Therapists in Dallas, TX

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Photo of Grace Okugbere, Licensed Professional Counselor in Dallas, TX
Grace Okugbere
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Dallas, TX 75214
I am a self-motivated and progress-driven Licensed Professional Counselor in Texas with 8 years of professional work experience. With an extensive background in Nursing, Organizational Management, and Small Business management. Over the years, I have been driven by core values to become an essential agent of change. I approach therapeutic relationships with multicultural sensitivity. Most of my clinical experience includes working with youth and adults Africa-America, Asian- America, Hispanic, and African. I make it a priority to learn all I can to improve what I know and what I can offer to my clients.
I am a self-motivated and progress-driven Licensed Professional Counselor in Texas with 8 years of professional work experience. With an extensive background in Nursing, Organizational Management, and Small Business management. Over the years, I have been driven by core values to become an essential agent of change. I approach therapeutic relationships with multicultural sensitivity. Most of my clinical experience includes working with youth and adults Africa-America, Asian- America, Hispanic, and African. I make it a priority to learn all I can to improve what I know and what I can offer to my clients.
(469) 529-5386 View (469) 529-5386
Photo of Dr. Paul Stanford, Marriage & Family Therapist in Dallas, TX
Dr. Paul Stanford
Marriage & Family Therapist, PhD, LMFT
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Dallas, TX 75219
Has your marriage become stale? Do you feel more like roommates than romantic partners? Are you having a difficult time balancing work, kids, leisure time, and your relationship? Have you experienced infidelity or some other form of broken trust? Or maybe you just want to strengthen your relationship for the future. I'd love to speak with you about your needs. For those that can't get to the office due to location or time restraints, I offer virtual counseling through secure video conferencing. Contact me for a free demo and consultation.
Has your marriage become stale? Do you feel more like roommates than romantic partners? Are you having a difficult time balancing work, kids, leisure time, and your relationship? Have you experienced infidelity or some other form of broken trust? Or maybe you just want to strengthen your relationship for the future. I'd love to speak with you about your needs. For those that can't get to the office due to location or time restraints, I offer virtual counseling through secure video conferencing. Contact me for a free demo and consultation.
(972) 734-1812 View (972) 734-1812
Photo of Marlene Williams, Psychologist in Dallas, TX
Marlene Williams
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Dallas, TX 75230  (Online Only)
Healing is a journey that is unique to each person’s individual lived experiences. Maybe you've experienced discrimination, trauma, or unhealthy relationship patterns that cause you to feel disconnected, unsure about yourself or life trajectory, or develop unhealthy coping mechanisms. Maybe you're feeling stuck or wondering if healing is even possible. In therapy I provide a safe open space that allows for growth, exploration, and healing tailored to your individual needs.
Healing is a journey that is unique to each person’s individual lived experiences. Maybe you've experienced discrimination, trauma, or unhealthy relationship patterns that cause you to feel disconnected, unsure about yourself or life trajectory, or develop unhealthy coping mechanisms. Maybe you're feeling stuck or wondering if healing is even possible. In therapy I provide a safe open space that allows for growth, exploration, and healing tailored to your individual needs.
(713) 804-6209 View (713) 804-6209
Photo of Emma (Clark) Knowlton, Licensed Professional Counselor in Dallas, TX
Emma (Clark) Knowlton
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS
Verified Verified
Dallas, TX 75219
You are worthy. No matter your past experiences or where you find yourself today, I want to help you achieve the change or healing that you are seeking. Whether you are experiencing anxiety or grief; seeking to improve your relationships and communication; feeling stuck or weighed down by old habits or past traumatic experiences; in need of better ways to manage stress; or facing a major crossroad in life, I’m here to move forward with you. Together we can strengthen and rebuild your life.
You are worthy. No matter your past experiences or where you find yourself today, I want to help you achieve the change or healing that you are seeking. Whether you are experiencing anxiety or grief; seeking to improve your relationships and communication; feeling stuck or weighed down by old habits or past traumatic experiences; in need of better ways to manage stress; or facing a major crossroad in life, I’m here to move forward with you. Together we can strengthen and rebuild your life.
(214) 247-1848 View (214) 247-1848
Photo of Margaret Watkins, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Dallas, TX
Margaret Watkins
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Dallas, TX 75204
Are you feeling stressed, lost, numb, anxious or overwhelmed? Do you feel like you’re at a crossroad in your life and you don’t know which way to turn? My mission as a therapist is to help you through whatever life challenges has thrown your way. While I don’t have a magic wand, I’ll provide you with the tools you need to help overcome or cope with past experiences and produce internal growth. I have over 10+ years of working with a diverse population including adolescents, adults and families.
Are you feeling stressed, lost, numb, anxious or overwhelmed? Do you feel like you’re at a crossroad in your life and you don’t know which way to turn? My mission as a therapist is to help you through whatever life challenges has thrown your way. While I don’t have a magic wand, I’ll provide you with the tools you need to help overcome or cope with past experiences and produce internal growth. I have over 10+ years of working with a diverse population including adolescents, adults and families.
(469) 663-9818 View (469) 663-9818
Photo of Sarah Chu, Licensed Professional Counselor in Dallas, TX
Sarah Chu
Licensed Professional Counselor, MEd
Verified Verified
Dallas, TX 75204  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
Life can get heavy, but you don't have to carry it all alone. I'm a Licensed Professional Counselor with experience working with adolescents and adults struggling with anxiety, depression, autism, ADHD, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, general burnout, LGBT+ identity, and academic challenges.
Life can get heavy, but you don't have to carry it all alone. I'm a Licensed Professional Counselor with experience working with adolescents and adults struggling with anxiety, depression, autism, ADHD, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, general burnout, LGBT+ identity, and academic challenges.
(214) 239-9313 View (214) 239-9313
Photo of Denise Merlick, Licensed Professional Counselor in Dallas, TX
Denise Merlick
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Dallas, TX 75214
Welcome! I create a safe and supportive environment for clients to explore past and present life experiences. My goal is to work with you to become your best self, defined by you. I view therapy as a collaborative journey in which the therapeutic process will help you find self-acceptance and healing. I believe in meeting clients where they are and walking beside them as they work through life's challenges.
Welcome! I create a safe and supportive environment for clients to explore past and present life experiences. My goal is to work with you to become your best self, defined by you. I view therapy as a collaborative journey in which the therapeutic process will help you find self-acceptance and healing. I believe in meeting clients where they are and walking beside them as they work through life's challenges.
(214) 239-1875 View (214) 239-1875
Photo of Alison Kilman, Licensed Professional Counselor in Dallas, TX
Alison Kilman
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC
Verified Verified
Dallas, TX 75204
I specialize in treating adults facing anxiety, depression, trauma, and addiction. I also have experience in anger management and supporting individuals through life transitions. As a trauma-informed therapist, I am skilled in working with diverse populations, including neurodiverse individuals and first responders. My approach centers on teaching effective coping strategies to manage trauma and distress. I empower you to identify and confront troubling thoughts and behaviors you want to overcome.
I specialize in treating adults facing anxiety, depression, trauma, and addiction. I also have experience in anger management and supporting individuals through life transitions. As a trauma-informed therapist, I am skilled in working with diverse populations, including neurodiverse individuals and first responders. My approach centers on teaching effective coping strategies to manage trauma and distress. I empower you to identify and confront troubling thoughts and behaviors you want to overcome.
(512) 768-2731 View (512) 768-2731
Photo of Frank Coulson, Licensed Professional Counselor in Dallas, TX
Frank Coulson
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Dallas, TX 75254  (Online Only)
Hi! I am a Licensed Professional Counselor, (LPC), in Texas. I received my Masters from UT Brownsville. I also have a PhD in the Philosophy of Psychology where my research was in Positive Psychology. I have been helping people move from problems to new possibilities in their loves for about 15 years. Mental and emotional problems make us feel stuck but each person has power to overcome and move to flourishing.
Hi! I am a Licensed Professional Counselor, (LPC), in Texas. I received my Masters from UT Brownsville. I also have a PhD in the Philosophy of Psychology where my research was in Positive Psychology. I have been helping people move from problems to new possibilities in their loves for about 15 years. Mental and emotional problems make us feel stuck but each person has power to overcome and move to flourishing.
(469) 373-9307 View (469) 373-9307
Photo of Dr. Jingwen Ni in Dallas, TX
Dr. Jingwen Ni
PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Dallas, TX 75206  (Online Only)
Are you depressed, anxious, or stressed? Are you struggling with low self-esteem, relationship issues, or procrastination? Do you feel your past experience is holding you back from having a better life? Or perhaps you are just simply not happy with your current life but don't know how to change it? Whatever the case, you've come to the right place. You will be treated as one-of-a-kind with your unique disposition and life experiences. You will be heard and understood wholly, even for those that bring the greatest shame. Last but not least, you will be challenged and pushed to strive for the best version of yourself.
Are you depressed, anxious, or stressed? Are you struggling with low self-esteem, relationship issues, or procrastination? Do you feel your past experience is holding you back from having a better life? Or perhaps you are just simply not happy with your current life but don't know how to change it? Whatever the case, you've come to the right place. You will be treated as one-of-a-kind with your unique disposition and life experiences. You will be heard and understood wholly, even for those that bring the greatest shame. Last but not least, you will be challenged and pushed to strive for the best version of yourself.
(817) 646-3845 View (817) 646-3845
Photo of Jeffery Armstrong, Licensed Professional Counselor in Dallas, TX
Jeffery Armstrong
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC-S, LCDC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Dallas, TX 75230
Adolescent and adult cognitive behavior therapist with training and experience in depression, anxiety, family stress, suicide, life changes, and emotional dysregulation. I tailor each treatment plan and session to my client's goals and strengths in order to increase emotion regulation, manage ineffective thoughts, and increase distress tolerance. My goal is for clients to develop and implement coping skills, improve interpersonal effectiveness and create a life worth living. I believe that unconditional positive support, honesty, and a little humor are crucial to success in therapy.
Adolescent and adult cognitive behavior therapist with training and experience in depression, anxiety, family stress, suicide, life changes, and emotional dysregulation. I tailor each treatment plan and session to my client's goals and strengths in order to increase emotion regulation, manage ineffective thoughts, and increase distress tolerance. My goal is for clients to develop and implement coping skills, improve interpersonal effectiveness and create a life worth living. I believe that unconditional positive support, honesty, and a little humor are crucial to success in therapy.
(214) 945-2117 View (214) 945-2117
Photo of Sonia Mijares, PLLC with Cor Sacrum Counseling, Licensed Professional Counselor in Dallas, TX
Sonia Mijares, PLLC with Cor Sacrum Counseling
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC-S
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Dallas, TX 75254
Have you come to the realization that your unresolved trauma experiences (i.e. terrible events that happened in childhood, adolescence and/or adulthood) continue to disrupt your ability to manage stress, relate to others, maintain healthy relationships and/or manage and express emotions? Likewise, are you finding it nearly impossible to trust or become vulnerable with others or finding it difficult to live in the present moment due to feeling trapped in your traumatic past? If so, help is just a phone call and/or email away.
Have you come to the realization that your unresolved trauma experiences (i.e. terrible events that happened in childhood, adolescence and/or adulthood) continue to disrupt your ability to manage stress, relate to others, maintain healthy relationships and/or manage and express emotions? Likewise, are you finding it nearly impossible to trust or become vulnerable with others or finding it difficult to live in the present moment due to feeling trapped in your traumatic past? If so, help is just a phone call and/or email away.
(214) 428-6893 View (214) 428-6893
Photo of David Coley, Licensed Professional Counselor Associate in Dallas, TX
David Coley
Licensed Professional Counselor Associate, LPC-A
Verified Verified
Dallas, TX 75240  (Online Only)
Are you feeling anxious, depressed or just can't seem to figure it out? Listen, I get it. Life can be fragile and unpredictable. When we experience trauma or life stressors, it is not uncommon for us to feel like everything is unraveling. As your therapist, I want you to know that you are not alone. Trust me, I have been there, too. My passion is bringing healing to people by empowering healthy perceptions of themselves and their relationships. Hey, I may not know you from a can of paint, but I'm still proud of your decision to improve the quality of your mental health. Remember, you matter.
Are you feeling anxious, depressed or just can't seem to figure it out? Listen, I get it. Life can be fragile and unpredictable. When we experience trauma or life stressors, it is not uncommon for us to feel like everything is unraveling. As your therapist, I want you to know that you are not alone. Trust me, I have been there, too. My passion is bringing healing to people by empowering healthy perceptions of themselves and their relationships. Hey, I may not know you from a can of paint, but I'm still proud of your decision to improve the quality of your mental health. Remember, you matter.
(972) 787-0599 View (972) 787-0599
Photo of Kelly Clark Conway, Licensed Professional Counselor in Dallas, TX
Kelly Clark Conway
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Dallas, TX 75244
Every client is unique with a unique mindset and learning approach. Every client has different pain and trauma. I work with every client differently, because people process feelings and pain differently. I walk with every client through whatever circumstances they are struggling with and we work together to get to the root of the pain or problem, and into healing. I often use different modalities and techniques in order to best support and help the client.
Every client is unique with a unique mindset and learning approach. Every client has different pain and trauma. I work with every client differently, because people process feelings and pain differently. I walk with every client through whatever circumstances they are struggling with and we work together to get to the root of the pain or problem, and into healing. I often use different modalities and techniques in order to best support and help the client.
(469) 860-1191 View (469) 860-1191
Photo of Tiffany Armstrong, Psychologist in Dallas, TX
Tiffany Armstrong
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Dallas, TX 75231
I am a licensed psychologist who has worked with mental health disorders in settings such as residential substance abuse treatment centers, community mental health, intimate partner violence shelters, and private practice. My areas of interest include healthy relationships, intimate partner violence, sexual assault, depression, anxiety, grief, and trauma. I am currently conducting therapy with adolescents, adults, and couples.
I am a licensed psychologist who has worked with mental health disorders in settings such as residential substance abuse treatment centers, community mental health, intimate partner violence shelters, and private practice. My areas of interest include healthy relationships, intimate partner violence, sexual assault, depression, anxiety, grief, and trauma. I am currently conducting therapy with adolescents, adults, and couples.
(469) 789-2352 View (469) 789-2352
Photo of DuJuana Ware, Marriage & Family Therapist in Dallas, TX
DuJuana Ware
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Dallas, TX 75248  (Online Only)
Are you feeling overwhelmed, anxious or sad? Struggling with low self-esteem and confidence? You're not alone. My goal is to help you become your BEST self. Together, let’s identify what you feel is not working and address the WHY behind it. Through a combination of cognitive-behavioral strategies with a client-centered focus, we'll work to improve how you see yourself and experience life. Creating a more balanced view of yourself will enhance your relationships and empower your communication with others. Whether you are struggling with being a teenager or struggling with "adulting", I am here to help you grow!
Are you feeling overwhelmed, anxious or sad? Struggling with low self-esteem and confidence? You're not alone. My goal is to help you become your BEST self. Together, let’s identify what you feel is not working and address the WHY behind it. Through a combination of cognitive-behavioral strategies with a client-centered focus, we'll work to improve how you see yourself and experience life. Creating a more balanced view of yourself will enhance your relationships and empower your communication with others. Whether you are struggling with being a teenager or struggling with "adulting", I am here to help you grow!
(214) 206-4789 View (214) 206-4789
Photo of Lindsey Cooper, Psychologist in Dallas, TX
Lindsey Cooper
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Dallas, TX 75231
Not accepting new clients
Have you not been feeling like yourself? Do you feel like you are living on the side lines of your own life, watching it all pass you by? Sometimes life gets hard. It can throw you unexpected curve balls that you never anticipated. Things can get so overwhelming it can be hard to know where to start. I have specialty training in multiple evidence-based therapies for depression, anxiety, PTSD, and a variety of other clinical symptoms to assist in helping you to feel back to yourself. Additionally, I offer conjoint therapy for PTSD (completed with a partner, family member, or friend).
Have you not been feeling like yourself? Do you feel like you are living on the side lines of your own life, watching it all pass you by? Sometimes life gets hard. It can throw you unexpected curve balls that you never anticipated. Things can get so overwhelming it can be hard to know where to start. I have specialty training in multiple evidence-based therapies for depression, anxiety, PTSD, and a variety of other clinical symptoms to assist in helping you to feel back to yourself. Additionally, I offer conjoint therapy for PTSD (completed with a partner, family member, or friend).
(214) 817-3016 View (214) 817-3016
Photo of Caitlyn Lewis, Licensed Professional Counselor in Dallas, TX
Caitlyn Lewis
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Dallas, TX 75204  (Online Only)
I specialize in treating adolescents and adults struggling with trauma, PTSD, anxiety, depression, life changes, and grief. I aim to help you delve into your experiences and discover your authentic self-identity. Throughout my career, I have gained valuable experience working with diverse populations, including individuals dealing with chronic illness, students, medical professionals, and members of the LGBTQ+ community. I strive to create a genuine and relaxed atmosphere where you can feel comfortable opening up and sharing your life experiences.
I specialize in treating adolescents and adults struggling with trauma, PTSD, anxiety, depression, life changes, and grief. I aim to help you delve into your experiences and discover your authentic self-identity. Throughout my career, I have gained valuable experience working with diverse populations, including individuals dealing with chronic illness, students, medical professionals, and members of the LGBTQ+ community. I strive to create a genuine and relaxed atmosphere where you can feel comfortable opening up and sharing your life experiences.
(512) 768-2731 View (512) 768-2731
Photo of Dr. Denzel Wilson, Pre-Licensed Professional in Dallas, TX
Dr. Denzel Wilson
Pre-Licensed Professional, PhD
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Dallas, TX 75230
Do you struggle with dating or find yourself having trouble building your ideal relationship? Do you feel as if you aren’t good enough or deserving of a romantic partner or deeper friendships? Has it been challenging for you to speak up about your needs or give feedback to others about how you feel about them and your relationship? Maybe you’re curious about your own attachment style and would like to better understand how to engage with others in healthy ways. Are you ready to feel more authentic and connected to yourself and those around you?
Do you struggle with dating or find yourself having trouble building your ideal relationship? Do you feel as if you aren’t good enough or deserving of a romantic partner or deeper friendships? Has it been challenging for you to speak up about your needs or give feedback to others about how you feel about them and your relationship? Maybe you’re curious about your own attachment style and would like to better understand how to engage with others in healthy ways. Are you ready to feel more authentic and connected to yourself and those around you?
(469) 874-1736 View (469) 874-1736
Photo of Online Virtual Therapy With Annalise Masten-Muniz in Dallas, TX
Online Virtual Therapy With Annalise Masten-Muniz
LMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Dallas, TX 75248
FREE consultations! Are you feeling stuck in negative thoughts, intense emotions, or behavioral patterns that don't serve your best interest? Are you hoping to build more meaning and joy in your life? You may feel hesitant about reaching out for help, especially with pressure from all directions to "have it all together". I'm here to join you on this journey to discover healing and build a balanced life. My goal is to help you find compassion for yourself, develop skills to help you navigate life stressors, and be confident in the resilient person you are.
FREE consultations! Are you feeling stuck in negative thoughts, intense emotions, or behavioral patterns that don't serve your best interest? Are you hoping to build more meaning and joy in your life? You may feel hesitant about reaching out for help, especially with pressure from all directions to "have it all together". I'm here to join you on this journey to discover healing and build a balanced life. My goal is to help you find compassion for yourself, develop skills to help you navigate life stressors, and be confident in the resilient person you are.
(347) 342-1324 View (347) 342-1324

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Dallas, TX

3,000+

Average cost per session

$140

Therapists in Dallas, TX who prioritize treating:

92% Anxiety
88% Depression
75% Self Esteem
71% Relationship Issues
70% Coping Skills
67% Trauma and PTSD
67% Stress

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

81% Aetna
77% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
73% BlueCross and BlueShield

How Therapists in Dallas, TX see their clients

53% In Person and Online
47% Online Only

Gender breakdown

81% Female
18% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Dallas?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.