Photo of Robyn Tomlin, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Manlius, NY
Robyn Tomlin
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, BAPsych, MFA, LCSW
Verified Verified
Manlius, NY 13104  (Online Only)
Welcome. Life can become overwhelming sometimes ( understatement! ). My sessions are authentic, very interactive, empathetic, and solution focused. You will get more clarity on the issues you're facing, have more self-awareness, and insights(!), feel well supported, learn strategies to use unique to you, and grow a lot. I am experienced in successfully treating a variety of issues: Stress, Anxiety or Panic, Adapting to change, Depression, Bi-Polar, OCD, Trauma/PTSD, Fear, Spectrum Disorder, Addictions, Issues in Divorce/pre-div, Survivors of Abuse & Narcissistic Abuse, or clients who are/were psycho-emotionally violated by others.
Welcome. Life can become overwhelming sometimes ( understatement! ). My sessions are authentic, very interactive, empathetic, and solution focused. You will get more clarity on the issues you're facing, have more self-awareness, and insights(!), feel well supported, learn strategies to use unique to you, and grow a lot. I am experienced in successfully treating a variety of issues: Stress, Anxiety or Panic, Adapting to change, Depression, Bi-Polar, OCD, Trauma/PTSD, Fear, Spectrum Disorder, Addictions, Issues in Divorce/pre-div, Survivors of Abuse & Narcissistic Abuse, or clients who are/were psycho-emotionally violated by others.
(315) 870-1985 View (315) 870-1985
Photo of Tracy Torelli, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Manlius, NY
Tracy Torelli
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-R, CASAC
Verified Verified
6 Endorsed
Manlius, NY 13104  (Online Only)
Each of us have faced painful personal experiences. Pain can be due to events, interactions with others or troubled relationships. Or they can be caused by negative behavior or thought patterns that won’t stop. Sometimes we can address such troubles on their own. However, if you have been unable to resolve difficult issues alone, you may realize how they reduce the quality of your life – by establishing a pattern of emotional problems, an inability to interact productively with others, impacting your career, negatively affect relationships, or create problematic habits. But they can be addressed with help. My hours are M-F 8-4
Each of us have faced painful personal experiences. Pain can be due to events, interactions with others or troubled relationships. Or they can be caused by negative behavior or thought patterns that won’t stop. Sometimes we can address such troubles on their own. However, if you have been unable to resolve difficult issues alone, you may realize how they reduce the quality of your life – by establishing a pattern of emotional problems, an inability to interact productively with others, impacting your career, negatively affect relationships, or create problematic habits. But they can be addressed with help. My hours are M-F 8-4
(315) 888-4986 View (315) 888-4986
Photo of Adriana Rodriguez-Baptiste, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Manlius, NY
Adriana Rodriguez-Baptiste
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Manlius, NY 13104  (Online Only)
Perhaps you are looking for a fulfilling life, but you’re struggling with feeling broken or incomplete because you aren't a mother. Maybe you’re bogged down with the weight of society's pressure to have children. You crave purpose and connection with others, but maybe you struggle to express your pain. You are tired of receiving unsolicited advice and questions about your reproductive system. This leaves you wondering: Is there life beyond motherhood?
Perhaps you are looking for a fulfilling life, but you’re struggling with feeling broken or incomplete because you aren't a mother. Maybe you’re bogged down with the weight of society's pressure to have children. You crave purpose and connection with others, but maybe you struggle to express your pain. You are tired of receiving unsolicited advice and questions about your reproductive system. This leaves you wondering: Is there life beyond motherhood?
(315) 562-0017 View (315) 562-0017
Photo of Jamie Ghany, Psychologist in Manlius, NY
Jamie Ghany
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Manlius, NY 13104  (Online Only)
I am genuine with my clients, and prioritize developing a relationship in which they feel consistently supported and challenged. I have been practicing short and long-term therapy since 2006, and work collaboratively with my clients to guide them to a better understanding of the presenting issue, to highlight their strengths and resources, and to help them to identify other ways of approaching complex problems. Psychotherapy can be the first step towards developing insight into our problems, allowing for symptom relief and for creating more possibilities for meaningful experiences in our lives.
I am genuine with my clients, and prioritize developing a relationship in which they feel consistently supported and challenged. I have been practicing short and long-term therapy since 2006, and work collaboratively with my clients to guide them to a better understanding of the presenting issue, to highlight their strengths and resources, and to help them to identify other ways of approaching complex problems. Psychotherapy can be the first step towards developing insight into our problems, allowing for symptom relief and for creating more possibilities for meaningful experiences in our lives.
(315) 541-4378 View (315) 541-4378
Photo of Alice Chanthasensak, Marriage & Family Therapist in Manlius, NY
Alice Chanthasensak
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Manlius, NY 13104
You've got it together...mostly. You're a rock star at your job, you're amazing to your partner, and you love the heck out of your kids, so why does the little voice in your head STILL say "Not good enough"? You do ALL the things for everyone who needs you (because you definitely feel guilty if you don't), and on the days you're overwhelmed and running on fumes? You'll continue to push through, because saying "no" feels like letting someone down. You can't remember the last time you did something for yourself, since "self-care" sounds like selfish and "burn out" is something you passed miles ago.
You've got it together...mostly. You're a rock star at your job, you're amazing to your partner, and you love the heck out of your kids, so why does the little voice in your head STILL say "Not good enough"? You do ALL the things for everyone who needs you (because you definitely feel guilty if you don't), and on the days you're overwhelmed and running on fumes? You'll continue to push through, because saying "no" feels like letting someone down. You can't remember the last time you did something for yourself, since "self-care" sounds like selfish and "burn out" is something you passed miles ago.
(315) 737-4182 View (315) 737-4182
Photo of Debra Thatcher, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Manlius, NY
Debra Thatcher
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-R
Verified Verified
Manlius, NY 13104  (Online Only)
My first experience with therapy, was as the client. After surviving a traumatic event, I sought help from a therapist. Therapy proved so helpful, it was then, that my passion grew. While most of my experience has been in private practice providing individual therapy, I have worked in a county mental health clinic, an inpatient psychiatric setting and a residential group home. At the core of distress, we may find some form of unresolved shame, guilt, trauma, abuse or loss. I am here to provide "a safe place" to process those hurts, while helping you increase self-awareness and gain skills to lead a more fulfilling life.
My first experience with therapy, was as the client. After surviving a traumatic event, I sought help from a therapist. Therapy proved so helpful, it was then, that my passion grew. While most of my experience has been in private practice providing individual therapy, I have worked in a county mental health clinic, an inpatient psychiatric setting and a residential group home. At the core of distress, we may find some form of unresolved shame, guilt, trauma, abuse or loss. I am here to provide "a safe place" to process those hurts, while helping you increase self-awareness and gain skills to lead a more fulfilling life.
(646) 542-0397 View (646) 542-0397

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Quiet Mind Therapy Services, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Manlius, NY
Quiet Mind Therapy Services
Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Verified Verified
Syracuse, NY 13206
You may be feeling worried, anxious or stressed, and are avoiding things because of your anxiety. Or maybe you're having panic attacks, or struggling with healing from a trauma. We want you to know you CAN feel better, and we can help. Maybe you've been in therapy and are tired of talking about the past. At Quiet Mind Therapy Services (QMTS), we are solution focused, and want to help you solve the current problem and move on. You will be supported in a non judgmental and compassionate way, working together to make positive changes in your life.
You may be feeling worried, anxious or stressed, and are avoiding things because of your anxiety. Or maybe you're having panic attacks, or struggling with healing from a trauma. We want you to know you CAN feel better, and we can help. Maybe you've been in therapy and are tired of talking about the past. At Quiet Mind Therapy Services (QMTS), we are solution focused, and want to help you solve the current problem and move on. You will be supported in a non judgmental and compassionate way, working together to make positive changes in your life.
(585) 207-0432 View (585) 207-0432
Photo of Dr. Gina D. Alago Colón, Psychologist in Manlius, NY
Dr. Gina D. Alago Colón
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Syracuse, NY 13235
Waitlist for new clients
This is the MOMENT; this is YOUR space to HEAL. I'm a Latinx therapist who strongly believes that we all need/want someone to empower, validate and actively listen to us in an empathic/genuine way. I recognize that opening up about our emotional concerns/pain, and being vulnerable to someone else is not an easy thing to commit to. My main goal is to provide a space, where you feel safe to share your life experiences, thoughts, and emotions. My work is driven by a non-judgmental, compassionate, and integrative approach that will be tailored and focused on your needs and goals as a unique individual for your healing journey.
This is the MOMENT; this is YOUR space to HEAL. I'm a Latinx therapist who strongly believes that we all need/want someone to empower, validate and actively listen to us in an empathic/genuine way. I recognize that opening up about our emotional concerns/pain, and being vulnerable to someone else is not an easy thing to commit to. My main goal is to provide a space, where you feel safe to share your life experiences, thoughts, and emotions. My work is driven by a non-judgmental, compassionate, and integrative approach that will be tailored and focused on your needs and goals as a unique individual for your healing journey.
(315) 325-3907 View (315) 325-3907
Photo of Dr. Rebeccah Bernard, Psychologist in Manlius, NY
Dr. Rebeccah Bernard
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Cazenovia, NY 13035
Therapy is a sacred space for exploring your your life, identity, relationships, struggles, and aspirations. There is no other relationship space like it, one designed specifically to create and support your mental health. In times of pain and/or challenging life circumstances therapy provides support, validation and guidance. Throughout this process, a priority is placed on building resilience. The “doing” piece of the therapy includes skills, problem-solving, healthy coping strategies, effective navigation of relationships and goal-oriented actions.
Therapy is a sacred space for exploring your your life, identity, relationships, struggles, and aspirations. There is no other relationship space like it, one designed specifically to create and support your mental health. In times of pain and/or challenging life circumstances therapy provides support, validation and guidance. Throughout this process, a priority is placed on building resilience. The “doing” piece of the therapy includes skills, problem-solving, healthy coping strategies, effective navigation of relationships and goal-oriented actions.
(315) 284-8079 View (315) 284-8079
Photo of Lorna Boyer Chase, Marriage & Family Therapist in Manlius, NY
Lorna Boyer Chase
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Syracuse, NY 13202
I strongly believe in the inherent wholeness of every individual. I work with individuals and couples who are seeking to reclaim their joy, sense of peace, creativity, greater health, and move towards the life that they envision. My clients include professionals, college students, and other therapists who want to work on concerns such as anxiety, depression, relationship discord, trauma and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, parenting issues, workplace difficulties, chronic illness, and loss. My approach is compassionate, collaborative, strength-focused, and integrative.
I strongly believe in the inherent wholeness of every individual. I work with individuals and couples who are seeking to reclaim their joy, sense of peace, creativity, greater health, and move towards the life that they envision. My clients include professionals, college students, and other therapists who want to work on concerns such as anxiety, depression, relationship discord, trauma and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, parenting issues, workplace difficulties, chronic illness, and loss. My approach is compassionate, collaborative, strength-focused, and integrative.
(315) 737-6746 View (315) 737-6746
Photo of Susan Hart Presley, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Manlius, NY
Susan Hart Presley
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Syracuse, NY 13206  (Online Only)
I treat anxiety, depression, narcissism, couples, adults and more with science and care. I focus on comfort, precision and thoroughness to strengthen the dynamics and boundaries of life, event and issue strategies. Learn specific skills and understand how education, career, boundaries and justice combine to express themselves into human behavior and thought. All ages, experiences, education and careers, individual, marriage, family, career, sport, and court. Decades as a therapist, teacher, coach, and in investigation and research. Best performance outcomes in a diversity of settings and factors. CBT if desired. Private.
I treat anxiety, depression, narcissism, couples, adults and more with science and care. I focus on comfort, precision and thoroughness to strengthen the dynamics and boundaries of life, event and issue strategies. Learn specific skills and understand how education, career, boundaries and justice combine to express themselves into human behavior and thought. All ages, experiences, education and careers, individual, marriage, family, career, sport, and court. Decades as a therapist, teacher, coach, and in investigation and research. Best performance outcomes in a diversity of settings and factors. CBT if desired. Private.
(315) 302-1750 View (315) 302-1750
Photo of Cindy L McGinley, Counselor in Manlius, NY
Cindy L McGinley
Counselor, LMHC, CCTP, CHT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Chittenango, NY 13037
Would you like to experience more joy in your life and relationships? I can help you get unstuck, stop living from fear, learn how to trust again, regain or improve your self-esteem, and simply work on feeling better. I offer sessions in the more-than-human world, out in the fresh air, supported by nature in a private space and/or in the wonderful healing presence of horses. SpiritedScience® programs offer solace in the spirit(s) of nature and are especially appropriate for those who may not thrive in a conventional psychotherapy setting. I also offer virtual sessions for those who cannot or prefer not to travel to the farm.
Would you like to experience more joy in your life and relationships? I can help you get unstuck, stop living from fear, learn how to trust again, regain or improve your self-esteem, and simply work on feeling better. I offer sessions in the more-than-human world, out in the fresh air, supported by nature in a private space and/or in the wonderful healing presence of horses. SpiritedScience® programs offer solace in the spirit(s) of nature and are especially appropriate for those who may not thrive in a conventional psychotherapy setting. I also offer virtual sessions for those who cannot or prefer not to travel to the farm.
(315) 304-3837 View (315) 304-3837
Photo of Ginger Anson in Manlius, NY
Ginger Anson
MA, MEd, MHC-LP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Syracuse, NY 13210  (Online Only)
Imagine that a miracle happens overnight. When you wake up, you are living as your ideal self. What is the first thing you and others will notice about you? What role will you play in creating your miracle cure? How can we work together to make this your reality? Creating a trusting therapeutic relationship is the first step. Whether you want to decrease isolation, increase connections with friends & family, or help to find the right solution, I am here. My specialty is finding the root of the problem, exposing it to the sunlight, and helping it move from the place it has been stuck to stuck to create room for growth and healing.
Imagine that a miracle happens overnight. When you wake up, you are living as your ideal self. What is the first thing you and others will notice about you? What role will you play in creating your miracle cure? How can we work together to make this your reality? Creating a trusting therapeutic relationship is the first step. Whether you want to decrease isolation, increase connections with friends & family, or help to find the right solution, I am here. My specialty is finding the root of the problem, exposing it to the sunlight, and helping it move from the place it has been stuck to stuck to create room for growth and healing.
(315) 897-8135 View (315) 897-8135
Photo of Frances Meléndez, Psychologist in Manlius, NY
Frances Meléndez
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Fayetteville, NY 13066
Clearly you have taken the first step into your wellbeing. As a psychologist, I will respect your narrative working alongside you to explore the barriers keeping you stuck. I commit to be with as you explore and challenge concerns, barriers, deepening your self-awareness so that you may live your authentic life. I received my PhD in Clinical Psychology from the Graduate School of The City University of New York. I am a licensed clinical psychologist in the State of New York.
Clearly you have taken the first step into your wellbeing. As a psychologist, I will respect your narrative working alongside you to explore the barriers keeping you stuck. I commit to be with as you explore and challenge concerns, barriers, deepening your self-awareness so that you may live your authentic life. I received my PhD in Clinical Psychology from the Graduate School of The City University of New York. I am a licensed clinical psychologist in the State of New York.
(585) 378-5758 View (585) 378-5758
Photo of Jessica Morillo, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Manlius, NY
Jessica Morillo
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-R
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Fayetteville, NY 13066
Waitlist for new clients
I welcome you as you on your journey to attain your best self. I will hold space and support you to process, gain insight and make the changes you seek. I've been a dedicated therapist for 15 years and I love working with individuals and couples with a wide variety of issues. As I work towards AASECT certification as a Sex Therapist, I offer special expertise to help you achieve your ideal sexual/relationship functioning. I invite you to consider vulnerability as we work through your issues with an Attachment-oriented lens. Let's work to improve the way you relate and give/receive love.
I welcome you as you on your journey to attain your best self. I will hold space and support you to process, gain insight and make the changes you seek. I've been a dedicated therapist for 15 years and I love working with individuals and couples with a wide variety of issues. As I work towards AASECT certification as a Sex Therapist, I offer special expertise to help you achieve your ideal sexual/relationship functioning. I invite you to consider vulnerability as we work through your issues with an Attachment-oriented lens. Let's work to improve the way you relate and give/receive love.
(585) 797-1399 View (585) 797-1399
Photo of Mariya Pawlikowski, Counselor in Manlius, NY
Mariya Pawlikowski
Counselor, MS, LMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Syracuse, NY 13220  (Online Only)
Hello! My name is Mariya and I received my Master's in Counseling, with an undergrad degree in Human Development. I became a Licensed Mental Health Counselor in June 2020. I have worked with many individuals from many walks of life, including depression, anxiety, grief/loss, ADHD, job changes, relationship concerns/issues, parenting stress and much more. I am here to provide hope, a different perspective or guidance on whatever concerns you may have.
Hello! My name is Mariya and I received my Master's in Counseling, with an undergrad degree in Human Development. I became a Licensed Mental Health Counselor in June 2020. I have worked with many individuals from many walks of life, including depression, anxiety, grief/loss, ADHD, job changes, relationship concerns/issues, parenting stress and much more. I am here to provide hope, a different perspective or guidance on whatever concerns you may have.
(315) 871-0016 View (315) 871-0016
Photo of Danielle Matias, Counselor in Manlius, NY
Danielle Matias
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Syracuse, NY 13206
Footprints was started by a therapist who realized that often times the services provided to low socio-economic communities is lacking quality care. We noticed these communities were confronted with long wait times, disrespectful admins, and subpar treatment. The one and only purpose was to exploit the community for profit without providing the level of care deserved. Feel Better Therapy began from the inspiration to provide quality mental health care to the poorest of communities and treating the clients of this community the same way a rich patient would be treated in a clinic treating affluent clients.
Footprints was started by a therapist who realized that often times the services provided to low socio-economic communities is lacking quality care. We noticed these communities were confronted with long wait times, disrespectful admins, and subpar treatment. The one and only purpose was to exploit the community for profit without providing the level of care deserved. Feel Better Therapy began from the inspiration to provide quality mental health care to the poorest of communities and treating the clients of this community the same way a rich patient would be treated in a clinic treating affluent clients.
(646) 204-2295 View (646) 204-2295
Photo of Linzy Andre, Counselor in Manlius, NY
Linzy Andre
Counselor, MSEd, LMHC, NCC, ACS
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Syracuse, NY 13217  (Online Only)
Therapy is The Answer. The Question? It is the reason you are here and seeking help. So many of us face stressors & challenges that could benefit from more Self-Love & more Self-Care. Therapy can be useful to identify & process challenges, to learn to manage all aspects of life, & to build Resilience, Understanding & Self-Compassion. Therapy is a private space where you can put aside the Fear of Judgement and pick up Tools for Personal Growth & progress toward Balance & Peace. As the expert in YOU, we will work together to establish meaningful goals, to get in motion with a renewed sense of motivation & to heal emotional wounds.
Therapy is The Answer. The Question? It is the reason you are here and seeking help. So many of us face stressors & challenges that could benefit from more Self-Love & more Self-Care. Therapy can be useful to identify & process challenges, to learn to manage all aspects of life, & to build Resilience, Understanding & Self-Compassion. Therapy is a private space where you can put aside the Fear of Judgement and pick up Tools for Personal Growth & progress toward Balance & Peace. As the expert in YOU, we will work together to establish meaningful goals, to get in motion with a renewed sense of motivation & to heal emotional wounds.
(929) 207-8924 View (929) 207-8924
Photo of Samantha Williams, Licensed Master Social Worker in Manlius, NY
Samantha Williams
Licensed Master Social Worker, LMSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Syracuse, NY 13201  (Online Only)
Feeling overwhelmed by the weight of grief and loss? It's understandable to feel lost in the midst of life's unpredictable challenges. In my practice, I offer a compassionate and understanding space where you can freely express your emotions. I'm here to validate your feelings and help you navigate through the confusion, gently guiding you toward clarity. My aim is to support you in taking meaningful steps forward, honoring your values and aspirations along the way. Together, we'll explore coping strategies and techniques to help you manage grief in your daily life, finding moments of solace within the pain.
Feeling overwhelmed by the weight of grief and loss? It's understandable to feel lost in the midst of life's unpredictable challenges. In my practice, I offer a compassionate and understanding space where you can freely express your emotions. I'm here to validate your feelings and help you navigate through the confusion, gently guiding you toward clarity. My aim is to support you in taking meaningful steps forward, honoring your values and aspirations along the way. Together, we'll explore coping strategies and techniques to help you manage grief in your daily life, finding moments of solace within the pain.
(347) 454-5328 View (347) 454-5328
Photo of Susan Hartman Brenizer, Marriage & Family Therapist in Manlius, NY
Susan Hartman Brenizer
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT, NY
Verified Verified
Fayetteville, NY 13066
Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist, Clinical Fellow, AAMFT with 40+ years experience. Special expertise in working with couples, and individual adults. Training in psychodynamic therapy, systems' and behavioral therapy. Extensive expertise: couples therapy, depression, grief, loss, trauma, abuse and affair recovery, and divorce recovery. Columnist for "Syracuse Post Standard" newspaper "Shrink Rap", 2007- 2014. Featured in PBS Documentary entitled "Pain Runs Deep: Relationship Violence". Interview on NPR, WCNY, and "Brides" Magazine, 2023 and 2024. Recently inducted into Marquis "Who's Who in America", March 2024.
Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist, Clinical Fellow, AAMFT with 40+ years experience. Special expertise in working with couples, and individual adults. Training in psychodynamic therapy, systems' and behavioral therapy. Extensive expertise: couples therapy, depression, grief, loss, trauma, abuse and affair recovery, and divorce recovery. Columnist for "Syracuse Post Standard" newspaper "Shrink Rap", 2007- 2014. Featured in PBS Documentary entitled "Pain Runs Deep: Relationship Violence". Interview on NPR, WCNY, and "Brides" Magazine, 2023 and 2024. Recently inducted into Marquis "Who's Who in America", March 2024.
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Attachment-based Therapists

Is attachment-based therapy the same as attachment therapy?

Attachment-based therapy may be confused with what is called “attachment therapy” (sometimes called “holding therapy”), a discredited and dangerous approach to treating children with attachment disorders, autism, or other mental health concerns. Attachment therapy—not attachment-based therapy—may involve restraining a child, forcing eye contact, and other coercive or abusive techniques. None of these practices are used in attachment-based therapy and the two modalities are in no way related.

What should I expect from attachment-based therapy?

Attachment-based therapy is based on attachment theory, which posits that children’s early relationships with their caregivers strongly influence their ability to navigate the world later in life. Thus, adults who seek attachment-based therapy should expect to deeply explore their childhood, identifying the dynamics or experiences that disrupted their attachment and the steps necessary to overcome challenges that arose as a result. Parents and children should expect to explore the possible factors that disrupted the parent-child relationship and work toward restoring trust and connection.

How long does attachment-based therapy last?

Certain forms of attachment-based therapy, especially those designed for parents and children, last for a set number of sessions; for example, Attachment and Biobehavioral Catch-Up, a specific attachment-based approach for young children who have undergone early adversity, unfolds over 10 one-hour sessions. When attachment-based therapy is practiced on adults or combined with other modalities, it may not last a specific length of time; clients may wish to ask prospective therapists how long they expect treatment to take.

Does attachment-based therapy work?

Most of the research on attachment-based therapy focuses on children and adolescents. Some of this research shows a positive effect, especially for attachment-based family therapy (ABFT). Other studies, however, have found that attachment-based therapy is no more effective than other approaches to childhood depression, anxiety, or suicidality. Less is known about the therapy’s efficacy on adult populations.