Therapists in Clay Springs, AZ

Photo of Bonnie Bleu Yardley, Licensed Professional Counselor, MSc, LPC
Bonnie Bleu Yardley
Licensed Professional Counselor, MSc, LPC
1 Endorsed
Clay Springs, AZ 85923
Life is full of challenges and sometimes overwhelming. Everything a person experiences creates an image of how one views oneself, others, and the world. Bonnie believes that everyone has the power within oneself to live a productive, meaningful life, full of purpose and peace.
Life is full of challenges and sometimes overwhelming. Everything a person experiences creates an image of how one views oneself, others, and the world. Bonnie believes that everyone has the power within oneself to live a productive, meaningful life, full of purpose and peace.
(480) 470-4193 View (480) 470-4193
Photo of Lucille Hamblin, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Lucille Hamblin
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Online Only
I provide Autism, ADHD & neurotypical support using ACT, CBT, and DBT skills. I work with you to build your confidence, relationships, and sense of peace. I offer empathy and accountability to help you manage tough emotions, stress, relationships, and life changes. Together, we calm "fight or flight" responses as you learn and use coping skills and improve communication skills.
I provide Autism, ADHD & neurotypical support using ACT, CBT, and DBT skills. I work with you to build your confidence, relationships, and sense of peace. I offer empathy and accountability to help you manage tough emotions, stress, relationships, and life changes. Together, we calm "fight or flight" responses as you learn and use coping skills and improve communication skills.
(928) 371-3215 View (928) 371-3215

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Sarah Clark, Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Sarah Clark
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Online Only
Hi there, I'm Sarah! I am a licensed Marriage and Family Therapist since 2007. I enjoy working collaboratively to get the best treatment outcomes for individuals, children, couples, and families. I like to work collaboratively with my clients, and often lean on emotionally focused, solution-focused, and client-centered approaches.
Hi there, I'm Sarah! I am a licensed Marriage and Family Therapist since 2007. I enjoy working collaboratively to get the best treatment outcomes for individuals, children, couples, and families. I like to work collaboratively with my clients, and often lean on emotionally focused, solution-focused, and client-centered approaches.
(928) 260-5917 View (928) 260-5917
Photo of Katie Habgood, Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC
Katie Habgood
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC
Online Only
My ideal client is anyone who is open to new ideas and strategies, and is willing to put in some work. We will create new paths forward and collaborate with one another to implement changes to better your life.
My ideal client is anyone who is open to new ideas and strategies, and is willing to put in some work. We will create new paths forward and collaborate with one another to implement changes to better your life.
(928) 764-8324 View (928) 764-8324
Jose I Garcia
Counselor, PhD, MEd
Pinetop, AZ 85935
Dr. Jose I. Garcia, M.Ed./Ph.D. in Counseling Behavioral Psychology assists clients in compassionate mental/emotional behavioral care for individuals, couples, and families. Dr. Garcia has extensive experience and competence helping people to regain quality of life and balance from traumatic events, addictions and adversity. Jose's focuses on stabilization, self-regulation skills and reintegration into wellness. As a member in good standing with the American Counseling Association, Dr. Garcia adheres to the code of ethics of his profession. Jose is certified in Family Counseling, Mediation, Trauma Therapy, Mindfulness among others.
Dr. Jose I. Garcia, M.Ed./Ph.D. in Counseling Behavioral Psychology assists clients in compassionate mental/emotional behavioral care for individuals, couples, and families. Dr. Garcia has extensive experience and competence helping people to regain quality of life and balance from traumatic events, addictions and adversity. Jose's focuses on stabilization, self-regulation skills and reintegration into wellness. As a member in good standing with the American Counseling Association, Dr. Garcia adheres to the code of ethics of his profession. Jose is certified in Family Counseling, Mediation, Trauma Therapy, Mindfulness among others.
(928) 550-6729 View (928) 550-6729
Photo of Michelle Alger - A Human Factor, LLC, Counselor, MA, LMHC, NCC
A Human Factor, LLC
Counselor, MA, LMHC, NCC
1 Endorsed
Online Only
I am licensed in Arizona and Washington state and provide compassionate virtual counseling for adults. While we learn many things in life, most of us are not taught how to move through difficult seasons with clarity and confidence. Therapy offers a supportive space to slow down, better understand what may be getting in the way, strengthen coping skills, and take practical steps toward a more grounded, meaningful, and aligned life.
I am licensed in Arizona and Washington state and provide compassionate virtual counseling for adults. While we learn many things in life, most of us are not taught how to move through difficult seasons with clarity and confidence. Therapy offers a supportive space to slow down, better understand what may be getting in the way, strengthen coping skills, and take practical steps toward a more grounded, meaningful, and aligned life.
(928) 307-1931 View (928) 307-1931
Photo of Monique Franklin, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Monique Franklin
Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Online Only
Hello, I'm Monique. First and foremost, thank you for taking the time to read my profile and for seeking help as you progress through this time in your life. With 10 years of experience as a therapist, I've had the privilege of working with a diverse range of individuals facing various challenges. Whether you're dealing with anxiety, depression, stress, life transitions, intimate or romantic relationship issues, mental/behavioral health, family relationships, or even suicidal ideation and self-harming behaviors, I'm here to support you. Additionally, I offer SonderMind Video Telehealth for those who prefer or require remote sessions
Hello, I'm Monique. First and foremost, thank you for taking the time to read my profile and for seeking help as you progress through this time in your life. With 10 years of experience as a therapist, I've had the privilege of working with a diverse range of individuals facing various challenges. Whether you're dealing with anxiety, depression, stress, life transitions, intimate or romantic relationship issues, mental/behavioral health, family relationships, or even suicidal ideation and self-harming behaviors, I'm here to support you. Additionally, I offer SonderMind Video Telehealth for those who prefer or require remote sessions
(480) 680-7563 View (480) 680-7563
Photo of Claudia Howard, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, NCC, ACCTS
Claudia Howard
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, NCC, ACCTS
1 Endorsed
Online Only
Not accepting new clients
Trauma has a way of staying with you — in your body, your relationships, and the quiet moments when you least expect it. Whether you're navigating the aftermath of something that happened long ago or something still unfolding, you don't have to keep carrying it alone. This is a space built for the full complexity of who you are — your identity, your story, the relationships that have shaped you — honored without judgment. Healing is possible, and it doesn't require you to have the right words or the whole picture. You just have to be willing to show up. The rest, we figure out together. For Medicare, please call 602-989-8899.
Trauma has a way of staying with you — in your body, your relationships, and the quiet moments when you least expect it. Whether you're navigating the aftermath of something that happened long ago or something still unfolding, you don't have to keep carrying it alone. This is a space built for the full complexity of who you are — your identity, your story, the relationships that have shaped you — honored without judgment. Healing is possible, and it doesn't require you to have the right words or the whole picture. You just have to be willing to show up. The rest, we figure out together. For Medicare, please call 602-989-8899.
(928) 756-8062 View (928) 756-8062
Photo of Courtney Garvin-Lavendar, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Courtney Garvin-Lavendar
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
5 Endorsed
Serves Area
I partner with people who feel stuck—around food, body image, intimacy, or emotions—and are longing for a place where they can feel safe, seen, and understood. I work with individuals ages 10 and up who carry a lot inside and may feel overwhelmed, disconnected, or hard on themselves. Whether navigating eating disorders, perinatal or postpartum changes, relationship stress, or general mental health concerns, I consider it a privilege to walk alongside clients as they find relief, rebuild trust with themselves, and deepen connection with those they love.
I partner with people who feel stuck—around food, body image, intimacy, or emotions—and are longing for a place where they can feel safe, seen, and understood. I work with individuals ages 10 and up who carry a lot inside and may feel overwhelmed, disconnected, or hard on themselves. Whether navigating eating disorders, perinatal or postpartum changes, relationship stress, or general mental health concerns, I consider it a privilege to walk alongside clients as they find relief, rebuild trust with themselves, and deepen connection with those they love.
(928) 766-0848 View (928) 766-0848
Photo of Dr. Deborah E. Quinley-Hayes - Dr. Deb Hayes, Licensed Professional Counselor, PhD, LPC, LIAC, HHP
Dr. Deb Hayes
Licensed Professional Counselor, PhD, LPC, LIAC, HHP
Show Low, AZ 85901
I am a doctoral level psychotherapist with dual licenses in counseling and addictions. I treat a variety of issues and struggles, from work place to complex trauma. I am more practical in my overall approach, but I tend to go deeper with many clients who experience more complex issues, mood and affect disorders, relationship struggles, addictions, health issues, and others as appropriate. My therapy style is gentle yet direct, challenging yet compassionate, and professional yet personable. I strive to promote lasting positive changes and healing that extend beyond typical talk therapy sessions through a variety of approaches.
I am a doctoral level psychotherapist with dual licenses in counseling and addictions. I treat a variety of issues and struggles, from work place to complex trauma. I am more practical in my overall approach, but I tend to go deeper with many clients who experience more complex issues, mood and affect disorders, relationship struggles, addictions, health issues, and others as appropriate. My therapy style is gentle yet direct, challenging yet compassionate, and professional yet personable. I strive to promote lasting positive changes and healing that extend beyond typical talk therapy sessions through a variety of approaches.
(520) 981-4547 View (520) 981-4547
Photo of Stephanie Schurkens, Counselor, MA, LAC
Stephanie Schurkens
Counselor, MA, LAC
1 Endorsed
Show Low, AZ 85901
Waitlist for new clients
When you or your child is struggling with anxiety or OCD, it can feel overwhelming and disrupt daily life. As a specialist in treating anxiety disorders and OCD, I provide a supportive environment with practical tools to manage symptoms and break unhelpful patterns. I am a SPACE-trained provider and have experience treating children, teens, and adults struggling with worry, avoidance, panic, intrusive thoughts and compulsions. SPACE (Supportive Parenting for Anxious Childhood Emotions) is one of my favorite approaches for childhood anxiety—it’s short-term, parent-focused, and empowers caregivers to lead the change.
When you or your child is struggling with anxiety or OCD, it can feel overwhelming and disrupt daily life. As a specialist in treating anxiety disorders and OCD, I provide a supportive environment with practical tools to manage symptoms and break unhelpful patterns. I am a SPACE-trained provider and have experience treating children, teens, and adults struggling with worry, avoidance, panic, intrusive thoughts and compulsions. SPACE (Supportive Parenting for Anxious Childhood Emotions) is one of my favorite approaches for childhood anxiety—it’s short-term, parent-focused, and empowers caregivers to lead the change.
(928) 224-8318 View (928) 224-8318
Photo of Daniel Christiano, Psychologist, PhD
Daniel Christiano
Psychologist, PhD
Pinetop, AZ 85935
Dr. Christiano treats both families and has specialization as a child psychologist and educator. He has trained counselors and psychologist for several years. He is an adjunct Associate Professor of Educational Psychology at Northern Arizona University. Although eclectic in his approach, he employs brief therapy and Cognitive-behavioral therapy. He works with all age clients. Dr Christiano’s training includes specific emphasis in developmental counseling, assessment and consultation. Currently, he conducts Custody Evaluations and serves as a Family Court Advisor for the Superior Court of Arizona – Maricopa County
Dr. Christiano treats both families and has specialization as a child psychologist and educator. He has trained counselors and psychologist for several years. He is an adjunct Associate Professor of Educational Psychology at Northern Arizona University. Although eclectic in his approach, he employs brief therapy and Cognitive-behavioral therapy. He works with all age clients. Dr Christiano’s training includes specific emphasis in developmental counseling, assessment and consultation. Currently, he conducts Custody Evaluations and serves as a Family Court Advisor for the Superior Court of Arizona – Maricopa County
(480) 577-6367 View (480) 577-6367
Photo of Susan Haywood, Licensed Professional Counselor
Susan Haywood
Licensed Professional Counselor
Online Only
Hello, I'm Susan, a Licensed Professional Counselor (MA) dedicated to helping individuals build healthier relationships with themselves and others. Life can be a difficult journey at times and hard to navigate, but you don't have to go through it alone. I am here to support you in building the skills you need to achieve your goals and become a stronger, more confident version of yourself. I will walk beside you every step of the way, offering guidance and encouragement.
Hello, I'm Susan, a Licensed Professional Counselor (MA) dedicated to helping individuals build healthier relationships with themselves and others. Life can be a difficult journey at times and hard to navigate, but you don't have to go through it alone. I am here to support you in building the skills you need to achieve your goals and become a stronger, more confident version of yourself. I will walk beside you every step of the way, offering guidance and encouragement.
(928) 981-2083 View (928) 981-2083
Photo of Marcelene Camou, Counselor, MS LPCC, LPC
Marcelene Camou
Counselor, MS LPCC, LPC
Show Low, AZ 85901
Sometimes you just need a safe place to process and explore your feelings, thoughts and emotions. Supporting self-concept, confidence with improve your personal interactions. Time will be spent identifying personal needs and matching those needs to an effective therapy. I have experience with individuals with Anxiety and Depression, trauma, relationship issues, OCD, ADHD, Social Phobia, and high functioning Autism. Currently, I am available for long-distance therapy through video conferencing for those living in CA
Sometimes you just need a safe place to process and explore your feelings, thoughts and emotions. Supporting self-concept, confidence with improve your personal interactions. Time will be spent identifying personal needs and matching those needs to an effective therapy. I have experience with individuals with Anxiety and Depression, trauma, relationship issues, OCD, ADHD, Social Phobia, and high functioning Autism. Currently, I am available for long-distance therapy through video conferencing for those living in CA
(833) 766-4509 View (833) 766-4509
Photo of Maggie Reichler, Pre-Licensed Professional
Maggie Reichler
Pre-Licensed Professional
4 Endorsed
Serves Area
Not accepting new clients
Hey, there! If you're feeling stuck, tired of wearing a mask, or want to gain a deeper understanding of yourself and your experiences, you don't have to go through it alone. I'm LGBTQ+ affirming and neurodivergent affirming and can help you navigate anxiety, depression, burnout/emotional burnout, trauma, relationship/family, identity, self-esteem, life transitions, ADHD, AuDHD, and ASD. I offer a collaborative and empowering space for you to be authentically yourself, build self-compassion, navigate difficult emotions, and move toward healing, growth, and a life that you feel good about.
Hey, there! If you're feeling stuck, tired of wearing a mask, or want to gain a deeper understanding of yourself and your experiences, you don't have to go through it alone. I'm LGBTQ+ affirming and neurodivergent affirming and can help you navigate anxiety, depression, burnout/emotional burnout, trauma, relationship/family, identity, self-esteem, life transitions, ADHD, AuDHD, and ASD. I offer a collaborative and empowering space for you to be authentically yourself, build self-compassion, navigate difficult emotions, and move toward healing, growth, and a life that you feel good about.
(602) 905-0977 View (602) 905-0977
Photo of Kristine Rumzis, Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC
Kristine Rumzis
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC
Show Low, AZ 85901
I believe in the power of a holistic approach to wellness, where emotional well-being is nurtured through integrative practices and authentic connections. As humans, we are innately wired for connection, and our mission is to normalize wellness, foster belonging, and create spaces where true, meaningful relationships can thrive. By embracing the mind, body, and spirit as interconnected elements of well-being, we empower individuals to live authentically, heal emotionally, and experience the support of a compassionate community.
I believe in the power of a holistic approach to wellness, where emotional well-being is nurtured through integrative practices and authentic connections. As humans, we are innately wired for connection, and our mission is to normalize wellness, foster belonging, and create spaces where true, meaningful relationships can thrive. By embracing the mind, body, and spirit as interconnected elements of well-being, we empower individuals to live authentically, heal emotionally, and experience the support of a compassionate community.
(928) 272-3883 View (928) 272-3883
Photo of Haley Edris - Arizona Marriage and Family Therapy Clinic, Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Arizona Marriage and Family Therapy Clinic
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Serves Area
I strive to help individuals families and couples to build connection and increase their understanding of one another. I seek to provide a comfortable and nonjudgmental place for people to come together and work through life’s challenges. This process includes creating goals and working collaboratively with my clients to meet the needs of each individual involved in the therapy process. I supervise a team of clinicians working towards their license which in turn supports my own work by remaining up to date on current evidence-based practices and providing most ethical care possible.
I strive to help individuals families and couples to build connection and increase their understanding of one another. I seek to provide a comfortable and nonjudgmental place for people to come together and work through life’s challenges. This process includes creating goals and working collaboratively with my clients to meet the needs of each individual involved in the therapy process. I supervise a team of clinicians working towards their license which in turn supports my own work by remaining up to date on current evidence-based practices and providing most ethical care possible.
(480) 360-5476 View (480) 360-5476
Photo of Cindi Kutsop, Drug & Alcohol Counselor, LIAC, GCCC, MSAC
Cindi Kutsop
Drug & Alcohol Counselor, LIAC, GCCC, MSAC
1 Endorsed
Show Low, AZ 85901
As a recovery specialist I work with clients to overcome emotional, social, trauma and mental health issues while working with individuals, couples, and families helping them cope with various life challenges. I specialize in counseling individual clients and their families through substance abuse and recovery issues. As a master's level Christian counselor, I integrate spirituality and relationships into my practice because I believe that addiction is a spiritual, relational and systemic disease. Being a recovering alcoholic and the mother of 7 grown children, I bring a unique understanding that comes through many life experiences.
As a recovery specialist I work with clients to overcome emotional, social, trauma and mental health issues while working with individuals, couples, and families helping them cope with various life challenges. I specialize in counseling individual clients and their families through substance abuse and recovery issues. As a master's level Christian counselor, I integrate spirituality and relationships into my practice because I believe that addiction is a spiritual, relational and systemic disease. Being a recovering alcoholic and the mother of 7 grown children, I bring a unique understanding that comes through many life experiences.
(928) 981-2076 View (928) 981-2076
Photo of William Gonzalez, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
William Gonzalez
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Show Low, AZ 85901
I believe that life is an ongoing process of successes and learning that takes us onto our next goals and ventures. I specialize in helping people experiencing imbalance or interpersonal conflicts. I will work with you through various life issues including: parenting, crisis, death and dying and relationships. My therapy utilizes an introspective approach that includes Bio/Psychological/Social and Spiritual aspects of your life. We will work together to embrace the here and now experiences, moving toward building behavioral change and empowerment. I intend to get to the main theme of the problem, and begin building solutions.
I believe that life is an ongoing process of successes and learning that takes us onto our next goals and ventures. I specialize in helping people experiencing imbalance or interpersonal conflicts. I will work with you through various life issues including: parenting, crisis, death and dying and relationships. My therapy utilizes an introspective approach that includes Bio/Psychological/Social and Spiritual aspects of your life. We will work together to embrace the here and now experiences, moving toward building behavioral change and empowerment. I intend to get to the main theme of the problem, and begin building solutions.
Photo of Reanna Irigoyen, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Reanna Irigoyen
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Online Only
I’m a Licensed Professional Counselor with over 17 years of experience in mental health and a background serving in the Army in a medical capacity. I specialize in trauma, OCD, and working with first responders and high-functioning adults navigating anxiety, depression, grief, addiction, and chronic stress. My approach is structured, evidence-based, and collaborative. I value honesty, accountability, and measurable progress, and I create a space where humor and hard conversations can coexist. If you’re looking for straightforward therapy that respects your resilience while helping you move forward, you’re in the right place.
I’m a Licensed Professional Counselor with over 17 years of experience in mental health and a background serving in the Army in a medical capacity. I specialize in trauma, OCD, and working with first responders and high-functioning adults navigating anxiety, depression, grief, addiction, and chronic stress. My approach is structured, evidence-based, and collaborative. I value honesty, accountability, and measurable progress, and I create a space where humor and hard conversations can coexist. If you’re looking for straightforward therapy that respects your resilience while helping you move forward, you’re in the right place.
(928) 393-0894 View (928) 393-0894

Nearby Searches for Clay Springs

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How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Clay Springs, AZ

< 10

Therapists in Clay Springs, AZ who prioritize treating:

100% Anxiety
100% Grief
100% Trauma and PTSD
100% Spirituality
100% Anger Management
100% Self Esteem
100% Women's Issues

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

50% Aetna
50% BlueCross and BlueShield
50% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in Clay Springs, AZ see their clients

50% In Person and Online
50% Online Only

Gender breakdown

100% Female
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Clay Springs?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.