Therapists in San Francisco, CA

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Photo of Shelby Armillotto, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in San Francisco, CA
Shelby Armillotto
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA, AMFT
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94114  (Online Only)
Navigating life’s precious or difficult moments can be challenging for anyone, and seeking help is an important step for you to achieve fulfillment. Working with a wide range of clients, from children to adults, I lead with empathy to help my clients balance their emotions and understand what may be preventing them from realizing their full potential.
Navigating life’s precious or difficult moments can be challenging for anyone, and seeking help is an important step for you to achieve fulfillment. Working with a wide range of clients, from children to adults, I lead with empathy to help my clients balance their emotions and understand what may be preventing them from realizing their full potential.
(415) 504-3253 View (415) 504-3253
Photo of Natalia Estrada, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Natalia Estrada
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94110  (Online Only)
You have landed here because you are wanting to make a change, heal, live a more fulfilling life... you have experienced something that changed your perception of life, of safety, maybe even of who you are, and how you relate to others. You want to forget pain, enjoy life, find serenity, and feel whole again. I make use of different tools, based on western theories and knowledge as well as ancient and spiritual practices, to support your desired change considering your strengths and your unique living experience.
You have landed here because you are wanting to make a change, heal, live a more fulfilling life... you have experienced something that changed your perception of life, of safety, maybe even of who you are, and how you relate to others. You want to forget pain, enjoy life, find serenity, and feel whole again. I make use of different tools, based on western theories and knowledge as well as ancient and spiritual practices, to support your desired change considering your strengths and your unique living experience.
(415) 649-1298 View (415) 649-1298
Photo of Susanne Babbel, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Susanne Babbel
Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT, PhD
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94123
Are you tired of repeating old patterns that are holding you back in your life? Making the decision to heal, grow, and improve your life with the help of a psychotherapist is not easy and requires trust and faith. Dr. Babbel is a non-judgmental, supportive, insightful, and experienced psychotherapist, providing a safe place for you to explore old habits and new possibilities.
Are you tired of repeating old patterns that are holding you back in your life? Making the decision to heal, grow, and improve your life with the help of a psychotherapist is not easy and requires trust and faith. Dr. Babbel is a non-judgmental, supportive, insightful, and experienced psychotherapist, providing a safe place for you to explore old habits and new possibilities.
(415) 675-1603 View (415) 675-1603
Photo of Laurel Roberts-Meese, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Laurel Roberts-Meese
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94115  (Online Only)
I help driven professionals process trauma, decrease anxiety, and build better relationships. You've probably got a lot going on; your relationship is strained, demands on you at work are increasing, or the ways you used to cope don't seem to be working anymore. Whatever brings you to therapy, we can figure out a way to feel better together.
I help driven professionals process trauma, decrease anxiety, and build better relationships. You've probably got a lot going on; your relationship is strained, demands on you at work are increasing, or the ways you used to cope don't seem to be working anymore. Whatever brings you to therapy, we can figure out a way to feel better together.
(628) 216-2543 View (628) 216-2543
Photo of LaTosha Akana, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
LaTosha Akana
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94122
I am a licensed marriage and family therapist committed to treating individuals, couples, and families. My clinical interests include treating couples’ issues in transition periods (preparing for marriage, parenthood, or divorce), spiritual or religious issues, depression, anxiety, trauma, and other life transition issues. I use a variety of therapeutic approaches in working with clients and the relationships they have in their lives. Using an integrative change model, I highlight the strengths of different theories to fit the client’s identified needs.
I am a licensed marriage and family therapist committed to treating individuals, couples, and families. My clinical interests include treating couples’ issues in transition periods (preparing for marriage, parenthood, or divorce), spiritual or religious issues, depression, anxiety, trauma, and other life transition issues. I use a variety of therapeutic approaches in working with clients and the relationships they have in their lives. Using an integrative change model, I highlight the strengths of different theories to fit the client’s identified needs.
(415) 888-9744 View (415) 888-9744
Photo of Sarah E. Steinberg, Psychologist in San Francisco, CA
Sarah E. Steinberg
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94146
Welcome! Getting started in therapy is typically quite relieving -- as well as an opportunity to confront problems you don't yet know how to solve. With the right therapy relationship, solutions, healing, and recovery are all possible. I offer patience, openness, curiosity, and expertise to help you think about and ultimately change your experience.
Welcome! Getting started in therapy is typically quite relieving -- as well as an opportunity to confront problems you don't yet know how to solve. With the right therapy relationship, solutions, healing, and recovery are all possible. I offer patience, openness, curiosity, and expertise to help you think about and ultimately change your experience.
(415) 301-3826 View (415) 301-3826
Photo of Robert I Burns in San Francisco, CA
Robert I Burns
MDiv, BCPC
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94127
Bob Burns has counseled couples and individuals for decades as a pastor, often in cross-cultural settings. Today Bob continues to do this in his private practice. Professional Pastoral Counseling combines proven reparative approaches, spiritual insights and intercessory prayer. The emphasis will be on discovering your strengths and empowering you to live life as God intended. Bob is a Certified "Prepare-Enrich" and SYMBIS Facilitator. Both Prepare-Enrich and SYMBIS are used for relationship counseling, premarital counseling, and marriage enrichment. Bob is a trained Gottman "Seven Principles for Making Marriage Work", Educator. Gottman's seven principles are proven, research-based tools for making marriage work.
Bob Burns has counseled couples and individuals for decades as a pastor, often in cross-cultural settings. Today Bob continues to do this in his private practice. Professional Pastoral Counseling combines proven reparative approaches, spiritual insights and intercessory prayer. The emphasis will be on discovering your strengths and empowering you to live life as God intended. Bob is a Certified "Prepare-Enrich" and SYMBIS Facilitator. Both Prepare-Enrich and SYMBIS are used for relationship counseling, premarital counseling, and marriage enrichment. Bob is a trained Gottman "Seven Principles for Making Marriage Work", Educator. Gottman's seven principles are proven, research-based tools for making marriage work.
(415) 360-1120 View (415) 360-1120
Photo of Ioanna Angelakis, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Ioanna Angelakis
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94114
My name is pronounced E-O-Anna, and I have 15 years of experience in assisting unique individuals, like yourself, in overcoming obstacles and setbacks, to shine as you are meant to. I work from a Strength-Based Approach and believe in your potential, whether you are a child or an adult, with a collaborative, individualized and Brief strategy to help you to alleviate those symptoms with haste. I specialize in treating Anxiety and Trauma with EMDR, CBT and Somatic modalities to ensure progress, with a Brief/Solutions focused framework. Together we will see the progress you desire, and quickly.
My name is pronounced E-O-Anna, and I have 15 years of experience in assisting unique individuals, like yourself, in overcoming obstacles and setbacks, to shine as you are meant to. I work from a Strength-Based Approach and believe in your potential, whether you are a child or an adult, with a collaborative, individualized and Brief strategy to help you to alleviate those symptoms with haste. I specialize in treating Anxiety and Trauma with EMDR, CBT and Somatic modalities to ensure progress, with a Brief/Solutions focused framework. Together we will see the progress you desire, and quickly.
(510) 257-9678 View (510) 257-9678
Photo of Myisha Battle in San Francisco, CA
Myisha Battle
MA
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94102  (Online Only)
I am a certified sex and dating coach who helps individuals and couples of all kinds overcome sexual concerns like mismatched desire, low desire and sexual communication difficulties. My clients see an increase in the quality of their sexual interactions with partners and more confidence to ask for what they need after working with me. I also provide individual dating coaching to help people find the right partners and navigate the tricky waters of online dating. I identify as a feminist and work with all genders, orientations and relationship structures.
I am a certified sex and dating coach who helps individuals and couples of all kinds overcome sexual concerns like mismatched desire, low desire and sexual communication difficulties. My clients see an increase in the quality of their sexual interactions with partners and more confidence to ask for what they need after working with me. I also provide individual dating coaching to help people find the right partners and navigate the tricky waters of online dating. I identify as a feminist and work with all genders, orientations and relationship structures.
(628) 800-0823 View (628) 800-0823
Photo of Andrew Benson, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Andrew Benson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94105  (Online Only)
Are you needing support in navigating through life's challenges? Whether you're experiencing anxiety or depression, or just going through a rough time I am here to help you every step of the way with compassionate and understanding care. I’m passionate about supporting you in identifying the narratives and stories that we may absorb from childhood experiences and culture (parents/caregivers, family, teachers, media, etc.), and seeing if they still align with what is truly important to you in your life today.
Are you needing support in navigating through life's challenges? Whether you're experiencing anxiety or depression, or just going through a rough time I am here to help you every step of the way with compassionate and understanding care. I’m passionate about supporting you in identifying the narratives and stories that we may absorb from childhood experiences and culture (parents/caregivers, family, teachers, media, etc.), and seeing if they still align with what is truly important to you in your life today.
(805) 301-6189 View (805) 301-6189
Photo of Ilya Parizhsky, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Ilya Parizhsky
Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT
Verified Verified
6 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94104  (Online Only)
As a licensed therapist, I have dedicated my career to helping people thrive. But the uneven nature of the process always struck me as limiting the human potential. Each of my clients has an incredible power to heal other people, but they’re not being empowered to use it when they see me for 1-1 therapy. I now specialize in an innovative and transformative small-group approach called Effective Listening. This unique method is taught in groups of 6 people, and each person gets to learn to use their awesome healing power and to be an instrumental part of each other person’s transformational journey.
As a licensed therapist, I have dedicated my career to helping people thrive. But the uneven nature of the process always struck me as limiting the human potential. Each of my clients has an incredible power to heal other people, but they’re not being empowered to use it when they see me for 1-1 therapy. I now specialize in an innovative and transformative small-group approach called Effective Listening. This unique method is taught in groups of 6 people, and each person gets to learn to use their awesome healing power and to be an instrumental part of each other person’s transformational journey.
(510) 876-4835 View (510) 876-4835
Photo of Ford Peck, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Ford Peck
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94123  (Online Only)
Healing is a natural process. It is not something that needs to be forced, only supported and allowed. Often the beliefs and strategies we formed when young were helpful and necessary at the time, yet they can linger on into adulthood and limit us rather than assist us. Therapy is a process of unwinding what is no longer true or helpful, exploring what is most essential and true for us, and resting into a deeper sense of wholeness, authenticity, and well-being. My job is to help you find your own answers, your own clarity, your own empowerment. I can help you discover what is needed to support this healing and this growth.
Healing is a natural process. It is not something that needs to be forced, only supported and allowed. Often the beliefs and strategies we formed when young were helpful and necessary at the time, yet they can linger on into adulthood and limit us rather than assist us. Therapy is a process of unwinding what is no longer true or helpful, exploring what is most essential and true for us, and resting into a deeper sense of wholeness, authenticity, and well-being. My job is to help you find your own answers, your own clarity, your own empowerment. I can help you discover what is needed to support this healing and this growth.
(628) 262-2257 View (628) 262-2257
Photo of Beyond Coping, Psychologist in San Francisco, CA
Beyond Coping
Psychologist, PhD
Not Verified Not Verified
San Francisco, CA 94115
Are you living with or have you recently been diagnosed with a major medical condition? Caring for someone who is ill or dying? Are you having difficulties coping with a chronic or newly diagnosed illness? Are your children struggling with the loss of a loved one? Are you dealing with the impact of illness on body image? Are you considering end of life options or dealing with issues such as loss and grief? We help patients, their loved ones, and caregivers coping with cancer, life-altering illness, chronic pain, neurological conditions, infertility, complex pregnancy, and end of life issues.
Are you living with or have you recently been diagnosed with a major medical condition? Caring for someone who is ill or dying? Are you having difficulties coping with a chronic or newly diagnosed illness? Are your children struggling with the loss of a loved one? Are you dealing with the impact of illness on body image? Are you considering end of life options or dealing with issues such as loss and grief? We help patients, their loved ones, and caregivers coping with cancer, life-altering illness, chronic pain, neurological conditions, infertility, complex pregnancy, and end of life issues.
(844) 382-8410 x701 View (844) 382-8410 x701
Photo of Devon McConnell, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in San Francisco, CA
Devon McConnell
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, AMFT, APCC
Verified Verified
6 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94121  (Online Only)
I specialize in working with couples and individuals experiencing anxiety, trauma, relationship challenges, and other distress using EMDR, EFT and other evidence-based approaches. Many of my clients say they bury their most difficult emotions, but they never stay down for long and start to take up so much space it can feel consuming. My style is warm but direct and non-judgemental balanced with an evidence-based direct approach to bring the changes you want to see in your life.
I specialize in working with couples and individuals experiencing anxiety, trauma, relationship challenges, and other distress using EMDR, EFT and other evidence-based approaches. Many of my clients say they bury their most difficult emotions, but they never stay down for long and start to take up so much space it can feel consuming. My style is warm but direct and non-judgemental balanced with an evidence-based direct approach to bring the changes you want to see in your life.
(628) 232-8445 View (628) 232-8445
Photo of Sally King, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Sally King
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94146  (Online Only)
I am currently accepting individual adult clients of all ages. My approach is warm and collaborative, drawing on different therapeutic models to target your specific needs. I use a psychodynamic lens to help you identify what past and present conditions are determining your choices and coming between you and a more satisfying way of life, cognitive and mindfulness approaches to help you regulate emotions and gain perspective on self-defeating thoughts, and Sandplay therapy to process trauma and explore states of mind that are difficult to put into words. I also use Ecotherapy perspectives and exercises.
I am currently accepting individual adult clients of all ages. My approach is warm and collaborative, drawing on different therapeutic models to target your specific needs. I use a psychodynamic lens to help you identify what past and present conditions are determining your choices and coming between you and a more satisfying way of life, cognitive and mindfulness approaches to help you regulate emotions and gain perspective on self-defeating thoughts, and Sandplay therapy to process trauma and explore states of mind that are difficult to put into words. I also use Ecotherapy perspectives and exercises.
(415) 687-1149 View (415) 687-1149
Photo of Dr. Jaime Bercuson, Psychologist in San Francisco, CA
Dr. Jaime Bercuson
Psychologist, PsyD, MS, BA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94115  (Online Only)
Dr. Jaime Bercuson is a licensed clinical psychologist in California, Florida, and Utah. With more than 15 years of experience, Dr. Bercuson's compassionate and non-judgmental approach to addressing anxiety, depression, coping with life changes and stressors at work and at home will help you get to where you want to be. Using Cognitive Behavior Therapy and Dialectical Behavior Therapy, along with supportive listening and reflection, Dr. Bercuson is ready to work with you to meet your goals. She is happy to connect with you for a free consult to learn more about you and what you are hoping to achieve in you work together.
Dr. Jaime Bercuson is a licensed clinical psychologist in California, Florida, and Utah. With more than 15 years of experience, Dr. Bercuson's compassionate and non-judgmental approach to addressing anxiety, depression, coping with life changes and stressors at work and at home will help you get to where you want to be. Using Cognitive Behavior Therapy and Dialectical Behavior Therapy, along with supportive listening and reflection, Dr. Bercuson is ready to work with you to meet your goals. She is happy to connect with you for a free consult to learn more about you and what you are hoping to achieve in you work together.
(415) 366-3596 View (415) 366-3596
Photo of Laura M Goodspeed, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Laura M Goodspeed
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
10 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94110  (Online Only)
The most significant predictor of a successful therapy experience is the quality of the relationship between therapist and client. Building a safe, nurturing relationship is where I excel. My style is warm and highly interactive, best suited for clients who prefer a therapist who feels very "human." I assist clients to explore their thought patterns and corresponding emotional responses, and to identify unconscious assumptions they hold about themselves and the world, which inform behavior patterns. I also provide practical tools for regulating anxiety, managing depression, and processing grief.
The most significant predictor of a successful therapy experience is the quality of the relationship between therapist and client. Building a safe, nurturing relationship is where I excel. My style is warm and highly interactive, best suited for clients who prefer a therapist who feels very "human." I assist clients to explore their thought patterns and corresponding emotional responses, and to identify unconscious assumptions they hold about themselves and the world, which inform behavior patterns. I also provide practical tools for regulating anxiety, managing depression, and processing grief.
(415) 801-0624 View (415) 801-0624
Photo of Khashayar Farhadi Langroudi, Psychologist in San Francisco, CA
Khashayar Farhadi Langroudi
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94109
Life is a journey, and like every journey, it has various possibilities, challenges, and gifts. There was a time when you had a clear vision of what you wanted out of life, but lately, you’ve lost your way. It’s especially difficult when moving to a new place and navigating different cultures. If only there were a way to take a step back and gain some perspective. Then maybe you could reorient your path to align with your goals and ambitions. But that feels impossible. You’ve spent so long going through the motions of life that you’ve lost touch with yourself. You know you need to make a change, but you just don’t know how.
Life is a journey, and like every journey, it has various possibilities, challenges, and gifts. There was a time when you had a clear vision of what you wanted out of life, but lately, you’ve lost your way. It’s especially difficult when moving to a new place and navigating different cultures. If only there were a way to take a step back and gain some perspective. Then maybe you could reorient your path to align with your goals and ambitions. But that feels impossible. You’ve spent so long going through the motions of life that you’ve lost touch with yourself. You know you need to make a change, but you just don’t know how.
(415) 687-3968 View (415) 687-3968
Photo of Jeremi R Hanson, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in San Francisco, CA
Jeremi R Hanson
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA, AMFT
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94114
I work with people who are: exploring their layered identities, dealing with symptoms related to anxiety and depression, exploring their relationship to substance use, codependency, or sobriety/recovery, and more.
I work with people who are: exploring their layered identities, dealing with symptoms related to anxiety and depression, exploring their relationship to substance use, codependency, or sobriety/recovery, and more.
(415) 319-7449 View (415) 319-7449
Photo of Roshanda Roberts, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Roshanda Roberts
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94105  (Online Only)
My counseling style is warm and interactive, and can also include a holistic and mindfulness approach. I believe in treating everyone with respect, sensitivity, and compassion, while decreasing the negative stigma associated with mental illness. I will tailor our dialogue and treatment plan to meet your unique and specific needs while working collaboratively with you it takes courage to seek a more fulfilling life and to take the first steps towards change.
My counseling style is warm and interactive, and can also include a holistic and mindfulness approach. I believe in treating everyone with respect, sensitivity, and compassion, while decreasing the negative stigma associated with mental illness. I will tailor our dialogue and treatment plan to meet your unique and specific needs while working collaboratively with you it takes courage to seek a more fulfilling life and to take the first steps towards change.
(415) 300-2164 View (415) 300-2164

See more therapy options for San Francisco

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in San Francisco, CA

3,000+

Average cost per session

$189

Therapists in San Francisco, CA who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
87% Depression
81% Relationship Issues
75% Self Esteem
70% Trauma and PTSD
68% Stress
66% Life Transitions

Average years in practice

12 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

69% Aetna
55% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
54% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in San Francisco, CA see their clients

55% In Person and Online
45% Online Only

Gender breakdown

75% Female
23% Male
2% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in San Francisco?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.