Photo of Diana Jeanne Feldman in New York
Diana Jeanne Feldman
LCAT, BCT, MA
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10001
Do you struggle with challenging emotions or symptoms of trauma? With over 30 years experience working with children, teens and adults, my attachment based approach combines didactic and somatic approaches to best fit the needs of every client. Children need a safe and playful space to work through difficult issues. Expressive arts approaches and DBT methods are effective when words are not enough. My compassionate and down to earth process examines old patterns that no longer serve you as you discover new empowered parts of yourself. We work on concrete tools to address issues such as anxiety, depression, and symptoms of trauma.
Do you struggle with challenging emotions or symptoms of trauma? With over 30 years experience working with children, teens and adults, my attachment based approach combines didactic and somatic approaches to best fit the needs of every client. Children need a safe and playful space to work through difficult issues. Expressive arts approaches and DBT methods are effective when words are not enough. My compassionate and down to earth process examines old patterns that no longer serve you as you discover new empowered parts of yourself. We work on concrete tools to address issues such as anxiety, depression, and symptoms of trauma.
(646) 971-1555 View (646) 971-1555
Photo of Dr. Erin Weinstein, Psychologist in New York
Dr. Erin Weinstein
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Yorktown Heights, NY 10598  (Online Only)
I use an attachment-based/relational approach to help build capacity for internal reflection so we can uncover and work through psychological processes that are operating under the surface and contributing to the symptoms and issues that are causing you distress.
I am a Licensed Clinical Psychologist with over 15 years of direct clinical experience. I specialize in working with culturally diverse young adults (aprx age 18-35) who are having difficulty regulating themselves and experiencing some level of emotional and/or behavioral distress, which sometimes leads to significant problems in school, at work, and/or in relationships with oneself and others. Often, this distress can be eased with increased self-awareness that supports your ability to regulate your internal experience so your emotions feel manageable, your thoughts are more comforting, and you have more control over your behavior.
I use an attachment-based/relational approach to help build capacity for internal reflection so we can uncover and work through psychological processes that are operating under the surface and contributing to the symptoms and issues that are causing you distress.
I am a Licensed Clinical Psychologist with over 15 years of direct clinical experience. I specialize in working with culturally diverse young adults (aprx age 18-35) who are having difficulty regulating themselves and experiencing some level of emotional and/or behavioral distress, which sometimes leads to significant problems in school, at work, and/or in relationships with oneself and others. Often, this distress can be eased with increased self-awareness that supports your ability to regulate your internal experience so your emotions feel manageable, your thoughts are more comforting, and you have more control over your behavior.
(914) 350-4220 View (914) 350-4220
Photo of Carly Poczik, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York
Carly Poczik
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10128
I incorporate psychodynamic, attachment-based, mindfulness-based, and humanistic theories in my practice.
Many of us spend a long time running away from the true essence of ourselves. We abandon ourselves to be accepted by others or praised by a society that wants a specific version of us. This ultimately leads us with pain that we find various ways to numb. Together, we can explore, feel, and heal this pain.
I incorporate psychodynamic, attachment-based, mindfulness-based, and humanistic theories in my practice.
Many of us spend a long time running away from the true essence of ourselves. We abandon ourselves to be accepted by others or praised by a society that wants a specific version of us. This ultimately leads us with pain that we find various ways to numb. Together, we can explore, feel, and heal this pain.
(646) 849-6757 View (646) 849-6757
Photo of Merav Segal, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York
Merav Segal
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LLB
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
New York, NY 10001
My goal is to help you find your inner resources and strengths so that you can heal, grow, thrive and create the best life you envision for yourself. As a therapist I bring empathy, safety and compassion to my sessions with you, as well as an active, no-nonsense approach that cuts through to the real issues.
My goal is to help you find your inner resources and strengths so that you can heal, grow, thrive and create the best life you envision for yourself. As a therapist I bring empathy, safety and compassion to my sessions with you, as well as an active, no-nonsense approach that cuts through to the real issues.
(646) 759-0698 View (646) 759-0698
Photo of Eliza Foster Sheehan, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York
Eliza Foster Sheehan
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
New York, NY 10016  (Online Only)
Life is complex, it can be extremely difficult and overwhelming at times. Have you ever felt like you are at the mercy of your environment, negative thoughts and emotions making you feel stuck and lacking motivation to move forward? This is a tough place to be, especially if you are facing it alone. Everyone has been in this spot at one time or another as pain is a part of being human but it does not have to cause you unnecessary suffering and dominate your life. With the right help and support one can overcome these difficulties and get back on track to living a rewarding and fulfilling life, whatever that looks like for you.
Life is complex, it can be extremely difficult and overwhelming at times. Have you ever felt like you are at the mercy of your environment, negative thoughts and emotions making you feel stuck and lacking motivation to move forward? This is a tough place to be, especially if you are facing it alone. Everyone has been in this spot at one time or another as pain is a part of being human but it does not have to cause you unnecessary suffering and dominate your life. With the right help and support one can overcome these difficulties and get back on track to living a rewarding and fulfilling life, whatever that looks like for you.
(929) 556-6489 View (929) 556-6489
Photo of Melanie Van Orden | Trauma Recovery | Psychedelic Assisted Therapy (Ketamine), Licensed Master Social Worker in New York
Melanie Van Orden | Trauma Recovery | Psychedelic Assisted Therapy (Ketamine)
Licensed Master Social Worker, LMSW
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10019
My clients often appreciate an eclectic approach utilizing somatic, relational, attachment-based, mindfulness-based (MBCT), psychodynamic, & Internal Family Systems (IFS) modalities.
Have you tried traditional talk therapy and find yourself hitting a plateau? Are you experiencing trauma and PTSD due to a break-up, divorce, grief, sexual addiction, infidelity, love addiction, or sexual abuse and wonder if relief will ever be available to you? Perhaps you're curious if the growing field of psychedelic-assisted therapy could help you find the change you are seeking. If so, you've come to the right place. I specialize in helping people find the breakthroughs they desire through an eclectic approach, including trauma-based therapy, somatic parts work, and psychedelic assisted therapy (currently utilizing ketamine).
My clients often appreciate an eclectic approach utilizing somatic, relational, attachment-based, mindfulness-based (MBCT), psychodynamic, & Internal Family Systems (IFS) modalities.
Have you tried traditional talk therapy and find yourself hitting a plateau? Are you experiencing trauma and PTSD due to a break-up, divorce, grief, sexual addiction, infidelity, love addiction, or sexual abuse and wonder if relief will ever be available to you? Perhaps you're curious if the growing field of psychedelic-assisted therapy could help you find the change you are seeking. If so, you've come to the right place. I specialize in helping people find the breakthroughs they desire through an eclectic approach, including trauma-based therapy, somatic parts work, and psychedelic assisted therapy (currently utilizing ketamine).
(718) 571-8412 View (718) 571-8412
Photo of Margarita Prensa, Marriage & Family Therapist in New York
Margarita Prensa
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Woodside, NY 11377  (Online Only)
Do you struggle with anxiety, self-doubt and self-esteem? Perhaps you have a deep fear of making mistakes and have a harsh inner critic? You may find yourself having trouble making decisions or putting other people's needs ahead of your own. Together we will explore the root causes of your current emotional and relationship challenges so you can have greater joy and freedom.
Do you struggle with anxiety, self-doubt and self-esteem? Perhaps you have a deep fear of making mistakes and have a harsh inner critic? You may find yourself having trouble making decisions or putting other people's needs ahead of your own. Together we will explore the root causes of your current emotional and relationship challenges so you can have greater joy and freedom.
(929) 822-6384 View (929) 822-6384
Photo of Jill Abramson, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York
Jill Abramson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CASAC, CSAT
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10075  (Online Only)
With over 25 years of experience, my specialty areas include couples therapy, infidelity, partners of sex addicts, substance abuse and recovery, sex addiction, individual therapy for anxiety, depression, EMDR trauma resolution DWI assessments, loss, bereavement and life coaching through difficult situations. I am extensively trained in a number of relationship therapy modalities and trauma resolution with the ability to use a wide range of therapy interventions to help you.
With over 25 years of experience, my specialty areas include couples therapy, infidelity, partners of sex addicts, substance abuse and recovery, sex addiction, individual therapy for anxiety, depression, EMDR trauma resolution DWI assessments, loss, bereavement and life coaching through difficult situations. I am extensively trained in a number of relationship therapy modalities and trauma resolution with the ability to use a wide range of therapy interventions to help you.
(917) 983-1360 View (917) 983-1360
Photo of Nassau Counseling Services , Counselor in New York
Nassau Counseling Services
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Wantagh, NY 11793
Each of our therapists are trained in a range of modalities, as: Attachment-based, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT), Psychodynamic, Mindfulness, Trauma-focused, and more.
When confronted with unforeseen challenges, we often do not know how to approach them and feel overwhelmed in the process. These challenges or experiences could be internal, interpersonal, environmental, or all the above. At NCS, we provide counseling services to help our clients process difficult emotions, provide coping skills, and collaborate to create the life path they desire.
Each of our therapists are trained in a range of modalities, as: Attachment-based, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT), Psychodynamic, Mindfulness, Trauma-focused, and more.
When confronted with unforeseen challenges, we often do not know how to approach them and feel overwhelmed in the process. These challenges or experiences could be internal, interpersonal, environmental, or all the above. At NCS, we provide counseling services to help our clients process difficult emotions, provide coping skills, and collaborate to create the life path they desire.
(516) 289-9850 View (516) 289-9850
Photo of Marissa Jaacobi, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York
Marissa Jaacobi
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10011  (Online Only)
Therapy is one of the most worthwhile investments you can make in yourself. Though the decision to start therapy might feel overwhelming, it offers the unique opportunity to reflect, heal, and create a life that feels most authentic to you. With a psychodynamic and attachment-based approach, I work with clients to explore past and present experiences, and enable self-awareness from within. Together, we will focus on transforming your relationship with yourself and others through identifying and repairing patterns that have left you feeling stuck or unfulfilled.
Therapy is one of the most worthwhile investments you can make in yourself. Though the decision to start therapy might feel overwhelming, it offers the unique opportunity to reflect, heal, and create a life that feels most authentic to you. With a psychodynamic and attachment-based approach, I work with clients to explore past and present experiences, and enable self-awareness from within. Together, we will focus on transforming your relationship with yourself and others through identifying and repairing patterns that have left you feeling stuck or unfulfilled.
(646) 461-4206 View (646) 461-4206
Photo of Mara Goldstein, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York
Mara Goldstein
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10021  (Online Only)
Deciding to start therapy can be overwhelming, and at the same time, a really exciting moment. Once you make that choice, it is important to find a therapist that makes you feel heard and understood. My name is Mara, I am a licensed clinical social worker, and I have experience working with people who are navigating many different struggles and changes in their lives. My goal is to understand your story and work together to identify and repair patterns that have left you feeling stuck or unfulfilled. You can expect a respectful, non-judgmental, and supportive space while in therapy with me.
Deciding to start therapy can be overwhelming, and at the same time, a really exciting moment. Once you make that choice, it is important to find a therapist that makes you feel heard and understood. My name is Mara, I am a licensed clinical social worker, and I have experience working with people who are navigating many different struggles and changes in their lives. My goal is to understand your story and work together to identify and repair patterns that have left you feeling stuck or unfulfilled. You can expect a respectful, non-judgmental, and supportive space while in therapy with me.
(347) 754-3947 View (347) 754-3947
Photo of Laura Marker, Psychologist in New York
Laura Marker
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Brooklyn, NY 11215  (Online Only)
I believe that therapy is a space for us to tackle life’s difficulties as well as celebrate life, find joy, and build self-compassion. I provide empathic, nonjudgmental psychotherapy, focused on deepening a sense of self-awareness, gaining insight into your emotional experiences, and empowering you to live a more fulfilling life. My therapeutic approach is rooted in relational and attachment-based theories. I frequently use humanistic, and behavioral interventions tailored to meet the needs of the individual or couple I am working with. I strive to create authentic and collaborative relationships with everyone I work with.
I believe that therapy is a space for us to tackle life’s difficulties as well as celebrate life, find joy, and build self-compassion. I provide empathic, nonjudgmental psychotherapy, focused on deepening a sense of self-awareness, gaining insight into your emotional experiences, and empowering you to live a more fulfilling life. My therapeutic approach is rooted in relational and attachment-based theories. I frequently use humanistic, and behavioral interventions tailored to meet the needs of the individual or couple I am working with. I strive to create authentic and collaborative relationships with everyone I work with.
(347) 754-3357 View (347) 754-3357
Photo of Teresa Maguire, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York
Teresa Maguire
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Bronx, NY 10466
My name is Teresa Maguire, and I have been a psychotherapist (LCSW-R) for 25 years. I work primarily with adults dealing with depression, anxiety, trauma, life transitions, gender identity concerns, relationship problems, and LGBTQ issues. I work mainly from a psychodynamic and relational model, utilizing Attachment-based, Eclectic, Psychodynamic, Person-Centered, and Trauma Focused therapies. I believe those therapeutic relationships are the most important vehicle for facilitating positive change and growth.
My name is Teresa Maguire, and I have been a psychotherapist (LCSW-R) for 25 years. I work primarily with adults dealing with depression, anxiety, trauma, life transitions, gender identity concerns, relationship problems, and LGBTQ issues. I work mainly from a psychodynamic and relational model, utilizing Attachment-based, Eclectic, Psychodynamic, Person-Centered, and Trauma Focused therapies. I believe those therapeutic relationships are the most important vehicle for facilitating positive change and growth.
(718) 865-3729 View (718) 865-3729
Photo of Rachel Valencia, Counselor in New York
Rachel Valencia
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Astoria, NY 11105  (Online Only)
Accepting new clients via telehealth! Struggling with your mental health can be difficult, but you don't have to do it alone. Whether it be depression, anxiety, anger, trauma, or other mental health issues, I am here to help you understand where your issues have stemmed from, work on healing them, and learn new ways to cope and interact with your world. In working with me, you can expect to have a safe, non-judgmental space to explore your innerworld. I work with clients of all ages, and in individual, couple, or family modality.
Accepting new clients via telehealth! Struggling with your mental health can be difficult, but you don't have to do it alone. Whether it be depression, anxiety, anger, trauma, or other mental health issues, I am here to help you understand where your issues have stemmed from, work on healing them, and learn new ways to cope and interact with your world. In working with me, you can expect to have a safe, non-judgmental space to explore your innerworld. I work with clients of all ages, and in individual, couple, or family modality.
(718) 400-6205 View (718) 400-6205
Photo of Christina Erhardt, Licensed Master Social Worker in New York
Christina Erhardt
Licensed Master Social Worker, LMSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Life can bring uncertainty and pain that we need help to navigate and heal from. Are you feeling unhappy or lost? Having relationship difficulties? Worried about the future? Have you endured great losses or hardships that are leaving you feeling confused, isolated or unlovable? You do not have to shoulder this alone. Maybe you want to feel fulfilled or joyful. Maybe you want to cultivate meaningful relationships. Maybe you want to grow in ways you never thought possible. I am passionate about helping people put the pieces of themselves back together in a way that leaves them feeling inspired and open to life's possibilities.
Life can bring uncertainty and pain that we need help to navigate and heal from. Are you feeling unhappy or lost? Having relationship difficulties? Worried about the future? Have you endured great losses or hardships that are leaving you feeling confused, isolated or unlovable? You do not have to shoulder this alone. Maybe you want to feel fulfilled or joyful. Maybe you want to cultivate meaningful relationships. Maybe you want to grow in ways you never thought possible. I am passionate about helping people put the pieces of themselves back together in a way that leaves them feeling inspired and open to life's possibilities.
(516) 550-4342 View (516) 550-4342
Photo of Stephanie Carlson, Ph.D, Psychologist in New York
Stephanie Carlson, Ph.D
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
White Plains, NY 10605
With training in mindfulness-based, interpersonal, trauma-sensitive, attachment-based, cognitive-behavioral, and psychodynamic therapeutic approaches, I can flexibly accommodate the needs of my clients.
My primary aim in my work is to meet my clients "where they are" by tuning in to their unique concerns and creating an atmosphere where they feel acknowledged and at ease. My style is warm, empathic and engaged which, combined with my acumen as a seasoned clinician, helps adults, children, parents and families feel comfortable and secure. Within this safe space, my clients express their concerns and work to repair and optimize wholesome development with professional recommendations that help to inform a collaborative therapeutic plan.
With training in mindfulness-based, interpersonal, trauma-sensitive, attachment-based, cognitive-behavioral, and psychodynamic therapeutic approaches, I can flexibly accommodate the needs of my clients.
My primary aim in my work is to meet my clients "where they are" by tuning in to their unique concerns and creating an atmosphere where they feel acknowledged and at ease. My style is warm, empathic and engaged which, combined with my acumen as a seasoned clinician, helps adults, children, parents and families feel comfortable and secure. Within this safe space, my clients express their concerns and work to repair and optimize wholesome development with professional recommendations that help to inform a collaborative therapeutic plan.
(718) 260-6970 View (718) 260-6970
Photo of Joanna Poon, Psychologist in New York
Joanna Poon
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10016
Change is hard. Most people don’t like change. Some say it’s human nature. That may be true. At the same time, doing hard things can be incredibly rewarding and worthwhile. It can reward you with improved relationships with your loved ones and a better understanding of yourself. It can relieve you of the pain from a difficult past. It can help you better manage a challenging environment or life transition. You are not alone. Help is here.
Change is hard. Most people don’t like change. Some say it’s human nature. That may be true. At the same time, doing hard things can be incredibly rewarding and worthwhile. It can reward you with improved relationships with your loved ones and a better understanding of yourself. It can relieve you of the pain from a difficult past. It can help you better manage a challenging environment or life transition. You are not alone. Help is here.
(929) 383-7944 View (929) 383-7944
Valerie Ziel
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Flushing, NY 11368
My therapeutic approach is holistic, blending elements from different approaches such as psychodynamic, attachment-based, mindfulness, body-mind, and strength-based.
My name is Valerie Ziel; I am a licensed clinical social worker. My approach to psychotherapy is eclectic, adapting to the unique needs of each patient. I have provided psychotherapy services to a diverse population who present with anxiety, depression, body dysmorphia, codependency, relationship, work, and life transition challenges, as well as childhood abuse and women's issues. I work with adult clients who present with anxiety, depression, body dysmorphia, codependency, relationship, work, and life transition challenges, as well as childhood abuse and women's issues.
My therapeutic approach is holistic, blending elements from different approaches such as psychodynamic, attachment-based, mindfulness, body-mind, and strength-based.
My name is Valerie Ziel; I am a licensed clinical social worker. My approach to psychotherapy is eclectic, adapting to the unique needs of each patient. I have provided psychotherapy services to a diverse population who present with anxiety, depression, body dysmorphia, codependency, relationship, work, and life transition challenges, as well as childhood abuse and women's issues. I work with adult clients who present with anxiety, depression, body dysmorphia, codependency, relationship, work, and life transition challenges, as well as childhood abuse and women's issues.
(929) 463-9663 View (929) 463-9663
Photo of Alexandra K Milak, Pre-Licensed Professional in New York
Alexandra K Milak
Pre-Licensed Professional, MS, MHC-LP
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
My approach includes culturally competent therapies tailored to each individual patient, drawing from Psychodynamic, Narrative, Existential, Dialectical-Behavioral, Cognitive-Behavioral, Attachment-Based, and Family Systems therapies.
I am a mental health counselor with a limited permit, working under the supervision of Dr. Sheila Chiffriller, a licensed psychologist. I provide psychotherapy to a diverse population of clients, specializing in survivors of trauma, borderline personality disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, anxiety, LGBTQIA+ issues, anger, family issues, couples' issues, bipolar disorder, chronic illness, grief and bereavement. My practice is rooted in principles of affirmation, intersectional justice, harm reduction, and embodiment and holds the position that social oppressions and systemic problems operate as barriers to wellness.
My approach includes culturally competent therapies tailored to each individual patient, drawing from Psychodynamic, Narrative, Existential, Dialectical-Behavioral, Cognitive-Behavioral, Attachment-Based, and Family Systems therapies.
I am a mental health counselor with a limited permit, working under the supervision of Dr. Sheila Chiffriller, a licensed psychologist. I provide psychotherapy to a diverse population of clients, specializing in survivors of trauma, borderline personality disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, anxiety, LGBTQIA+ issues, anger, family issues, couples' issues, bipolar disorder, chronic illness, grief and bereavement. My practice is rooted in principles of affirmation, intersectional justice, harm reduction, and embodiment and holds the position that social oppressions and systemic problems operate as barriers to wellness.
(516) 476-9057 View (516) 476-9057
Photo of Kaori Stram, Counselor in New York
Kaori Stram
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Eastchester, NY 10709  (Online Only)
​ My therapy style is collaborative and experiential, and is informed by a healing-oriented, emotion-focused, attachment-based psychotherapy model called AEDP psychotherapy.
I am trauma therapist and provide individual counseling sessions for those who struggle with emotional regulation, low self-esteem and relational issues. If you are super self-critical or feeling worthless, I am here to help you restore your capacity to heal, grow and thrive and become a person who you truly are. Therapy may sound daunting, but together we can create a space to practice emotional regulation and/or change your old patterns to live life fully.
​ My therapy style is collaborative and experiential, and is informed by a healing-oriented, emotion-focused, attachment-based psychotherapy model called AEDP psychotherapy.
I am trauma therapist and provide individual counseling sessions for those who struggle with emotional regulation, low self-esteem and relational issues. If you are super self-critical or feeling worthless, I am here to help you restore your capacity to heal, grow and thrive and become a person who you truly are. Therapy may sound daunting, but together we can create a space to practice emotional regulation and/or change your old patterns to live life fully.
(929) 205-3801 View (929) 205-3801
Attachment-based Therapists

Is attachment-based therapy the same as attachment therapy?

Attachment-based therapy may be confused with what is called “attachment therapy” (sometimes called “holding therapy”), a discredited and dangerous approach to treating children with attachment disorders, autism, or other mental health concerns. Attachment therapy—not attachment-based therapy—may involve restraining a child, forcing eye contact, and other coercive or abusive techniques. None of these practices are used in attachment-based therapy and the two modalities are in no way related.

What should I expect from attachment-based therapy?

Attachment-based therapy is based on attachment theory, which posits that children’s early relationships with their caregivers strongly influence their ability to navigate the world later in life. Thus, adults who seek attachment-based therapy should expect to deeply explore their childhood, identifying the dynamics or experiences that disrupted their attachment and the steps necessary to overcome challenges that arose as a result. Parents and children should expect to explore the possible factors that disrupted the parent-child relationship and work toward restoring trust and connection.

How long does attachment-based therapy last?

Certain forms of attachment-based therapy, especially those designed for parents and children, last for a set number of sessions; for example, Attachment and Biobehavioral Catch-Up, a specific attachment-based approach for young children who have undergone early adversity, unfolds over 10 one-hour sessions. When attachment-based therapy is practiced on adults or combined with other modalities, it may not last a specific length of time; clients may wish to ask prospective therapists how long they expect treatment to take.

Does attachment-based therapy work?

Most of the research on attachment-based therapy focuses on children and adolescents. Some of this research shows a positive effect, especially for attachment-based family therapy (ABFT). Other studies, however, have found that attachment-based therapy is no more effective than other approaches to childhood depression, anxiety, or suicidality. Less is known about the therapy’s efficacy on adult populations.