, I work with adults experiencing mood instability, grief & loss, personality disorders, problematic substance use, difficult transitions, anxiety, depression and general malaise become the best versions of themselves.
I have over 15 years experience working for the Connecticut Department of Mental Health and Addiction Services, serving clients with severe illnesses in both inpatient and outpatient settings throughout the state. Using evidence-based techniques such as CBT, DBT, and Harm Reduction, I work with adults experiencing mood instability, grief & loss, personality disorders, problematic substance use, difficult transitions, anxiety, depression and general malaise become the best versions of themselves.
(203) 883-0464 View (203) 883-0464
Photo of Mariana Castilla, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Darien, CT
Mariana Castilla
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Darien, CT 06820
I help clients to find the strength within themselves, and the needed support from those around them, to address the difficulties in their current lives in new and more effective ways. I have a diverse background working with children, adolescents, and adults in both in the school setting, as well as in private practice. I have a strong understanding of Special Education, IEPs and 504s. I am bilingual (Spanish- English) and bicultural.
I help clients to find the strength within themselves, and the needed support from those around them, to address the difficulties in their current lives in new and more effective ways. I have a diverse background working with children, adolescents, and adults in both in the school setting, as well as in private practice. I have a strong understanding of Special Education, IEPs and 504s. I am bilingual (Spanish- English) and bicultural.
(203) 409-8304 View (203) 409-8304
Photo of Chris Bogart, Psychologist in Darien, CT
Chris Bogart
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Darien, CT 06820
With over 25 years of experience as a psychologist working with children, adolescents and adults, I have learned that a comfortable and honest relationship is the key to a successful outcome. I strive to create an environment that allows clients to feel safe in addressing their challenges and goals. I have extensive experience as a developmental psychologist, and I consider any intervention in the context of the client's broader environment. While I have extensive training in several clinical methods, my work draws most from research in cognitive behavior therapy and family systems.
With over 25 years of experience as a psychologist working with children, adolescents and adults, I have learned that a comfortable and honest relationship is the key to a successful outcome. I strive to create an environment that allows clients to feel safe in addressing their challenges and goals. I have extensive experience as a developmental psychologist, and I consider any intervention in the context of the client's broader environment. While I have extensive training in several clinical methods, my work draws most from research in cognitive behavior therapy and family systems.
(203) 202-7654 View (203) 202-7654
Photo of Rebecca Fogle, Marriage & Family Therapist in Darien, CT
Rebecca Fogle
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Darien, CT 06820  (Online Only)
I believe we all have challenges and hardships to manage and overcome. And sometimes we need extra support to help us get unstuck and move forward. My approach is to meet you where you are in a safe place, without judgement, and with hope so you can become the best version of yourself. "An arrow can only be shot by pulling it backward. When life is dragging you back with difficulties, it means it's going to launch you into something great. So just focus, and keep aiming".
I believe we all have challenges and hardships to manage and overcome. And sometimes we need extra support to help us get unstuck and move forward. My approach is to meet you where you are in a safe place, without judgement, and with hope so you can become the best version of yourself. "An arrow can only be shot by pulling it backward. When life is dragging you back with difficulties, it means it's going to launch you into something great. So just focus, and keep aiming".
(203) 883-0464 View (203) 883-0464

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Darien, CT

200+

Average cost per session

$200

Therapists in Darien, CT who prioritize treating:

97% Anxiety
89% Depression
81% Relationship Issues
77% Self Esteem
68% Coping Skills
65% Trauma and PTSD
65% Family Conflict

Average years in practice

15 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

63% Aetna
63% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
61% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in Darien, CT see their clients

75% In Person and Online
25% Online Only

Gender breakdown

81% Female
19% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Darien?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.