There are no results for therapists in Valhalla

Check out therapists located nearby or offering teletherapy in New York below.

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Stephanie Carlson, Ph.D, Psychologist in Valhalla, NY
Stephanie Carlson, Ph.D
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
White Plains, NY 10605
With training in mindfulness-based, interpersonal, trauma-sensitive, attachment-based, cognitive-behavioral, and psychodynamic therapeutic approaches, I can flexibly accommodate the needs of my clients.
My primary aim in my work is to meet my clients "where they are" by tuning in to their unique concerns and creating an atmosphere where they feel acknowledged and at ease. My style is warm, empathic and engaged which, combined with my acumen as a seasoned clinician, helps adults, children, parents and families feel comfortable and secure. Within this safe space, my clients express their concerns and work to repair and optimize wholesome development with professional recommendations that help to inform a collaborative therapeutic plan.
With training in mindfulness-based, interpersonal, trauma-sensitive, attachment-based, cognitive-behavioral, and psychodynamic therapeutic approaches, I can flexibly accommodate the needs of my clients.
My primary aim in my work is to meet my clients "where they are" by tuning in to their unique concerns and creating an atmosphere where they feel acknowledged and at ease. My style is warm, empathic and engaged which, combined with my acumen as a seasoned clinician, helps adults, children, parents and families feel comfortable and secure. Within this safe space, my clients express their concerns and work to repair and optimize wholesome development with professional recommendations that help to inform a collaborative therapeutic plan.
(718) 260-6970 View (718) 260-6970
Photo of Dr. Erin Weinstein, Psychologist in Valhalla, NY
Dr. Erin Weinstein
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Mount Kisco, NY 10549  (Online Only)
I use an attachment-based/relational approach to help build capacity for internal reflection so we can uncover and work through psychological processes that are operating under the surface and contributing to the symptoms and issues that are causing you distress.
I am a Licensed Clinical Psychologist with over 15 years of direct clinical experience. I specialize in working with culturally diverse young adults (aprx age 18-35) who are having difficulty regulating themselves and experiencing some level of emotional and/or behavioral distress, which sometimes leads to significant problems in school, at work, and/or in relationships with oneself and others. Often, this distress can be eased with increased self-awareness that supports your ability to regulate your internal experience so your emotions feel manageable, your thoughts are more comforting, and you have more control over your behavior.
I use an attachment-based/relational approach to help build capacity for internal reflection so we can uncover and work through psychological processes that are operating under the surface and contributing to the symptoms and issues that are causing you distress.
I am a Licensed Clinical Psychologist with over 15 years of direct clinical experience. I specialize in working with culturally diverse young adults (aprx age 18-35) who are having difficulty regulating themselves and experiencing some level of emotional and/or behavioral distress, which sometimes leads to significant problems in school, at work, and/or in relationships with oneself and others. Often, this distress can be eased with increased self-awareness that supports your ability to regulate your internal experience so your emotions feel manageable, your thoughts are more comforting, and you have more control over your behavior.
(914) 350-4220 View (914) 350-4220
Photo of Massimo Balestri, Psychologist in Valhalla, NY
Massimo Balestri
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Pleasantville, NY 10570
I treat a wide spectrum of conditions including mood and anxiety disorders (e.g., bipolar and depressive disorders, panic and phobias), ADHD, marital issues and PTSD. My niche is in personality disorders (e.g., borderline and narcissistic personality disorder). I have extensive experience treating trauma sequelas, dissociative disorders and helping individuals overcome grief. My practice also includes treatment of eating disorders in adults (e.g., bulimia) and parasuicidal behaviour. Although my practice is mainly guided by empirical modalities, I tend to approach each client in an eclectic manner to customize treatment as needed.
I treat a wide spectrum of conditions including mood and anxiety disorders (e.g., bipolar and depressive disorders, panic and phobias), ADHD, marital issues and PTSD. My niche is in personality disorders (e.g., borderline and narcissistic personality disorder). I have extensive experience treating trauma sequelas, dissociative disorders and helping individuals overcome grief. My practice also includes treatment of eating disorders in adults (e.g., bulimia) and parasuicidal behaviour. Although my practice is mainly guided by empirical modalities, I tend to approach each client in an eclectic manner to customize treatment as needed.
(914) 350-4086 View (914) 350-4086
Photo of Debbie Marks Kahn, Art Therapist in Valhalla, NY
Debbie Marks Kahn
Art Therapist, MS, ATR-BC, LCAT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
New Rochelle, NY 10804
Whether you are struggling to find meaning in your life after dealing with the loss of a loved one, failing health, life changes or one of your parents, spouse or yourself has Alzheimer's or another dementing illness I am here to help you. Your first step is a phone call away. I will travel to your home. My clients are not necessarily "artists" and there is no need to be afraid of using art materials. Art therapy uses art materials to help you or your loved one in ways that words alone cannot. It is about the process, not the product!
Whether you are struggling to find meaning in your life after dealing with the loss of a loved one, failing health, life changes or one of your parents, spouse or yourself has Alzheimer's or another dementing illness I am here to help you. Your first step is a phone call away. I will travel to your home. My clients are not necessarily "artists" and there is no need to be afraid of using art materials. Art therapy uses art materials to help you or your loved one in ways that words alone cannot. It is about the process, not the product!
(914) 338-8942 View (914) 338-8942
Photo of Help Esteem Counseling Services Pllc (Sandra Manzueta-Director), Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Valhalla, NY
Help Esteem Counseling Services Pllc (Sandra Manzueta-Director)
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Yonkers, NY 10710
It is OK not to be OK! We are here to support you. At Help Esteem, our approach to therapy is holistic, eclectic, and corrective. It is a person-centered approach to healing and addressing everyday life's challenges and stressors. We are here to assist you in healing from past and present emotional pain and help you learn new skills to become the person you always desired to be. We invite you to take a chance to have a healthier emotional well-being; You deserve it! Take the first step today: Contact Us!
It is OK not to be OK! We are here to support you. At Help Esteem, our approach to therapy is holistic, eclectic, and corrective. It is a person-centered approach to healing and addressing everyday life's challenges and stressors. We are here to assist you in healing from past and present emotional pain and help you learn new skills to become the person you always desired to be. We invite you to take a chance to have a healthier emotional well-being; You deserve it! Take the first step today: Contact Us!
(914) 278-7908 View (914) 278-7908
Photo of Dr. Jennifer F. D'Agostino, Counselor in Valhalla, NY
Dr. Jennifer F. D'Agostino
Counselor, PhD, MS, LMHC, NCC, CASAC
Verified Verified
Pleasantville, NY 10570
I offer a non-judgmental, holistic, supportive approach to therapy with a focus on positive self-improvement, transformation & wellness. I believe that everyone can benefit from therapy even when there is not an immediate challenge or crisis. Goals in therapy are achieved collaboratively. I specialize in anxiety, depression, trauma/PTSD, loss/bereavement, mood/personality/eating disorders, substance abuse, ADHD & changing destructive patterns. I work with individuals (children/adolescents/adults), families, couples, and groups. I offer animal-assisted interventions including therapy dogs and equine-assisted mental health sessions.
I offer a non-judgmental, holistic, supportive approach to therapy with a focus on positive self-improvement, transformation & wellness. I believe that everyone can benefit from therapy even when there is not an immediate challenge or crisis. Goals in therapy are achieved collaboratively. I specialize in anxiety, depression, trauma/PTSD, loss/bereavement, mood/personality/eating disorders, substance abuse, ADHD & changing destructive patterns. I work with individuals (children/adolescents/adults), families, couples, and groups. I offer animal-assisted interventions including therapy dogs and equine-assisted mental health sessions.
(914) 368-2533 View (914) 368-2533
Photo of Lakiea Dalrymple in Valhalla, NY
Lakiea Dalrymple
MA, LMHC
Verified Verified
White Plains, NY 10601  (Online Only)
Life has its way of sending us on paths that we’ve never actually intended to be on. Have you ever put an address in your GPS and while you’re driving, it starts saying, “Rerouting”? It’s sort of like living life with a plan (or even without one) and the unexpected sends you for a tailspin. Welcome to this thing we call ‘life.’ Especially during these days. *sigh and group hug*
Life has its way of sending us on paths that we’ve never actually intended to be on. Have you ever put an address in your GPS and while you’re driving, it starts saying, “Rerouting”? It’s sort of like living life with a plan (or even without one) and the unexpected sends you for a tailspin. Welcome to this thing we call ‘life.’ Especially during these days. *sigh and group hug*
(914) 313-3169 View (914) 313-3169
Photo of Jennifer Brick, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Valhalla, NY
Jennifer Brick
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Tuckahoe, NY 10707  (Online Only)
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker providing individual therapy in New York City and Westchester County. I work with individuals from diverse backgrounds challenged with anxiety, trauma, addiction, grief, interpersonal relationships and life transitions. I take a person-centered approach to therapy, offering collaboration in goal setting and establishing an individualized treatment plan to target your needs. The core modalities I use throughout my practice are EMDR, Psychodynamic Therapy, and Mindfulness.
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker providing individual therapy in New York City and Westchester County. I work with individuals from diverse backgrounds challenged with anxiety, trauma, addiction, grief, interpersonal relationships and life transitions. I take a person-centered approach to therapy, offering collaboration in goal setting and establishing an individualized treatment plan to target your needs. The core modalities I use throughout my practice are EMDR, Psychodynamic Therapy, and Mindfulness.
(914) 877-2629 View (914) 877-2629
Photo of Glorianna Valls, Psychologist in Valhalla, NY
Glorianna Valls
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Tarrytown, NY 10591  (Online Only)
Are you stressed and overwhelmed? Wanting relief from unpleasant feelings? Looking to create more meaningful relationships? Do you know that something isn't right but are unsure how to fix it? Let's work to figure out the root of what is troubling you. Whether dealing with constant sadness, worry, self-doubt, or problems in relationships, even the one with yourself - with compassion and insight, I have helped many clients move out of feeling "stuck" and find their way to leading happier, more fulfilling lives.
Are you stressed and overwhelmed? Wanting relief from unpleasant feelings? Looking to create more meaningful relationships? Do you know that something isn't right but are unsure how to fix it? Let's work to figure out the root of what is troubling you. Whether dealing with constant sadness, worry, self-doubt, or problems in relationships, even the one with yourself - with compassion and insight, I have helped many clients move out of feeling "stuck" and find their way to leading happier, more fulfilling lives.
(914) 996-6324 View (914) 996-6324
Photo of Alla Rachel Shapiro, Counselor in Valhalla, NY
Alla Rachel Shapiro
Counselor, LMHC, LPC, CCPT-I
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Tarrytown, NY 10591  (Online Only)
Are you struggling with debilitating anxiety because of chronic family and relationship stress, and perfectionism? Are you trying to work through grief and loss of someone, or even an opportunity you waited so long for? You have come to the right place. I can give you a space in which you can process your emotions and find clarity again. Your experiences shape how you treat yourself and how you have relationships. I wonder if you understand why you are repeating relationship patterns in your life. Therapy can help you understand and also greatly improve the quality of your life.
Are you struggling with debilitating anxiety because of chronic family and relationship stress, and perfectionism? Are you trying to work through grief and loss of someone, or even an opportunity you waited so long for? You have come to the right place. I can give you a space in which you can process your emotions and find clarity again. Your experiences shape how you treat yourself and how you have relationships. I wonder if you understand why you are repeating relationship patterns in your life. Therapy can help you understand and also greatly improve the quality of your life.
(347) 801-0129 View (347) 801-0129
Photo of Linda Tepper, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Valhalla, NY
Linda Tepper
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSEd, LCSW
Verified Verified
6 Endorsed
Armonk, NY 10504  (Online Only)
I enjoy working in partnership with my clients to help them get unstuck and improve the quality of their lives. I have extensive experience treating individuals and families on a wide variety of issues including depression, anxiety, panic attacks, relationship issues, and complex PTSD and dissociative disorders. Our work together will be a collaborative effort. Together, as a team we will work to remove obstacles to healing, overcome limiting beliefs and learn new patterns of thinking and being. If you are ready to change and grow, my office is the place to leave your pain and learn to utilize your strengths.
I enjoy working in partnership with my clients to help them get unstuck and improve the quality of their lives. I have extensive experience treating individuals and families on a wide variety of issues including depression, anxiety, panic attacks, relationship issues, and complex PTSD and dissociative disorders. Our work together will be a collaborative effort. Together, as a team we will work to remove obstacles to healing, overcome limiting beliefs and learn new patterns of thinking and being. If you are ready to change and grow, my office is the place to leave your pain and learn to utilize your strengths.
(561) 288-3876 View (561) 288-3876
Photo of Marissa McMillin, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Valhalla, NY
Marissa McMillin
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Irvington, NY 10533  (Online Only)
I welcome complex individuals facing difficult issues. I help clients move through major life transitions, find ways to heal after experiencing loss, and address defeating patterns to improve relationship to self and others. Working with me, you'll find a warm and sensitive space, welcoming and appreciating you for being yourself. My approach looks to recognize ways of living in the world that once worked well for you. In identifying your unmet needs or desires, we will find the right balance of support so you may be challenged to create new and flexible patterns that give you more choices.
I welcome complex individuals facing difficult issues. I help clients move through major life transitions, find ways to heal after experiencing loss, and address defeating patterns to improve relationship to self and others. Working with me, you'll find a warm and sensitive space, welcoming and appreciating you for being yourself. My approach looks to recognize ways of living in the world that once worked well for you. In identifying your unmet needs or desires, we will find the right balance of support so you may be challenged to create new and flexible patterns that give you more choices.
(347) 273-8896 View (347) 273-8896
Photo of Christina Talleos, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Valhalla, NY
Christina Talleos
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CASAC-T
Verified Verified
Ardsley, NY 10502  (Online Only)
If life has been overwhelming, you're feeling disconnected from others, struggling with past trauma or addiction, or just need an outside resource to help you; I am here to listen and provide insight and support. In today's world, many things feel uncertain and increasingly difficult, I am here to help you mitigate through your struggles.
If life has been overwhelming, you're feeling disconnected from others, struggling with past trauma or addiction, or just need an outside resource to help you; I am here to listen and provide insight and support. In today's world, many things feel uncertain and increasingly difficult, I am here to help you mitigate through your struggles.
(914) 687-5262 View (914) 687-5262
Photo of Andrea Glover, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Valhalla, NY
Andrea Glover
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, PMHC
Verified Verified
Scarsdale, NY 10583
Spring and summer are times of growth and rebirth, and a perfect time to act on your awareness that “I need to take better care of myself”. I partner with my clients to address and explore areas related to: • Work or school related stress • Depression, anxiety and getting unstuck • Pregnancy, infertility, and adoption • Relationship and family concerns • transitions • Mood shifts due to hormonal changes • Challenges of later adolescence and young adulthood • The “what’s next?” in life • Grief and loss • Exploring relationship to substances.
Spring and summer are times of growth and rebirth, and a perfect time to act on your awareness that “I need to take better care of myself”. I partner with my clients to address and explore areas related to: • Work or school related stress • Depression, anxiety and getting unstuck • Pregnancy, infertility, and adoption • Relationship and family concerns • transitions • Mood shifts due to hormonal changes • Challenges of later adolescence and young adulthood • The “what’s next?” in life • Grief and loss • Exploring relationship to substances.
(914) 454-2389 View (914) 454-2389
Photo of Donna Moss, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Valhalla, NY
Donna Moss
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MA, LCSW-R
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Hastings on Hudson, NY 10706  (Online Only)
In a caring home-office I offer supportive, practical, goal-oriented, cognitive behavioral (CBT) and dialectical behavioral (DBT) psychotherapy for accepting and processing what's past and embracing what's next with wisdom and ease. With 25+ years of experience in areas such as: infertility, cancer, health, stress, relationships, divorce mediation, family therapy, meditation and yoga, depression/anxiety and wellness, work/life balance, I have a strong understanding life's transitions, especially with teens, young adults and families. My hours are flexible. The first appointment will be helpful in understanding the client's history and desires and determining if the rapport is comfortable.
In a caring home-office I offer supportive, practical, goal-oriented, cognitive behavioral (CBT) and dialectical behavioral (DBT) psychotherapy for accepting and processing what's past and embracing what's next with wisdom and ease. With 25+ years of experience in areas such as: infertility, cancer, health, stress, relationships, divorce mediation, family therapy, meditation and yoga, depression/anxiety and wellness, work/life balance, I have a strong understanding life's transitions, especially with teens, young adults and families. My hours are flexible. The first appointment will be helpful in understanding the client's history and desires and determining if the rapport is comfortable.
(914) 873-4861 View (914) 873-4861
Photo of Joshua M. Watson, Marriage & Family Therapist in Valhalla, NY
Joshua M. Watson
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Rye, NY 10580
Waitlist for new clients
Are you feeling anxious, stuck or lost? Is your marriage in trouble? Is your family going through a significant transition? Are your children anxious or having difficulty expressing or regulating their feelings? I can help. I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist offering individual therapy for anxiety, depression and life transitions for adults and children/adolescents; couples counseling and divorce counseling; and family therapy and parent coaching.
Are you feeling anxious, stuck or lost? Is your marriage in trouble? Is your family going through a significant transition? Are your children anxious or having difficulty expressing or regulating their feelings? I can help. I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist offering individual therapy for anxiety, depression and life transitions for adults and children/adolescents; couples counseling and divorce counseling; and family therapy and parent coaching.
(203) 587-8093 View (203) 587-8093
Photo of Melissa Samuel, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Valhalla, NY
Melissa Samuel
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Scarsdale, NY 10530  (Online Only)
I am a licensed Clinical Social Worker offering individual, couples and family psychotherapy. I work with children, teens and adults. My style of is warm, non-judgmental and interactive. I strive to create an environment that feels safe where deep, meaningful work can occur. I utilize a varied approach; the style of my work is informed by my training in various modalities of psychotherapy and tailored to the client’s needs. I received a Master's degree in Social Work from New York University in 2002, and have worked extensively throughout the NYC hospital system, schools, courts, and outpatient mental health centers.
I am a licensed Clinical Social Worker offering individual, couples and family psychotherapy. I work with children, teens and adults. My style of is warm, non-judgmental and interactive. I strive to create an environment that feels safe where deep, meaningful work can occur. I utilize a varied approach; the style of my work is informed by my training in various modalities of psychotherapy and tailored to the client’s needs. I received a Master's degree in Social Work from New York University in 2002, and have worked extensively throughout the NYC hospital system, schools, courts, and outpatient mental health centers.
(646) 807-4189 View (646) 807-4189
Photo of Alexis M De Braganca, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Valhalla, NY
Alexis M De Braganca
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-R
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Chappaqua, NY 10514
My work as a therapist focuses on helping adolescent and adult clients coping with life changes and difficult circumstances leading the individual to a variety of protective yet self-defeating responses. I am experienced in treating substance abuse, eating disorders and other compulsive behaviors, depression, anxiety, and relationship issues. I take a hands-on, eclectic and team approach with the individual and their unique support systems towards attaining their goals of treatment; as well as to restore mental health and wellness, and balance in their lives and relationships.
My work as a therapist focuses on helping adolescent and adult clients coping with life changes and difficult circumstances leading the individual to a variety of protective yet self-defeating responses. I am experienced in treating substance abuse, eating disorders and other compulsive behaviors, depression, anxiety, and relationship issues. I take a hands-on, eclectic and team approach with the individual and their unique support systems towards attaining their goals of treatment; as well as to restore mental health and wellness, and balance in their lives and relationships.
(914) 219-6348 View (914) 219-6348
Photo of Leslie Robert Blumgold, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Valhalla, NY
Leslie Robert Blumgold
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-R
Verified Verified
White Plains, NY 10601
I provide client centered motivational interviewing. Due to our current state of affairs, I am also supporting individuals struggling with isolation and medical concerns due to pandemic, as well as emerging from this crisis. I have extensive experience with family/adolescent, LGBTQIA+, HIV, geriatric population, drug treatment, sex/food addiction, formally incarcerated/legally involved, and life-coaching and long-term counseling. Excellent engagement skills and outcomes. In field for 20 years. Providing in/out of home counseling, as well as telehealth services. I am a highly supportive, working with and towards your unique goals.
I provide client centered motivational interviewing. Due to our current state of affairs, I am also supporting individuals struggling with isolation and medical concerns due to pandemic, as well as emerging from this crisis. I have extensive experience with family/adolescent, LGBTQIA+, HIV, geriatric population, drug treatment, sex/food addiction, formally incarcerated/legally involved, and life-coaching and long-term counseling. Excellent engagement skills and outcomes. In field for 20 years. Providing in/out of home counseling, as well as telehealth services. I am a highly supportive, working with and towards your unique goals.
(646) 496-2032 View (646) 496-2032
Photo of Kate Feiner Lorenzoni, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Valhalla, NY
Kate Feiner Lorenzoni
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
6 Endorsed
Harrison, NY 10528  (Online Only)
Therapy is going to the gym for your emotional and relational well-being, so I give you a ton of credit for being here, exploring how to get in shape! Throughout my work, I have developed a style that is warm, direct, and actively challenges you to evolve. I have a tremendous working knowledge of evidence-based models, including CBT, DBT, MST, and ACT, as well as psychodynamic theory and the Gottman Method. My commitment to staying updated on current research and utilizing evidence-based models is a testament to my resolve to deliver therapy that actually works to help you meet your goals and experience relief.
Therapy is going to the gym for your emotional and relational well-being, so I give you a ton of credit for being here, exploring how to get in shape! Throughout my work, I have developed a style that is warm, direct, and actively challenges you to evolve. I have a tremendous working knowledge of evidence-based models, including CBT, DBT, MST, and ACT, as well as psychodynamic theory and the Gottman Method. My commitment to staying updated on current research and utilizing evidence-based models is a testament to my resolve to deliver therapy that actually works to help you meet your goals and experience relief.
(914) 219-6821 View (914) 219-6821

See more therapy options for Valhalla

Attachment-based Therapists

Is attachment-based therapy the same as attachment therapy?

Attachment-based therapy may be confused with what is called “attachment therapy” (sometimes called “holding therapy”), a discredited and dangerous approach to treating children with attachment disorders, autism, or other mental health concerns. Attachment therapy—not attachment-based therapy—may involve restraining a child, forcing eye contact, and other coercive or abusive techniques. None of these practices are used in attachment-based therapy and the two modalities are in no way related.

What should I expect from attachment-based therapy?

Attachment-based therapy is based on attachment theory, which posits that children’s early relationships with their caregivers strongly influence their ability to navigate the world later in life. Thus, adults who seek attachment-based therapy should expect to deeply explore their childhood, identifying the dynamics or experiences that disrupted their attachment and the steps necessary to overcome challenges that arose as a result. Parents and children should expect to explore the possible factors that disrupted the parent-child relationship and work toward restoring trust and connection.

How long does attachment-based therapy last?

Certain forms of attachment-based therapy, especially those designed for parents and children, last for a set number of sessions; for example, Attachment and Biobehavioral Catch-Up, a specific attachment-based approach for young children who have undergone early adversity, unfolds over 10 one-hour sessions. When attachment-based therapy is practiced on adults or combined with other modalities, it may not last a specific length of time; clients may wish to ask prospective therapists how long they expect treatment to take.

Does attachment-based therapy work?

Most of the research on attachment-based therapy focuses on children and adolescents. Some of this research shows a positive effect, especially for attachment-based family therapy (ABFT). Other studies, however, have found that attachment-based therapy is no more effective than other approaches to childhood depression, anxiety, or suicidality. Less is known about the therapy’s efficacy on adult populations.