Therapists in Orem, UT

Photo of Innsaei - Holistic Child and Family Therapy, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Orem, UT
Innsaei - Holistic Child and Family Therapy
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, RPT-S
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Orem, UT 84057
Life can be difficult. Many challenges face us and we can all use a little guidance or just an empathetic listening ear at times. At Innsaei, you will discover ways to calm the waves of your inner world, so you can live a whole and peaceful life. We offer many options for you to work in creative and effective ways, all personally customized to you and your needs, helping you gain insight, skills, and processes so you can navigate through the challenges encountered along life's journey.
Life can be difficult. Many challenges face us and we can all use a little guidance or just an empathetic listening ear at times. At Innsaei, you will discover ways to calm the waves of your inner world, so you can live a whole and peaceful life. We offer many options for you to work in creative and effective ways, all personally customized to you and your needs, helping you gain insight, skills, and processes so you can navigate through the challenges encountered along life's journey.
(801) 850-9734 View (801) 850-9734
Photo of Kaylem Ephraim Arteaga, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Orem, UT
Kaylem Ephraim Arteaga
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Orem, UT 84097
A good therapist-client fit is essential to getting the help you need. I have a great deal of life experience and cultural awareness from growing up in a risky area of Los Angeles, serving in the U.S. Army (9 yrs), experiencing combat and loss, living through natural disasters, working with and supporting military veterans, working as a therapist with juveniles for the State of Utah, and overcoming many of life's personal obstacles. I have a passion for working with people. I believe connecting with you is essential to treatment success. As your therapist, I promise to be there for you every step of the way.
A good therapist-client fit is essential to getting the help you need. I have a great deal of life experience and cultural awareness from growing up in a risky area of Los Angeles, serving in the U.S. Army (9 yrs), experiencing combat and loss, living through natural disasters, working with and supporting military veterans, working as a therapist with juveniles for the State of Utah, and overcoming many of life's personal obstacles. I have a passion for working with people. I believe connecting with you is essential to treatment success. As your therapist, I promise to be there for you every step of the way.
(801) 917-6474 View (801) 917-6474
Photo of Adam Thompson, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Orem, UT
Adam Thompson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Orem, UT 84058
Waitlist for new clients
The human mind can get stuck in negative emotions, beliefs, and other patterns which make it feel impossible to move forward in life. I specialize in interventions (particularly EMDR, ACT, and BWRT) that enable the mind to let release old patterns quickly and often permanently. I specialize in treating trauma and anxiety. But these same interventions work wonders with addictions, depression, and other serious problems.
The human mind can get stuck in negative emotions, beliefs, and other patterns which make it feel impossible to move forward in life. I specialize in interventions (particularly EMDR, ACT, and BWRT) that enable the mind to let release old patterns quickly and often permanently. I specialize in treating trauma and anxiety. But these same interventions work wonders with addictions, depression, and other serious problems.
(801) 921-4640 View (801) 921-4640
Photo of Liz Applegate, Counselor in Orem, UT
Liz Applegate
Counselor, A-CMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Orem, UT 84057  (Online Only)
Working with those feeling overwhelmed by perfectionism, grief, life changes, or a traumatic event is such important work. You might struggle with feeling tired and have an overwhelming sense of anxiety and/or depression. Those who have always felt strong and independent cannot understand why they are unable to do this one thing on their own - why they continue to feel so alone. Please know, it is totally okay to NOT be okay and that you don't need to go it alone.
Working with those feeling overwhelmed by perfectionism, grief, life changes, or a traumatic event is such important work. You might struggle with feeling tired and have an overwhelming sense of anxiety and/or depression. Those who have always felt strong and independent cannot understand why they are unable to do this one thing on their own - why they continue to feel so alone. Please know, it is totally okay to NOT be okay and that you don't need to go it alone.
(385) 325-8776 View (385) 325-8776
Photo of Jon B Skidmore, Psychologist in Orem, UT
Jon B Skidmore
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Orem, UT 84097
For decades I been helping performing artists from around the world find freedom on stage and in life. I am a performance coach, licensed psychologist, singer, educator, researcher, and author. I believe that the path to peak performance starts between the ears, not in the practice room. My goal is to give performing artists the mental skills they need to freely share their gifts, tell their stories, and sing their songs! I co-authored Conquer Anxiety: How to overcome anxiety and optimize your performance. For over 30 years he has taught The Psychology of Music Performance at Brigham Young University
For decades I been helping performing artists from around the world find freedom on stage and in life. I am a performance coach, licensed psychologist, singer, educator, researcher, and author. I believe that the path to peak performance starts between the ears, not in the practice room. My goal is to give performing artists the mental skills they need to freely share their gifts, tell their stories, and sing their songs! I co-authored Conquer Anxiety: How to overcome anxiety and optimize your performance. For over 30 years he has taught The Psychology of Music Performance at Brigham Young University
(385) 314-4342 View (385) 314-4342
Photo of Meadowbrook Counseling, Marriage & Family Therapist in Orem, UT
Meadowbrook Counseling
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Orem, UT 84057
Meadowbrook Counseling welcomes families of all abilities, ages, gender identity, immigration status, race, religion, sexual orientation and socioeconomic status. We strive to help you improve mental health and strengthen family relationships by providing competent and compassionate counseling services to individuals, couples and families. Everyone has a unique history and set of problems. We will help you navigate the challenges you face and heal your trauma.
Meadowbrook Counseling welcomes families of all abilities, ages, gender identity, immigration status, race, religion, sexual orientation and socioeconomic status. We strive to help you improve mental health and strengthen family relationships by providing competent and compassionate counseling services to individuals, couples and families. Everyone has a unique history and set of problems. We will help you navigate the challenges you face and heal your trauma.
(385) 279-5159 View (385) 279-5159
Photo of Teresa Hoffmann, Counselor in Orem, UT
Teresa Hoffmann
Counselor, CMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Orem, UT 84057
I can help you feel understood especially when you feel like you struggle to understand yourself or you feel that no one else understands you. I can do this by compassionately listening to your life experiences and helping you feel validated and accepted. Having been through relational, religious, military and familial trauma I have a place in my heart for those of you who have struggled with this.
I can help you feel understood especially when you feel like you struggle to understand yourself or you feel that no one else understands you. I can do this by compassionately listening to your life experiences and helping you feel validated and accepted. Having been through relational, religious, military and familial trauma I have a place in my heart for those of you who have struggled with this.
(385) 378-8780 View (385) 378-8780
Photo of Teen Creative Art Therapy in Orem, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in Orem, UT
Teen Creative Art Therapy in Orem
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Orem, UT 84097
Does your teen need a safe place to process their feelings? Learn important self-regulating skills? Bond with their peers? Improve their confidence and create a deeper attachment with you, their parental figure? This Teen Art Group (TAG) provides an affordable, weekly way for teenagers to express their creativity and improve their mental health by processing with a licensed mental health professional. This group is the perfect place for teens who are struggling with depression, anxiety, self-confidence, relationships in families, school work, suicidal thoughts, forming friendships, etc. And the first group is always free!
Does your teen need a safe place to process their feelings? Learn important self-regulating skills? Bond with their peers? Improve their confidence and create a deeper attachment with you, their parental figure? This Teen Art Group (TAG) provides an affordable, weekly way for teenagers to express their creativity and improve their mental health by processing with a licensed mental health professional. This group is the perfect place for teens who are struggling with depression, anxiety, self-confidence, relationships in families, school work, suicidal thoughts, forming friendships, etc. And the first group is always free!
(385) 402-8389 View (385) 402-8389
Photo of Justin Makin, Clinical Mental Health Counselor in Orem, UT
Justin Makin
Clinical Mental Health Counselor, ACMHC
Verified Verified
Orem, UT 84097
Hey, I'm Justin, a licensed mental health counselor on a mission to guide men towards healing and hope. As a person centered therapist, I work to heal unresolved traumas that are impacting your daily life and your performance in various aspects of your life. I also work to resolve marital issues in couples counseling as needed. Specializing in men’s mental health, I understand the unique challenges that men may face while considering counseling as an option. I respect the courage it takes to pick up the phone and schedule. I do my best to make counseling feel as comfortable as going to a ball game.
Hey, I'm Justin, a licensed mental health counselor on a mission to guide men towards healing and hope. As a person centered therapist, I work to heal unresolved traumas that are impacting your daily life and your performance in various aspects of your life. I also work to resolve marital issues in couples counseling as needed. Specializing in men’s mental health, I understand the unique challenges that men may face while considering counseling as an option. I respect the courage it takes to pick up the phone and schedule. I do my best to make counseling feel as comfortable as going to a ball game.
(385) 332-8761 View (385) 332-8761
Photo of Danielle Fenn, Marriage & Family Therapist in Orem, UT
Danielle Fenn
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
Orem, UT 84097
Life is hard! No way around it. Many people are looking for change, peace, love, hope, or even a rekindling of old passions. I truly believe that we are capable of great things, relationships can be mended, goals can be accomplished, and new perspectives can be achieved. Having gone through many diverse experiences in my life I believe that I have the ability to empathize with what you're going through. In addition, my education, training, and experience has afforded me the knowledge and ability to assist you in finding the happy ending you are seeking.
Life is hard! No way around it. Many people are looking for change, peace, love, hope, or even a rekindling of old passions. I truly believe that we are capable of great things, relationships can be mended, goals can be accomplished, and new perspectives can be achieved. Having gone through many diverse experiences in my life I believe that I have the ability to empathize with what you're going through. In addition, my education, training, and experience has afforded me the knowledge and ability to assist you in finding the happy ending you are seeking.
(385) 786-6898 View (385) 786-6898
Photo of Spencer Evans, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Orem, UT
Spencer Evans
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CTTP-1
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Orem, UT 84097
Hi, my name is Spencer, thanks for stopping by and taking a look at my profile. Finding the right therapist can be tricky at times. Here's a bit about myself to help you see if we'd be a good fit. My main goal as a therapist is to help others live in congruence with themselves. I believe peace comes and shame is reduced when one is aligned with their personal values. A lot of different events can push us out of alignment, and therapy is great at getting us back on track. Areas I spend a lot of time in are: self esteem, substance abuse, relationships, men's/women's issues, life transitions, anxiety/depression.
Hi, my name is Spencer, thanks for stopping by and taking a look at my profile. Finding the right therapist can be tricky at times. Here's a bit about myself to help you see if we'd be a good fit. My main goal as a therapist is to help others live in congruence with themselves. I believe peace comes and shame is reduced when one is aligned with their personal values. A lot of different events can push us out of alignment, and therapy is great at getting us back on track. Areas I spend a lot of time in are: self esteem, substance abuse, relationships, men's/women's issues, life transitions, anxiety/depression.
(801) 290-8925 View (801) 290-8925
Photo of Joshua D. Powner, Marriage & Family Therapist in Orem, UT
Joshua D. Powner
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Orem, UT 84058  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
Welcome! Please take your time to choose a therapist that you feel would be a good fit—doing so is vital to the overall process of therapy. My style? I want clients who are ready to learn, grow, and finally feel in control of their lives again. I am very passionate about my work and will give you resources in between sessions so that you aren't limited to progressing just once a week for 45 minutes or an hour. In this way, I try my best to be the "guide on the side"—rather than the "sage on the stage"—for my clients.
Welcome! Please take your time to choose a therapist that you feel would be a good fit—doing so is vital to the overall process of therapy. My style? I want clients who are ready to learn, grow, and finally feel in control of their lives again. I am very passionate about my work and will give you resources in between sessions so that you aren't limited to progressing just once a week for 45 minutes or an hour. In this way, I try my best to be the "guide on the side"—rather than the "sage on the stage"—for my clients.
(801) 382-9455 View (801) 382-9455
Photo of Sam Major, Marriage & Family Therapist in Orem, UT
Sam Major
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, MSMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Orem, UT 84097
Not accepting new clients
I specialize in treating clients struggling with pornography addiction, behavioral disorders with adolescent males, depression, anxiety, spiritual identity, and other common concerns that bring people to therapy. I'm especially adept at working with clients who want to draw from their religious background to find healing, with a particular emphasis on working with those from the LDS faith. I particularly enjoy working with college aged men struggling with addiction, adolescent boys, and premarital and newlywed couples.
I specialize in treating clients struggling with pornography addiction, behavioral disorders with adolescent males, depression, anxiety, spiritual identity, and other common concerns that bring people to therapy. I'm especially adept at working with clients who want to draw from their religious background to find healing, with a particular emphasis on working with those from the LDS faith. I particularly enjoy working with college aged men struggling with addiction, adolescent boys, and premarital and newlywed couples.
(385) 327-7259 View (385) 327-7259
Photo of John Burr, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Orem, UT
John Burr
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Orem, UT 84058
I believe in “YOU”. I know you have within yourself all the necessary resources to achieve the happiness you deserve. You are the expert on you. No one else knows you better than you know yourself. As a human being you have the remarkable ability to heal and to grow. Through listening and encouraging, we will explore together what is critical for you and how you can become the person you want to be today. As you increase your self-worth, you will be able to experience yourself in ways you never thought possible.
I believe in “YOU”. I know you have within yourself all the necessary resources to achieve the happiness you deserve. You are the expert on you. No one else knows you better than you know yourself. As a human being you have the remarkable ability to heal and to grow. Through listening and encouraging, we will explore together what is critical for you and how you can become the person you want to be today. As you increase your self-worth, you will be able to experience yourself in ways you never thought possible.
(801) 614-7287 View (801) 614-7287
Photo of Maxwell Wimmer, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Orem, UT
Maxwell Wimmer
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, CSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Orem, UT 84058
Hi! I'm Max. First off, I love my job. I love getting to know people, listening, supporting, teaching, and guiding them on their path of healing and success. I see therapy as an opportunity to slow down the frantic pace of life and explore ways to cope, regain control of life's challenges, increase self-worth, and rebuild or enrich relationships.
Hi! I'm Max. First off, I love my job. I love getting to know people, listening, supporting, teaching, and guiding them on their path of healing and success. I see therapy as an opportunity to slow down the frantic pace of life and explore ways to cope, regain control of life's challenges, increase self-worth, and rebuild or enrich relationships.
(801) 610-1862 View (801) 610-1862
Photo of McKenna Rittmanic, Pre-Licensed Professional in Orem, UT
McKenna Rittmanic
Pre-Licensed Professional, MHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Orem, UT 84057
We are all on life's journey with ups, downs, twists, and turns. These twists and turns include depression, anxiety, grief and loss, marital strife, illness, and so much more. Sometimes we need someone to help guide us through these ups and down on our individual path. I believe it is my job to help guide you to your desired destination, while teaching you skills to help you manage life's journey.
We are all on life's journey with ups, downs, twists, and turns. These twists and turns include depression, anxiety, grief and loss, marital strife, illness, and so much more. Sometimes we need someone to help guide us through these ups and down on our individual path. I believe it is my job to help guide you to your desired destination, while teaching you skills to help you manage life's journey.
(385) 557-6526 View (385) 557-6526
Photo of Dayna R Coombs, Marriage & Family Therapist in Orem, UT
Dayna R Coombs
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, CFI
Verified Verified
Orem, UT 84097
I know first hand how discouraging it is to have a therapist you just don't click with (or think is a total wack-a-doo). Its frustrating to open up only to have someone say, "that must be hard" and little else week after week! One of the most important factors in a successful therapeutic experience is the relationship between therapist and client. I believe in this so strongly that our first session together will be free so you can meet me and see for yourself if this is a good fit. You need someone personable and genuine to relate to; to help you feel safe, challenge you to grow, and possibly even make you laugh.
I know first hand how discouraging it is to have a therapist you just don't click with (or think is a total wack-a-doo). Its frustrating to open up only to have someone say, "that must be hard" and little else week after week! One of the most important factors in a successful therapeutic experience is the relationship between therapist and client. I believe in this so strongly that our first session together will be free so you can meet me and see for yourself if this is a good fit. You need someone personable and genuine to relate to; to help you feel safe, challenge you to grow, and possibly even make you laugh.
(801) 666-4812 View (801) 666-4812
Photo of Rachel Allen, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Orem, UT
Rachel Allen
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Orem, UT 84097  (Online Only)
In life, difficult situations occur. These experiences can make us anxious, question ourselves and our self-worth, and affect our ability to connect with others and plan for the future we desire. Through EMDR, ART, and a mix of other empirically based modalities, it is possible to heal from past trauma, feel more empowered, and increase life satisfaction generally. I have been in the field for twenty years and a therapist for thirteen. I have also been an administrator, supervisor, and trainer for therapists. During that time, I have come to appreciate how change is possible in our lives and in our relationships with others.
In life, difficult situations occur. These experiences can make us anxious, question ourselves and our self-worth, and affect our ability to connect with others and plan for the future we desire. Through EMDR, ART, and a mix of other empirically based modalities, it is possible to heal from past trauma, feel more empowered, and increase life satisfaction generally. I have been in the field for twenty years and a therapist for thirteen. I have also been an administrator, supervisor, and trainer for therapists. During that time, I have come to appreciate how change is possible in our lives and in our relationships with others.
(385) 332-3984 View (385) 332-3984
Photo of Brooke Ann Bradford, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Orem, UT
Brooke Ann Bradford
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Orem, UT 84058
Not accepting new clients
The last couple of years have been tough for everyone, especially people working in the helping professions. Burnout, overwhelm and fatigue have become a common part of the work day for those of us who work hard to help other people. It can be difficult to balance the needs of others with our own needs, and sometimes the stresses of work can bleed into our personal life. If you are finding it difficult to go to work at a job you once loved, if you struggle to be truly present with your friends and family, if you are struggling to find meaning and purpose in your life, it may be difficult to imagine a way out.
The last couple of years have been tough for everyone, especially people working in the helping professions. Burnout, overwhelm and fatigue have become a common part of the work day for those of us who work hard to help other people. It can be difficult to balance the needs of others with our own needs, and sometimes the stresses of work can bleed into our personal life. If you are finding it difficult to go to work at a job you once loved, if you struggle to be truly present with your friends and family, if you are struggling to find meaning and purpose in your life, it may be difficult to imagine a way out.
(385) 220-8325 View (385) 220-8325
Photo of Chandni Patel, Counselor in Orem, UT
Chandni Patel
Counselor, CMHC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Orem, UT 84058
I work with male and female adult clients. I have an extensive experience in working with clients that are struggling with high crisis, relational difficulties, obsessive thinking, anxiety, depression, self-harm, suicidal ideation, attention deficits, trauma, grief, and low self-esteem. I also give significant importance to different cultural backgrounds, including the LGBTQ+ community. Some of the modalities that I use to help clients are CBT, DBT, ACT, Art techniques, Sandtray technique, and sculpting in family therapy.
I work with male and female adult clients. I have an extensive experience in working with clients that are struggling with high crisis, relational difficulties, obsessive thinking, anxiety, depression, self-harm, suicidal ideation, attention deficits, trauma, grief, and low self-esteem. I also give significant importance to different cultural backgrounds, including the LGBTQ+ community. Some of the modalities that I use to help clients are CBT, DBT, ACT, Art techniques, Sandtray technique, and sculpting in family therapy.
(801) 683-1074 View (801) 683-1074

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Orem, UT

400+

Average cost per session

$135

Therapists in Orem, UT who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
89% Depression
77% Trauma and PTSD
74% Relationship Issues
74% Self Esteem
63% Coping Skills
63% Stress

Average years in practice

8 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

80% EMI Health
79% SelectHealth
68% BlueCross and BlueShield

How Therapists in Orem, UT see their clients

88% In Person and Online
12% Online Only

Gender breakdown

65% Female
35% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Orem?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.