Therapists in Tucson, AZ

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Jessica Field
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Online Only
As a spiritually-integrated life coach, I work with individuals who want to live an inspired life. Spirituality is innate, regardless of religion. We all grieve losses and need to forgive ourselves and others; we all want to belong, be purposeful, and find meaning in life. It is my aim to deeply listen to your story and walk with you as you work to understand yourself, to heal, and to grow. My specialties include dream work, grief, joy, forgiveness, and purpose.
As a spiritually-integrated life coach, I work with individuals who want to live an inspired life. Spirituality is innate, regardless of religion. We all grieve losses and need to forgive ourselves and others; we all want to belong, be purposeful, and find meaning in life. It is my aim to deeply listen to your story and walk with you as you work to understand yourself, to heal, and to grow. My specialties include dream work, grief, joy, forgiveness, and purpose.
(520) 502-7570 View (520) 502-7570
Jennifer L Wilson
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
6 Endorsed
Tucson, AZ 85712
You are going through a lot and need help. You are not sure of yourself and want to understand and cope better. Your relationships at home or work are affected. You are adjusting to changes or loss. It's hard. I have been there and I can help you heal and experience more joy in your life. I will support and guide you to feel seen, accepted, and empowered. I offer a wide variety of tools including Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Internal Family Systems-informed parts work to help you connect to your feelings and improve the relationship you have with yourself and others. There is always hope. I can help.
You are going through a lot and need help. You are not sure of yourself and want to understand and cope better. Your relationships at home or work are affected. You are adjusting to changes or loss. It's hard. I have been there and I can help you heal and experience more joy in your life. I will support and guide you to feel seen, accepted, and empowered. I offer a wide variety of tools including Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Internal Family Systems-informed parts work to help you connect to your feelings and improve the relationship you have with yourself and others. There is always hope. I can help.
(520) 201-6849 View (520) 201-6849
Sophia Sims
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT, SEP
2 Endorsed
Tucson, AZ 85718
I am passionate about being a source of strength, hope and empowerment to individuals, couples and families as they uncover their innate capacity to be the best they can be for themselves and their loved ones. I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist in private practice in Tucson, Arizona. I am a Certified through ICEEFT as an Emotionally Focused Therapist. I am a Somatic Experiencing Practitioner, which uses a body-oriented approach for the healing of trauma and other stress disorders, founded by Dr. Peter Levine. Somatic Experiencing is about creating more choice - body, mind & spirit.
I am passionate about being a source of strength, hope and empowerment to individuals, couples and families as they uncover their innate capacity to be the best they can be for themselves and their loved ones. I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist in private practice in Tucson, Arizona. I am a Certified through ICEEFT as an Emotionally Focused Therapist. I am a Somatic Experiencing Practitioner, which uses a body-oriented approach for the healing of trauma and other stress disorders, founded by Dr. Peter Levine. Somatic Experiencing is about creating more choice - body, mind & spirit.
(520) 441-8816 View (520) 441-8816
Crystal Waites
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Tucson, AZ 85719
Welcome, I’m glad you’re here. Beginning therapy can feel overwhelming, but you don’t have to navigate it alone. This is a safe, compassionate space to explore what’s weighing on you—anxiety, people-pleasing, self-doubt, trauma, or parenting challenges. Together, we’ll uncover what’s beneath the surface, build coping tools, strengthen boundaries, and create meaningful change at a pace that feels right. You’ll be met with warmth, respect, and support as you rediscover your strengths and move toward an empowered version of yourself.
Welcome, I’m glad you’re here. Beginning therapy can feel overwhelming, but you don’t have to navigate it alone. This is a safe, compassionate space to explore what’s weighing on you—anxiety, people-pleasing, self-doubt, trauma, or parenting challenges. Together, we’ll uncover what’s beneath the surface, build coping tools, strengthen boundaries, and create meaningful change at a pace that feels right. You’ll be met with warmth, respect, and support as you rediscover your strengths and move toward an empowered version of yourself.
(520) 614-3527 View (520) 614-3527
Rory Bergstrom
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
4 Endorsed
Tucson, AZ 85705
Now Accepting Aetna, Cigna and BCBS. If you’ve tried talk therapy and still feel stuck, I offer a different kind of support. I provide holistic trauma-informed therapy for adults in Tucson and across Arizona, in person and online. Using EMDR, somatic therapy, and ketamine-assisted therapy, I help people heal from trauma and move toward a life of greater connection and vitality. I especially welcome LGBTQIA+ adults, people with ADHD and autism, older adults, and people navigating PTSD, complex trauma, burnout, grief and loss, and issues related to sexuality and identity.
Now Accepting Aetna, Cigna and BCBS. If you’ve tried talk therapy and still feel stuck, I offer a different kind of support. I provide holistic trauma-informed therapy for adults in Tucson and across Arizona, in person and online. Using EMDR, somatic therapy, and ketamine-assisted therapy, I help people heal from trauma and move toward a life of greater connection and vitality. I especially welcome LGBTQIA+ adults, people with ADHD and autism, older adults, and people navigating PTSD, complex trauma, burnout, grief and loss, and issues related to sexuality and identity.
(520) 999-2296 View (520) 999-2296
Karly Valenzuela
Counselor, MS, MC, LAC
1 Endorsed
Online Only
Trauma leaves echoes in our bodies and our relationships, yet within those echoes lives the possibility of repair and deeper connection. When the past shows up in the present, it can feel like love, safety, or even a sense of self gets lost in the noise of triggers, misunderstandings, or distance. I work with both individuals and couples who carry trauma. I help partners move from patterns of survival into trust and intimacy, and support individuals in finding relief from anxiety, depression, and the weight of old wounds. Together, we can pause and make room for new ways of connecting.
Trauma leaves echoes in our bodies and our relationships, yet within those echoes lives the possibility of repair and deeper connection. When the past shows up in the present, it can feel like love, safety, or even a sense of self gets lost in the noise of triggers, misunderstandings, or distance. I work with both individuals and couples who carry trauma. I help partners move from patterns of survival into trust and intimacy, and support individuals in finding relief from anxiety, depression, and the weight of old wounds. Together, we can pause and make room for new ways of connecting.
(520) 261-0446 View (520) 261-0446
Jennifer Foster McConnell
Counselor, LAC
Online Only
Many adults struggle with communication and relationship issues that lead to explosive emotions, including anxiety and anger. Lack of trust leads us to keep those we love at a distance. All of these issues and more are usually symptomatic of a larger problem that keep us moving from one crisis to the next. The wounds of childhood trauma are far-reaching. We create masks and walls within us, and we acquire unhealthy and maladaptive coping mechanisms, keeping us chained to our past. Our childhood experiences, whether we remember them or not, are interwoven into the fabric of our being and how we live our lives and do relationships.
Many adults struggle with communication and relationship issues that lead to explosive emotions, including anxiety and anger. Lack of trust leads us to keep those we love at a distance. All of these issues and more are usually symptomatic of a larger problem that keep us moving from one crisis to the next. The wounds of childhood trauma are far-reaching. We create masks and walls within us, and we acquire unhealthy and maladaptive coping mechanisms, keeping us chained to our past. Our childhood experiences, whether we remember them or not, are interwoven into the fabric of our being and how we live our lives and do relationships.
(520) 436-2566 View (520) 436-2566
Aspire Counseling Solutions
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Tucson, AZ 85741
Are you experiencing conflict with those around you? Are your emotions over the top? Are you depressed or anxious and not living the kind of life you want? Do you need a new approach to improve your life situation?
Are you experiencing conflict with those around you? Are your emotions over the top? Are you depressed or anxious and not living the kind of life you want? Do you need a new approach to improve your life situation?
(803) 859-4663 View (803) 859-4663
Nancy Myers
Marriage & Family Therapist
1 Endorsed
Online Only
Hello, I'm Nancy Myers, Licensed Marriage & Family Therapist licensed in the State of Arizona. I work with several presenting issues including trauma, anxiety, depression, job stress, and relationship issues. There's nothing more rewarding in my opinion, than working in a space with someone who is healing, growing, changing, and focusing on their mental health and emotional well being. I have worked in the mental health space for years in Executive roles while maintaining a small private practice at times and have discovered that providing therapy to clients is what I truly enjoy and find most rewarding.
Hello, I'm Nancy Myers, Licensed Marriage & Family Therapist licensed in the State of Arizona. I work with several presenting issues including trauma, anxiety, depression, job stress, and relationship issues. There's nothing more rewarding in my opinion, than working in a space with someone who is healing, growing, changing, and focusing on their mental health and emotional well being. I have worked in the mental health space for years in Executive roles while maintaining a small private practice at times and have discovered that providing therapy to clients is what I truly enjoy and find most rewarding.
(928) 361-2064 View (928) 361-2064
Lindsey Joy Smith
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
1 Endorsed
Tucson, AZ 85715
Greetings and welcome. I'm so glad you are here. I know you are searching for an excellent therapist, and I believe in your ability to find a great match. I want to help! If you are an adult struggling with relationships, anxiety, boundaries, parenting, religion, coming out, aging, or grief, I'm confident I can support you on your journey. My clinical experience encompasses supporting individuals, couples, and families across the lifespan, utilizing various evidence-based methods and approaches. We can find what works best for you.
Greetings and welcome. I'm so glad you are here. I know you are searching for an excellent therapist, and I believe in your ability to find a great match. I want to help! If you are an adult struggling with relationships, anxiety, boundaries, parenting, religion, coming out, aging, or grief, I'm confident I can support you on your journey. My clinical experience encompasses supporting individuals, couples, and families across the lifespan, utilizing various evidence-based methods and approaches. We can find what works best for you.
(520) 464-6269 View (520) 464-6269
Amy Lemberger
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
3 Endorsed
Tucson, AZ 85704
Waitlist for new clients
Are you wondering how to improve your marriage or relationship? Or if there's a way to resolve hurt feelings from the past? Your relationship is important. You have invested time and effort hoping to feel more connected and secure, but sometimes this may leave you feeling more hurt, dismissed, or angry. Whether it's pain from an affair, betrayal, family conflict, parenting stress, intimacy concerns, or feeling disconnected, we will develop personalized strategies to resolve hurt feelings, feel understood, and move your relationship forward. In person appointments available in the Tucson area, virtual for all of AZ and WI.
Are you wondering how to improve your marriage or relationship? Or if there's a way to resolve hurt feelings from the past? Your relationship is important. You have invested time and effort hoping to feel more connected and secure, but sometimes this may leave you feeling more hurt, dismissed, or angry. Whether it's pain from an affair, betrayal, family conflict, parenting stress, intimacy concerns, or feeling disconnected, we will develop personalized strategies to resolve hurt feelings, feel understood, and move your relationship forward. In person appointments available in the Tucson area, virtual for all of AZ and WI.
(520) 356-4713 View (520) 356-4713
Dave Jensen
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Tucson, AZ 85745
Not accepting new clients
Finding a good therapist is really hard. And even if you find a good one there still might be personality issues or incompatibilities. To be honest, there's not a lot that can be done about this, compatibility issues are real and finding something that works is hard. What I can tell you is that I am a good therapist, I strike a balance between active listening, and giving coaching and clarification of issues when you're stuck spinning in your own head. I practice a non-judgmental approach which means I can call you out without introducing shame or guilt.
Finding a good therapist is really hard. And even if you find a good one there still might be personality issues or incompatibilities. To be honest, there's not a lot that can be done about this, compatibility issues are real and finding something that works is hard. What I can tell you is that I am a good therapist, I strike a balance between active listening, and giving coaching and clarification of issues when you're stuck spinning in your own head. I practice a non-judgmental approach which means I can call you out without introducing shame or guilt.
(928) 224-2228 View (928) 224-2228
Aurora Thrush
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, TF-CBT
4 Endorsed
Tucson, AZ 85704
Desert Life Psychotherapy provides a space to explore emotional and relational difficulties related to depression, anxiety, family conflict, and interpersonal struggles in day to day life. I provide counseling to teens and adults who are ready to begin understanding themselves in order to create a brighter and more productive future. I am most effective at treating individuals and families who are ready to understand the underlying issues leading to current symptoms through self-exploration, and are looking for insight to create lasting change in their lives.
Desert Life Psychotherapy provides a space to explore emotional and relational difficulties related to depression, anxiety, family conflict, and interpersonal struggles in day to day life. I provide counseling to teens and adults who are ready to begin understanding themselves in order to create a brighter and more productive future. I am most effective at treating individuals and families who are ready to understand the underlying issues leading to current symptoms through self-exploration, and are looking for insight to create lasting change in their lives.
(520) 277-3222 View (520) 277-3222
Dr. Cristina P. Garcia
Psychologist, PhD, DBSM
1 Endorsed
Online Only
It’s exhausting to lie awake at night then push yourself through a long day. Over and over again. This may be what's happening now, but it doesn't have to stay this way. I work with people who know firsthand that sleep hygiene doesn't fix sleep problems. People who have seen every hour on the clock at night and still "get up and go" the next day. My clients are the people who have done everything in their power to improve sleep and are still ready to try something else. They might show up yawning, but they are willing to change their habits for the sake of getting better sleep.
It’s exhausting to lie awake at night then push yourself through a long day. Over and over again. This may be what's happening now, but it doesn't have to stay this way. I work with people who know firsthand that sleep hygiene doesn't fix sleep problems. People who have seen every hour on the clock at night and still "get up and go" the next day. My clients are the people who have done everything in their power to improve sleep and are still ready to try something else. They might show up yawning, but they are willing to change their habits for the sake of getting better sleep.
(520) 200-3924 View (520) 200-3924
Casey Keenberg
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC
2 Endorsed
Online Only
Do you appear high-functioning on the outside, but feel stressed, depressed, or otherwise stuck on the inside? You're in the right place. You’re likely here because something isn’t working anymore—and you want real change. I offer a steady, grounded space where you feel truly understood—not judged—where we can turn insight into practical steps that lead to lasting progress. In therapy you will receive my help to make better sense of what's happening in your life so you can move forward with greater clarity and confidence.
Do you appear high-functioning on the outside, but feel stressed, depressed, or otherwise stuck on the inside? You're in the right place. You’re likely here because something isn’t working anymore—and you want real change. I offer a steady, grounded space where you feel truly understood—not judged—where we can turn insight into practical steps that lead to lasting progress. In therapy you will receive my help to make better sense of what's happening in your life so you can move forward with greater clarity and confidence.
(520) 590-5813 View (520) 590-5813
Sylvia K Neal LCSW, PLLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW, PLLC
3 Endorsed
Tucson, AZ 85704
Sylvia K. Neal, MSW, LCSW, PLLC, is a licensed clinical social worker with more than 25 years of experience specializing in trauma, attachment wounds, and developmental trauma across the lifespan. She works with individuals struggling with the lasting effects of childhood trauma, relational injuries, abuse, neglect, family dysfunction, with extensive experience helping clients heal from complex trauma, including attachment disruptions, chronic stress, interpersonal violence, sexual abuse, and patterns that impact relationships, self-worth, emotional safety and connection.
Sylvia K. Neal, MSW, LCSW, PLLC, is a licensed clinical social worker with more than 25 years of experience specializing in trauma, attachment wounds, and developmental trauma across the lifespan. She works with individuals struggling with the lasting effects of childhood trauma, relational injuries, abuse, neglect, family dysfunction, with extensive experience helping clients heal from complex trauma, including attachment disruptions, chronic stress, interpersonal violence, sexual abuse, and patterns that impact relationships, self-worth, emotional safety and connection.
(520) 704-9137 View (520) 704-9137
Pablo Castro
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Tucson, AZ 85719
Hello everyone! My name is Pablo and I am a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) based in Arizona. I am an Army veteran and after my time in service, I received my Masters from Grand Canyon University and have been practicing therapy for about 3 years. I have about eight years overall experience in mental health working with a variety of clients from Serious Mental Illness (SMI) population to providing support to community members within Pima and Pinal County as a Co-Responder, working alongside Pinal County Sheriff and Tucson Police Department.
Hello everyone! My name is Pablo and I am a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) based in Arizona. I am an Army veteran and after my time in service, I received my Masters from Grand Canyon University and have been practicing therapy for about 3 years. I have about eight years overall experience in mental health working with a variety of clients from Serious Mental Illness (SMI) population to providing support to community members within Pima and Pinal County as a Co-Responder, working alongside Pinal County Sheriff and Tucson Police Department.
(520) 348-5967 View (520) 348-5967
Desert Mountain Counseling LLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
3 Endorsed
Tucson, AZ 85712
Desert Mountain Counseling LLC is a small group practice of trauma-informed therapists who provide effective evidenced based cognitive behavioral therapy to resolve or manage symptoms related to anxiety, trauma, obsessive compulsive disorder, depression, disordered eating, body image distress, ADHD, Autism, grief/loss, substance abuse, immigration, and relationship issues. Alison and Suzanne are also certified Intuitive Eating Counselors. We are validating and affirming and, as social workers, we are social justice oriented. We provide telehealth therapy for clients in AZ and have an office in Tucson.
Desert Mountain Counseling LLC is a small group practice of trauma-informed therapists who provide effective evidenced based cognitive behavioral therapy to resolve or manage symptoms related to anxiety, trauma, obsessive compulsive disorder, depression, disordered eating, body image distress, ADHD, Autism, grief/loss, substance abuse, immigration, and relationship issues. Alison and Suzanne are also certified Intuitive Eating Counselors. We are validating and affirming and, as social workers, we are social justice oriented. We provide telehealth therapy for clients in AZ and have an office in Tucson.
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Dr. Alicia Schoephoerster
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, DBH, LCSW-S
Tucson, AZ 85710
Alicia is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker, a Doctor of Behavioral Health, and is accredited through AZ Board of Behavioral Health to provide clinical supervision. Alicia brings a holistic approach to care and integrates physical and behavioral health using evidence-based practices to improve the whole person. Alicia has worked with clients across the lifespan, with a passion for older adults and those with chronic suicidal ideation, trauma, negative core beliefs, or borderline personality disorder. She has an eclectic approach that allows her to use a variety of therapy modalities to address client-selected goals of treatment.
Alicia is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker, a Doctor of Behavioral Health, and is accredited through AZ Board of Behavioral Health to provide clinical supervision. Alicia brings a holistic approach to care and integrates physical and behavioral health using evidence-based practices to improve the whole person. Alicia has worked with clients across the lifespan, with a passion for older adults and those with chronic suicidal ideation, trauma, negative core beliefs, or borderline personality disorder. She has an eclectic approach that allows her to use a variety of therapy modalities to address client-selected goals of treatment.
(602) 603-4769 x708 View (602) 603-4769 x708
Chelsea Bailey
Counselor, LAC
7 Endorsed
Online Only
You don’t have to have it all figured out to start therapy. If you’re feeling overwhelmed, stuck in patterns you don’t understand, or disconnected from yourself or your relationships, you’re not alone—and you don’t have to navigate it alone either. I work with adults 18+ and couples who want practical tools and a deeper sense of understanding and self-compassion. My approach is collaborative, nonjudgmental, and tailored to you. I use evidence-based therapies including DBT, CBT, ERP, and EMDR while always keeping the human experience at the center of our work. We’ll move at a pace that feels safe and supportive.
You don’t have to have it all figured out to start therapy. If you’re feeling overwhelmed, stuck in patterns you don’t understand, or disconnected from yourself or your relationships, you’re not alone—and you don’t have to navigate it alone either. I work with adults 18+ and couples who want practical tools and a deeper sense of understanding and self-compassion. My approach is collaborative, nonjudgmental, and tailored to you. I use evidence-based therapies including DBT, CBT, ERP, and EMDR while always keeping the human experience at the center of our work. We’ll move at a pace that feels safe and supportive.
(928) 248-1160 View (928) 248-1160

See more therapy options for Tucson

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Tucson, AZ

1,000+

Average cost per session

$145

Therapists in Tucson, AZ who prioritize treating:

92% Anxiety
92% Social Anxiety
92% Health Anxiety
92% Driving Anxiety
87% Depression
74% Trauma and PTSD
74% Complex PTSD

Average years in practice

12 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

89% Aetna
74% BlueCross and BlueShield
66% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in Tucson, AZ see their clients

57% In Person and Online
43% Online Only

Gender breakdown

78% Female
20% Male
2% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Tucson?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.