Therapists in Desert Hills, AZ

Photo of Cynthia J Spencer, Licensed Professional Counselor, MC, LPC
Cynthia J Spencer
Licensed Professional Counselor, MC, LPC
2 Endorsed
Serves Area
I have been working with children, young adults, and families for the past 20 years. I began my work in Early Childhood Development and worked with children birth-12 years old and later focused my work to include adolescents and the needs of this unique age group. I specialize in family therapy, grief, anger management, ADHD, social skill difficulties, spectrum disorders, anxiety difficulties, and early childhood traumas including, sexual abuse and child abuse. I also hold a certification in DBT. Please contact me and we can discuss how I can be helpful in treating your child or your family.
I have been working with children, young adults, and families for the past 20 years. I began my work in Early Childhood Development and worked with children birth-12 years old and later focused my work to include adolescents and the needs of this unique age group. I specialize in family therapy, grief, anger management, ADHD, social skill difficulties, spectrum disorders, anxiety difficulties, and early childhood traumas including, sexual abuse and child abuse. I also hold a certification in DBT. Please contact me and we can discuss how I can be helpful in treating your child or your family.
(480) 428-2657 View (480) 428-2657
Photo of Sawyer Miller, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Sawyer Miller
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Serves Area
Accepting New Clients. Hi! I am a passionate therapist, focused on creating a relaxed comfortable environment where you feel empowered to share your story, recognize your own strengths, set goals and make impactful changes in your life. I strive to deeply understand my patients and help them develop understanding and compassion toward themselves. My style is straightforward, I believe that you are the expert of your own life. Our work will involve self-exploration and integrating new behaviors to foster growth and resilience.
Accepting New Clients. Hi! I am a passionate therapist, focused on creating a relaxed comfortable environment where you feel empowered to share your story, recognize your own strengths, set goals and make impactful changes in your life. I strive to deeply understand my patients and help them develop understanding and compassion toward themselves. My style is straightforward, I believe that you are the expert of your own life. Our work will involve self-exploration and integrating new behaviors to foster growth and resilience.
(928) 427-7411 View (928) 427-7411
Photo of Amy Haack, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, Amy Haack, LCSW
Amy Haack
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, Amy Haack, LCSW
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
I hold several core values that guide my work with others. I believe mental health care should be easily accessible and affordable for all. I recognize that as humans, we share connected experiences and the need to feel connected with others. One of the most important aspects of therapy is the sense of validation and knowing you're not alone. My goal is to help clients engage in actionable interventions that we create together. I focus on building strengths and empowering clients to live in a way that feels like thriving, not just surviving.
I hold several core values that guide my work with others. I believe mental health care should be easily accessible and affordable for all. I recognize that as humans, we share connected experiences and the need to feel connected with others. One of the most important aspects of therapy is the sense of validation and knowing you're not alone. My goal is to help clients engage in actionable interventions that we create together. I focus on building strengths and empowering clients to live in a way that feels like thriving, not just surviving.
(480) 249-8082 View (480) 249-8082
Photo of Jillian Caldwell, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Jillian Caldwell
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
Reaching out for help is the first step to living a better life. I am proud of you for making that step because it is often the hardest one to make. I work from a strengths-based approach to empower you to make whatever changes you would like to make or cope with any problems you are having. Together, we can develop new skills and insights to gain more control over your behaviors and mindset. All this will help you become empowered to explore new possibilities in all areas of your life.
Reaching out for help is the first step to living a better life. I am proud of you for making that step because it is often the hardest one to make. I work from a strengths-based approach to empower you to make whatever changes you would like to make or cope with any problems you are having. Together, we can develop new skills and insights to gain more control over your behaviors and mindset. All this will help you become empowered to explore new possibilities in all areas of your life.
(623) 745-8641 View (623) 745-8641

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Megan Stacey, Pre-Licensed Professional
Megan Stacey
Pre-Licensed Professional
4 Endorsed
Scottsdale, AZ 85255
I am passionate about supporting individuals as they navigate life's challenges and discover their inner strengths. It takes a lot of courage to reach out for support and I am humbled to assist those working towards restoring their emotional health. Together we can work through unresolved trauma, stress, anxiety, relationship issues, and life transitions to cultivate healing and healthy emotional resilience.
I am passionate about supporting individuals as they navigate life's challenges and discover their inner strengths. It takes a lot of courage to reach out for support and I am humbled to assist those working towards restoring their emotional health. Together we can work through unresolved trauma, stress, anxiety, relationship issues, and life transitions to cultivate healing and healthy emotional resilience.
(928) 256-5278 View (928) 256-5278
Photo of Chelsea Scott, Pre-Licensed Professional, Intern, MFT
Chelsea Scott
Pre-Licensed Professional, Intern, MFT
1 Endorsed
Glendale, AZ 85308
Are you struggling with anxiety? Setting boundaries with loved-ones? Low self-esteem? With an education focused on marriage and family, Chelsea is committed to meeting clients where they are and supporting their growth. She focuses on empowering individuals and families by identifying their strengths and connecting them with the resources needed to achieve their goals.
Are you struggling with anxiety? Setting boundaries with loved-ones? Low self-esteem? With an education focused on marriage and family, Chelsea is committed to meeting clients where they are and supporting their growth. She focuses on empowering individuals and families by identifying their strengths and connecting them with the resources needed to achieve their goals.
(623) 288-5047 View (623) 288-5047
Photo of James Heiskell, Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
James Heiskell
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
2 Endorsed
Scottsdale, AZ 85254
My clients gain long lasting benefits from solution focus, DBT, and actualization principles, purposed to renew perspective, manage, behavior, and heighten cognition. We have 2,000 thoughts per day, and each one is capable of changing our circumstances for the better. Why wait? Individuals "want to feel better now, not some time in the distant future." Tap into your natural resources for dynamic change. Use this opportunity to forge a new path, establish a new partnership, and change the environment to meet your needs.
My clients gain long lasting benefits from solution focus, DBT, and actualization principles, purposed to renew perspective, manage, behavior, and heighten cognition. We have 2,000 thoughts per day, and each one is capable of changing our circumstances for the better. Why wait? Individuals "want to feel better now, not some time in the distant future." Tap into your natural resources for dynamic change. Use this opportunity to forge a new path, establish a new partnership, and change the environment to meet your needs.
(480) 725-2796 View (480) 725-2796
Photo of Stefanny Balestracci, Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Stefanny Balestracci
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
4 Endorsed
Phoenix, AZ 85028
Life looks fine on the outside, but inside, you're stretched thin. You're tired of overthinking, second-guessing, and feeling like you're carrying the weight of everything. Maybe you’re noticing old habits that no longer serve you, or you’re just not feeling like yourself lately. You’re ready to get to the root of things not just talk about the stress but actually shift it. Therapy can be a space where you can be honest, feel understood, and start making changes that truly stick. I’m a Clinical Director and entrepreneur with a specific set of skills designed to help you get real results. I can be serious and a complete goofball!
Life looks fine on the outside, but inside, you're stretched thin. You're tired of overthinking, second-guessing, and feeling like you're carrying the weight of everything. Maybe you’re noticing old habits that no longer serve you, or you’re just not feeling like yourself lately. You’re ready to get to the root of things not just talk about the stress but actually shift it. Therapy can be a space where you can be honest, feel understood, and start making changes that truly stick. I’m a Clinical Director and entrepreneur with a specific set of skills designed to help you get real results. I can be serious and a complete goofball!
(602) 483-4865 View (602) 483-4865
Photo of Laurie Nelson, Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, NCC
Laurie Nelson
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, NCC
Online Only
Do you find yourself struggling with daily tasks and routines that you used to handle well? Do you feel overwhelmed by the relationships and responsibilities in your life? Have you experienced trauma or loss and don’t know how to manage it? Even at its best, life can be challenging. At times, our situations seem to be working against us and we feel like we are barely holding on. My role is to be alongside you to help you regain your footing, manage what life brings your way, and begin to feel better.
Do you find yourself struggling with daily tasks and routines that you used to handle well? Do you feel overwhelmed by the relationships and responsibilities in your life? Have you experienced trauma or loss and don’t know how to manage it? Even at its best, life can be challenging. At times, our situations seem to be working against us and we feel like we are barely holding on. My role is to be alongside you to help you regain your footing, manage what life brings your way, and begin to feel better.
(623) 343-2418 View (623) 343-2418
Photo of Timothy Weymann, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Timothy Weymann
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Online Only
Are you stressed out? Experiencing painful emotions or thoughts, relationship difficulties, health issues, a problematic past, or a significant loss or change? If so, you don't have to face things alone. Life can be difficult and we all benefit from times of extra support and attention. I’ve spent 18 years in the mental health field successfully using evidence-based methods to assist adults who are facing life’s most complex challenges. I provide counseling services via telephone or video-conferencing for individuals residing anywhere throughout the entire states of Utah and Arizona, and I'd be honored to work with you.
Are you stressed out? Experiencing painful emotions or thoughts, relationship difficulties, health issues, a problematic past, or a significant loss or change? If so, you don't have to face things alone. Life can be difficult and we all benefit from times of extra support and attention. I’ve spent 18 years in the mental health field successfully using evidence-based methods to assist adults who are facing life’s most complex challenges. I provide counseling services via telephone or video-conferencing for individuals residing anywhere throughout the entire states of Utah and Arizona, and I'd be honored to work with you.
(480) 400-0609 View (480) 400-0609
Photo of Lindsey Barzizza, Psychologist, PhD
Lindsey Barzizza
Psychologist, PhD
Phoenix, AZ 85004
Not accepting new clients
Do you sometimes feel controlled by your emotions or disconnected from yourself or others? Whatever challenges you might be facing, I can help you identify and begin to understand them. I can support you with processing complicated, conflicting, and sometimes painful emotions in a safe and supportive environment. Through this process you will emotionally and intellectually grow and become the person you want to be. I am compassionate, caring, empathetic, and non-judgmental. I accept and embrace differences among each person, and I am committed to helping others achieve their goals and live their healthiest life.
Do you sometimes feel controlled by your emotions or disconnected from yourself or others? Whatever challenges you might be facing, I can help you identify and begin to understand them. I can support you with processing complicated, conflicting, and sometimes painful emotions in a safe and supportive environment. Through this process you will emotionally and intellectually grow and become the person you want to be. I am compassionate, caring, empathetic, and non-judgmental. I accept and embrace differences among each person, and I am committed to helping others achieve their goals and live their healthiest life.
(719) 496-0444 View (719) 496-0444
Photo of Brianda Teterukov, Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, EMDR
Brianda Teterukov
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, EMDR
2 Endorsed
Phoenix, AZ 85027
A part of you carries your childhood trauma, and another part of you feels overly responsible for people's emotions. The weight of your trauma and PTSD shows up in your relationships, your parenting, and your body. Traumatic memories come uninvited. Carrying emotional abuse, grief, anxiety, and depression for years. You find yourself overwhelmed, stuck in shame, guilt, or disconnected. You’ve tried to push your traumatic childhood away, but the anger, fear, and pain linger. Trauma therapy can help you feel connected in your relationships so you can take control of your life.
A part of you carries your childhood trauma, and another part of you feels overly responsible for people's emotions. The weight of your trauma and PTSD shows up in your relationships, your parenting, and your body. Traumatic memories come uninvited. Carrying emotional abuse, grief, anxiety, and depression for years. You find yourself overwhelmed, stuck in shame, guilt, or disconnected. You’ve tried to push your traumatic childhood away, but the anger, fear, and pain linger. Trauma therapy can help you feel connected in your relationships so you can take control of your life.
(623) 292-3890 View (623) 292-3890
Photo of Danielle Williams, Licensed Professional Counselor
Danielle Williams
Licensed Professional Counselor
Online Only
Hello, I'm Danielle. As a Licensed Professional Counselor in Missouri with 8 years of experience, and a Certified Grief Informed Professional, I am here to support you on your journey to wellness. My background includes 5 years as a Recovery Counselor in both outpatient settings and treatment courts, and 6 years working with Family Centered Services as a case manager and intervention specialist. This diverse experience has equipped me with a deep understanding of the challenges you may be facing, whether it's depression, anxiety, stress, coping with addictions, trauma and abuse, or grief and loss.
Hello, I'm Danielle. As a Licensed Professional Counselor in Missouri with 8 years of experience, and a Certified Grief Informed Professional, I am here to support you on your journey to wellness. My background includes 5 years as a Recovery Counselor in both outpatient settings and treatment courts, and 6 years working with Family Centered Services as a case manager and intervention specialist. This diverse experience has equipped me with a deep understanding of the challenges you may be facing, whether it's depression, anxiety, stress, coping with addictions, trauma and abuse, or grief and loss.
(623) 343-4229 View (623) 343-4229
Photo of Jeff Schwertfager, Counselor, MS, LACT, LAC
Jeff Schwertfager
Counselor, MS, LACT, LAC
1 Endorsed
Scottsdale, AZ 85253
Therapy doesn’t have to be stiff, awkward, or full of uncomfortable silences. Think of it more like two humans hanging out, talking through the mess and meaning of life—just one of us happens to be trained in mental health. I’m the kind of therapist who’s laid back, swears occasionally (when appropriate), and appreciates a good dose of dark humor. Life can be absurd and heavy all at once, so we might as well be real about it. That said, I know when it’s time to dig in, sit with the hard stuff, and help you get unstuck.
Therapy doesn’t have to be stiff, awkward, or full of uncomfortable silences. Think of it more like two humans hanging out, talking through the mess and meaning of life—just one of us happens to be trained in mental health. I’m the kind of therapist who’s laid back, swears occasionally (when appropriate), and appreciates a good dose of dark humor. Life can be absurd and heavy all at once, so we might as well be real about it. That said, I know when it’s time to dig in, sit with the hard stuff, and help you get unstuck.
(480) 526-5834 View (480) 526-5834
Photo of Chad Metz, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Chad Metz
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Online Only
I am a solution-focused therapist who has been in the behavioral health field for 20 years and practicing therapy for 12 years. Nine of those years were spent working intensely with recovering addicts. As a Licensed Clinical Social Worker, I will listen to you, empower you, validate you, support you, and maybe even humor you. My areas of focus are: teens, chronic pain, men's sexual health, trauma & complex PTSD, and substance use disorders.
I am a solution-focused therapist who has been in the behavioral health field for 20 years and practicing therapy for 12 years. Nine of those years were spent working intensely with recovering addicts. As a Licensed Clinical Social Worker, I will listen to you, empower you, validate you, support you, and maybe even humor you. My areas of focus are: teens, chronic pain, men's sexual health, trauma & complex PTSD, and substance use disorders.
(480) 999-3778 View (480) 999-3778
Photo of Dr. Smita Kapoor, Marriage & Family Therapist, DMFT, PhD (c), LMFT
Dr. Smita Kapoor
Marriage & Family Therapist, DMFT, PhD (c), LMFT
1 Endorsed
Online Only
Navigating life's challenges can be overwhelming, especially when they stem from deep-rooted experiences like childhood trauma or complex PTSD, dealing with anxiety or anxiety-related disorders, depression, or relationship and communication issues. But you're not alone on this journey. As a therapist, I provide a safe, non-judgmental space where clients can freely express, process, and explore their emotions. Whether you're a young professional dealing with career stress, part of a neurodiverse couple, or facing personal struggles, my goal is to support you every step of the way.
Navigating life's challenges can be overwhelming, especially when they stem from deep-rooted experiences like childhood trauma or complex PTSD, dealing with anxiety or anxiety-related disorders, depression, or relationship and communication issues. But you're not alone on this journey. As a therapist, I provide a safe, non-judgmental space where clients can freely express, process, and explore their emotions. Whether you're a young professional dealing with career stress, part of a neurodiverse couple, or facing personal struggles, my goal is to support you every step of the way.
(909) 706-6624 View (909) 706-6624
Photo of Angela F Bassett, Drug & Alcohol Counselor, LIAC, MS, BHP
Angela F Bassett
Drug & Alcohol Counselor, LIAC, MS, BHP
Online Only
Do drugs and alcohol have a problem with you? Does it wreck havoc in one or more areas of your life? Do you "self-medicate" because you don't know how to deal with the pain that lives inside? Do you have childhood or other traumas you need to resolve? Are you anxious, stressed and have unhealthy habits to try to relax? Reaching out for help may be hard considering how society has stigmatized people who have addictive behavior. Did you know that treatment for Addiction can be easier than you thought? It can also be incredibly supportive, inspiring, and uplifting. Your life will drastically change when you take back control!
Do drugs and alcohol have a problem with you? Does it wreck havoc in one or more areas of your life? Do you "self-medicate" because you don't know how to deal with the pain that lives inside? Do you have childhood or other traumas you need to resolve? Are you anxious, stressed and have unhealthy habits to try to relax? Reaching out for help may be hard considering how society has stigmatized people who have addictive behavior. Did you know that treatment for Addiction can be easier than you thought? It can also be incredibly supportive, inspiring, and uplifting. Your life will drastically change when you take back control!
(928) 569-4896 View (928) 569-4896
Photo of Crystal Sulit, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Crystal Sulit
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
7 Endorsed
Tempe, AZ 85281
NOW accepting NEW clients! (age 17-65+) Every person is unique. I practice using a client-centered approach so you can feel heard, supported and empowered. I have extensive experience working with anxiety, depression, mood disorders, adjustments disorders, stress, grief, life transitions, substance abuse, trauma, relationship issues, self-esteem and PTSD. I offer an honest, caring approach where you can feel comfortable, learn, and grow.
NOW accepting NEW clients! (age 17-65+) Every person is unique. I practice using a client-centered approach so you can feel heard, supported and empowered. I have extensive experience working with anxiety, depression, mood disorders, adjustments disorders, stress, grief, life transitions, substance abuse, trauma, relationship issues, self-esteem and PTSD. I offer an honest, caring approach where you can feel comfortable, learn, and grow.
(520) 200-8160 View (520) 200-8160
Photo of Josie Self, MA, NCC
Josie Self
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Online Only
I am a Licensed Associate Counselor in the State of Arizona. As a therapist, my hope is to create a safe and comfortable space for you to explore the parts of life that may feel too scary or unknown to look into without a little bit of extra support. My belief is that, with the right help, everyone is capable of achieving mental health and wellness. My primary areas of specialty are in treating couples in distress and perinatal mental health disorders. In work with couples, I have specialty training in treating affair recovery and PTSD in a relationship context.
I am a Licensed Associate Counselor in the State of Arizona. As a therapist, my hope is to create a safe and comfortable space for you to explore the parts of life that may feel too scary or unknown to look into without a little bit of extra support. My belief is that, with the right help, everyone is capable of achieving mental health and wellness. My primary areas of specialty are in treating couples in distress and perinatal mental health disorders. In work with couples, I have specialty training in treating affair recovery and PTSD in a relationship context.
(971) 715-0352 View (971) 715-0352
Photo of Bailey Peters, Counselor, LAC
Bailey Peters
Counselor, LAC
Glendale, AZ 85308
As an LAC, I am committed to supporting individuals on their journey toward emotional and psychological wellness, and have clinical experience working with a broad range of mental health concerns; including anxiety disorders, depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and eating disorders. I utilize evidence-based therapeutic approaches tailored to each client’s unique needs and goals, fostering a safe and collaborative environment for growth and healing.
As an LAC, I am committed to supporting individuals on their journey toward emotional and psychological wellness, and have clinical experience working with a broad range of mental health concerns; including anxiety disorders, depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and eating disorders. I utilize evidence-based therapeutic approaches tailored to each client’s unique needs and goals, fostering a safe and collaborative environment for growth and healing.
(623) 281-3768 View (623) 281-3768

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Desert Hills, AZ

< 10

Therapists in Desert Hills, AZ who prioritize treating:

100% Depression
100% Anxiety
100% ADHD
100% Obsessive-Compulsive (OCD)
100% Stress
75% Chronic Pain
75% Domestic Abuse

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

67% Aetna
67% BlueCross and BlueShield
67% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in Desert Hills, AZ see their clients

100% In Person and Online

Gender breakdown

75% Female
25% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Desert Hills?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.