Photo of Peggy Noel, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York
Peggy Noel
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-R, MLSP
Verified Verified
Brooklyn, NY 11201
I have extensive training and experience in Emotionally Focused Couples Therapy (EFT), which is a highly effective, attachment-based modality.
Individuals and couples who see me for therapy are typically dealing with anxiety, depression, relationship issues, a low sense of self-worth, grief, and/or trauma. They are struggling to take risks with vulnerability, to process loss, set boundaries, understand the power of no, discern safe spaces, and build trust. Many of my patients are challenged by the stories their anxiety tells them, negative self-talk, sadness that makes it difficult to effectively process their thoughts and feelings, and previous traumatic experiences or vicarious exposure to trauma.
I have extensive training and experience in Emotionally Focused Couples Therapy (EFT), which is a highly effective, attachment-based modality.
Individuals and couples who see me for therapy are typically dealing with anxiety, depression, relationship issues, a low sense of self-worth, grief, and/or trauma. They are struggling to take risks with vulnerability, to process loss, set boundaries, understand the power of no, discern safe spaces, and build trust. Many of my patients are challenged by the stories their anxiety tells them, negative self-talk, sadness that makes it difficult to effectively process their thoughts and feelings, and previous traumatic experiences or vicarious exposure to trauma.
(631) 240-4996 View (631) 240-4996
Photo of Christina R Karlowski, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York
Christina R Karlowski
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Brooklyn, NY 11222
Attachment-Based.
Live fully. Enjoy who you are. Be present in the moment. Find happiness with who you uniquely are. An All-Purpose Therapist. Multiple clients have said, "I never thought I could accomplish so much." Become unstuck. Succeed in the areas that matter most to you. Overcome Anxiety, Depression, issues with concentration and self esteem. Adapt Flexibility & Fluidity living in the high demand - high reward City of New York.
Attachment-Based.
Live fully. Enjoy who you are. Be present in the moment. Find happiness with who you uniquely are. An All-Purpose Therapist. Multiple clients have said, "I never thought I could accomplish so much." Become unstuck. Succeed in the areas that matter most to you. Overcome Anxiety, Depression, issues with concentration and self esteem. Adapt Flexibility & Fluidity living in the high demand - high reward City of New York.
(917) 818-1074 View (917) 818-1074
Photo of Marissa Jaacobi, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York
Marissa Jaacobi
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10011  (Online Only)
Therapy is one of the most worthwhile investments you can make in yourself. Though the decision to start therapy might feel overwhelming, it offers the unique opportunity to reflect, heal, and create a life that feels most authentic to you. With a psychodynamic and attachment-based approach, I work with clients to explore past and present experiences, and enable self-awareness from within. Together, we will focus on transforming your relationship with yourself and others through identifying and repairing patterns that have left you feeling stuck or unfulfilled.
Therapy is one of the most worthwhile investments you can make in yourself. Though the decision to start therapy might feel overwhelming, it offers the unique opportunity to reflect, heal, and create a life that feels most authentic to you. With a psychodynamic and attachment-based approach, I work with clients to explore past and present experiences, and enable self-awareness from within. Together, we will focus on transforming your relationship with yourself and others through identifying and repairing patterns that have left you feeling stuck or unfulfilled.
(646) 461-4206 View (646) 461-4206
Photo of Mara Goldstein, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York
Mara Goldstein
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10021  (Online Only)
Deciding to start therapy can be overwhelming, and at the same time, a really exciting moment. Once you make that choice, it is important to find a therapist that makes you feel heard and understood. My name is Mara, I am a licensed clinical social worker, and I have experience working with people who are navigating many different struggles and changes in their lives. My goal is to understand your story and work together to identify and repair patterns that have left you feeling stuck or unfulfilled. You can expect a respectful, non-judgmental, and supportive space while in therapy with me.
Deciding to start therapy can be overwhelming, and at the same time, a really exciting moment. Once you make that choice, it is important to find a therapist that makes you feel heard and understood. My name is Mara, I am a licensed clinical social worker, and I have experience working with people who are navigating many different struggles and changes in their lives. My goal is to understand your story and work together to identify and repair patterns that have left you feeling stuck or unfulfilled. You can expect a respectful, non-judgmental, and supportive space while in therapy with me.
(347) 754-3947 View (347) 754-3947
Photo of Elexa O’Donnell, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York
Elexa O’Donnell
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, PMH-C
Verified Verified
Buffalo, NY 14223
My approach is rooted in trauma-informed, attachment-based and anti-oppression frameworks.
My goal as a clinician is to create a safe space where we can work through issues that may be causing you distress, and eventually celebrate your positive growth. I may be a particularly good fit for those seeking support around interpersonal relationships, life transitions, trauma, anxiety or depression. Together, we will explore the patterns in your life that are no longer serving you. I am also a certified perinatal mental health provider and have a special interest in working with folks navigating challenges around parenthood including postpartum depression/anxiety, birth trauma, pregnancy loss and infertility.
My approach is rooted in trauma-informed, attachment-based and anti-oppression frameworks.
My goal as a clinician is to create a safe space where we can work through issues that may be causing you distress, and eventually celebrate your positive growth. I may be a particularly good fit for those seeking support around interpersonal relationships, life transitions, trauma, anxiety or depression. Together, we will explore the patterns in your life that are no longer serving you. I am also a certified perinatal mental health provider and have a special interest in working with folks navigating challenges around parenthood including postpartum depression/anxiety, birth trauma, pregnancy loss and infertility.
(716) 204-7367 View (716) 204-7367
Photo of Hannah I. Guz, Psychologist in New York
Hannah I. Guz
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
New York, NY 10019  (Online Only)
EFT is an attachment-based therapy that emphasizes how problematic patterns in relationships impact security and trust.
Dr. Guz is a clinical psychologist with specialized training in anxiety, depression, mood, and trauma-related disorders. Dr. Guz provides an empathic and safe environment where patients can process their joys and their pains, while moving towards their goals. Dr. Guz believes that each person is inherently worthy, and that in the process of being seen and understood, people are able to build insight and recognize their strengths. In sessions, Dr. Guz will help patients build practical skills to manage stress and address the unhelpful patterns in thinking and behaving that underpin suffering.
EFT is an attachment-based therapy that emphasizes how problematic patterns in relationships impact security and trust.
Dr. Guz is a clinical psychologist with specialized training in anxiety, depression, mood, and trauma-related disorders. Dr. Guz provides an empathic and safe environment where patients can process their joys and their pains, while moving towards their goals. Dr. Guz believes that each person is inherently worthy, and that in the process of being seen and understood, people are able to build insight and recognize their strengths. In sessions, Dr. Guz will help patients build practical skills to manage stress and address the unhelpful patterns in thinking and behaving that underpin suffering.
(347) 830-7191 View (347) 830-7191
Photo of Laura Marker, Psychologist in New York
Laura Marker
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Brooklyn, NY 11215  (Online Only)
I believe that therapy is a space for us to tackle life’s difficulties as well as celebrate life, find joy, and build self-compassion. I provide empathic, nonjudgmental psychotherapy, focused on deepening a sense of self-awareness, gaining insight into your emotional experiences, and empowering you to live a more fulfilling life. My therapeutic approach is rooted in relational and attachment-based theories. I frequently use humanistic, and behavioral interventions tailored to meet the needs of the individual or couple I am working with. I strive to create authentic and collaborative relationships with everyone I work with.
I believe that therapy is a space for us to tackle life’s difficulties as well as celebrate life, find joy, and build self-compassion. I provide empathic, nonjudgmental psychotherapy, focused on deepening a sense of self-awareness, gaining insight into your emotional experiences, and empowering you to live a more fulfilling life. My therapeutic approach is rooted in relational and attachment-based theories. I frequently use humanistic, and behavioral interventions tailored to meet the needs of the individual or couple I am working with. I strive to create authentic and collaborative relationships with everyone I work with.
(347) 754-3357 View (347) 754-3357
Photo of Thailan Pham, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York
Thailan Pham
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MA
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Brooklyn, NY 11215
I treat perinatal mood and anxiety disorders and have received advanced training in Emotionally Focused Therapy, an attachment-based model for couples.
Life can be overwhelming. Finding a therapist shouldn't add to that stress. Each one of us deserves access to a safe, judgment-free space. As a therapist, I fiercely defend that space for my clients, and I hope to meet you there with warmth, authenticity, and humor. Having served the diverse population of this city in medical, educational, and non-profit settings, I am sensitive to the complex New York experience while acknowledging that your journey is unique. I offer a trauma-informed, culturally-sensitive approach for adults and young adults struggling with stress, anxiety, or depression.
I treat perinatal mood and anxiety disorders and have received advanced training in Emotionally Focused Therapy, an attachment-based model for couples.
Life can be overwhelming. Finding a therapist shouldn't add to that stress. Each one of us deserves access to a safe, judgment-free space. As a therapist, I fiercely defend that space for my clients, and I hope to meet you there with warmth, authenticity, and humor. Having served the diverse population of this city in medical, educational, and non-profit settings, I am sensitive to the complex New York experience while acknowledging that your journey is unique. I offer a trauma-informed, culturally-sensitive approach for adults and young adults struggling with stress, anxiety, or depression.
(646) 461-2418 View (646) 461-2418
Photo of Emily Feinberg, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York
Emily Feinberg
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
New York, NY 10016  (Online Only)
I also draw from social justice, feminist, attachment-based, traditional Eastern philosophy, and mindfulness modalities.
I have experience working with young adults and adults who struggle with depression, anxiety, relationship and familial conflicts, self-esteem, transitions, and work stress. My goal as your therapist is to assist you in developing coping mechanisms, effective communication skills, and a greater sense of self-confidence to utilize outside the therapy walls. I believe everyone deserves a safe, friendly, and warm environment to decompress and find clarity. I will be patient and empathetic, listening deeply, and guiding a gentle and honest conversation.
I also draw from social justice, feminist, attachment-based, traditional Eastern philosophy, and mindfulness modalities.
I have experience working with young adults and adults who struggle with depression, anxiety, relationship and familial conflicts, self-esteem, transitions, and work stress. My goal as your therapist is to assist you in developing coping mechanisms, effective communication skills, and a greater sense of self-confidence to utilize outside the therapy walls. I believe everyone deserves a safe, friendly, and warm environment to decompress and find clarity. I will be patient and empathetic, listening deeply, and guiding a gentle and honest conversation.
(332) 877-9557 View (332) 877-9557
Photo of Vala Kondo-Legan, Marriage & Family Therapist in New York
Vala Kondo-Legan
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, LCAT, ATR-BC
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10024  (Online Only)
I specialize in trauma and am fully trained in Attachment-Based EMDR.
Good therapy strikes a balance between compassion and challenge. How does the past influence daily life? What old patterns and programing run the show?.. and where is change necessary? I work with individuals, couples and families on issues of self esteem, trauma, depression and anxiety. I treat all ages including young people struggling with the stressors of adulthood; as well as older adults facing life changes. The first step in healing is a genuine and unconditional connection to a caring therapist. Reach out to start!
I specialize in trauma and am fully trained in Attachment-Based EMDR.
Good therapy strikes a balance between compassion and challenge. How does the past influence daily life? What old patterns and programing run the show?.. and where is change necessary? I work with individuals, couples and families on issues of self esteem, trauma, depression and anxiety. I treat all ages including young people struggling with the stressors of adulthood; as well as older adults facing life changes. The first step in healing is a genuine and unconditional connection to a caring therapist. Reach out to start!
(424) 213-8066 View (424) 213-8066
Valerie Ziel
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Flushing, NY 11368
My therapeutic approach is holistic, blending elements from different approaches such as psychodynamic, attachment-based, mindfulness, body-mind, and strength-based.
My name is Valerie Ziel; I am a licensed clinical social worker. My approach to psychotherapy is eclectic, adapting to the unique needs of each patient. I have provided psychotherapy services to a diverse population who present with anxiety, depression, body dysmorphia, codependency, relationship, work, and life transition challenges, as well as childhood abuse and women's issues. I work with adult clients who present with anxiety, depression, body dysmorphia, codependency, relationship, work, and life transition challenges, as well as childhood abuse and women's issues.
My therapeutic approach is holistic, blending elements from different approaches such as psychodynamic, attachment-based, mindfulness, body-mind, and strength-based.
My name is Valerie Ziel; I am a licensed clinical social worker. My approach to psychotherapy is eclectic, adapting to the unique needs of each patient. I have provided psychotherapy services to a diverse population who present with anxiety, depression, body dysmorphia, codependency, relationship, work, and life transition challenges, as well as childhood abuse and women's issues. I work with adult clients who present with anxiety, depression, body dysmorphia, codependency, relationship, work, and life transition challenges, as well as childhood abuse and women's issues.
(929) 463-9663 View (929) 463-9663
Photo of Anna Kuyumcuoglu, Art Therapist in New York
Anna Kuyumcuoglu
Art Therapist, MA, LCAT , ATR-BC, ACCEP, EMDR
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
New York, NY 10005
Transform Your Life Through Therapy. For over 15 years, I've cultivated a safe, judgment-free sanctuary for clients to self-discover and heal. As an attuned, compassionate therapist, I gently guide you through your journey. My integrative approach draws from evidenced-based methodologies like CBT, DBT, EMDR, IFS, Trauma and Attachment Based Therapies, mindfulness practices, and somatic psychotherapy. By rewiring your story, you'll experience a profound transformation that extends far beyond the therapy room.
Transform Your Life Through Therapy. For over 15 years, I've cultivated a safe, judgment-free sanctuary for clients to self-discover and heal. As an attuned, compassionate therapist, I gently guide you through your journey. My integrative approach draws from evidenced-based methodologies like CBT, DBT, EMDR, IFS, Trauma and Attachment Based Therapies, mindfulness practices, and somatic psychotherapy. By rewiring your story, you'll experience a profound transformation that extends far beyond the therapy room.
(646) 860-0624 View (646) 860-0624
Photo of Erica Wickett, Art Therapist in New York
Erica Wickett
Art Therapist, LCAT, ATR-BC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Brooklyn, NY 11215  (Online Only)
Hello! I'm Erica (she/hers), a psychotherapist and art therapist dedicated to supporting individuals in the NY area. My therapeutic approach is characterized by warmth and compassion, aimed at assisting those in their early adult life in navigating the complexities of relationships with others and themselves. Throughout my career, I've worked in non-profit agencies, gaining valuable experience with diverse age groups and diagnoses. In my private practice, I specialize in helping clients address challenges related to anxiety, depression, relationships, and unexpected life transitions.
Hello! I'm Erica (she/hers), a psychotherapist and art therapist dedicated to supporting individuals in the NY area. My therapeutic approach is characterized by warmth and compassion, aimed at assisting those in their early adult life in navigating the complexities of relationships with others and themselves. Throughout my career, I've worked in non-profit agencies, gaining valuable experience with diverse age groups and diagnoses. In my private practice, I specialize in helping clients address challenges related to anxiety, depression, relationships, and unexpected life transitions.
(646) 798-6873 View (646) 798-6873
Photo of Dr. Jessica Tasca, Psychologist in New York
Dr. Jessica Tasca
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10001
I use a psychodynamic, attachment-based framework and balance careful listening with thoughtful probing.
As humans, we tend to avoid our more difficult and complex emotions in hopes that they will disappear. However, it is more often the case that the feelings we turn inward find their way out, and sometimes in a less-than-ideal way. Therapy is a unique space to explore the parts of you that tend to stay hidden. It is a space to “look beneath the hood” to understand more fully who you are and "why" you are. With this newfound insight, we can explore ways for you to engage more fully in your life and relationships, dig into your sense of purpose, and reconnect with (or discover for the first time) feelings of stillness and joy.
I use a psychodynamic, attachment-based framework and balance careful listening with thoughtful probing.
As humans, we tend to avoid our more difficult and complex emotions in hopes that they will disappear. However, it is more often the case that the feelings we turn inward find their way out, and sometimes in a less-than-ideal way. Therapy is a unique space to explore the parts of you that tend to stay hidden. It is a space to “look beneath the hood” to understand more fully who you are and "why" you are. With this newfound insight, we can explore ways for you to engage more fully in your life and relationships, dig into your sense of purpose, and reconnect with (or discover for the first time) feelings of stillness and joy.
(347) 754-3962 View (347) 754-3962
Photo of Hanna Brinnier Perrault, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York
Hanna Brinnier Perrault
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Nyack, NY 10960  (Online Only)
Whether you're transitioning to a new job, anxious about a relationship, navigating a recent loss, these adjustments can feel stressful and overwhelming. I have experience working with trauma, grief, life transitions, depression, anxiety, relational difficulties, and academic/occupational issues. I enjoy working with college/graduate students and young professionals. am trained in a range of modalities including CBT and DBT, but overall, I am person-centered, attachment based and psychodynamically oriented. Thus, I approach therapy from a trauma-focused lens, providing a safe space for clients to process all thoughts and feelings.
Whether you're transitioning to a new job, anxious about a relationship, navigating a recent loss, these adjustments can feel stressful and overwhelming. I have experience working with trauma, grief, life transitions, depression, anxiety, relational difficulties, and academic/occupational issues. I enjoy working with college/graduate students and young professionals. am trained in a range of modalities including CBT and DBT, but overall, I am person-centered, attachment based and psychodynamically oriented. Thus, I approach therapy from a trauma-focused lens, providing a safe space for clients to process all thoughts and feelings.
(845) 539-1242 View (845) 539-1242
Photo of Carly Poczik, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York
Carly Poczik
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10128
I incorporate psychodynamic, attachment-based, mindfulness-based, and humanistic theories in my practice.
Many of us spend a long time running away from the true essence of ourselves. We abandon ourselves to be accepted by others or praised by a society that wants a specific version of us. This ultimately leads us with pain that we find various ways to numb. Together, we can explore, feel, and heal this pain.
I incorporate psychodynamic, attachment-based, mindfulness-based, and humanistic theories in my practice.
Many of us spend a long time running away from the true essence of ourselves. We abandon ourselves to be accepted by others or praised by a society that wants a specific version of us. This ultimately leads us with pain that we find various ways to numb. Together, we can explore, feel, and heal this pain.
(646) 849-6757 View (646) 849-6757
Photo of Nassau Counseling Services , Counselor in New York
Nassau Counseling Services
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Wantagh, NY 11793
Each of our therapists are trained in a range of modalities, as: Attachment-based, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT), Psychodynamic, Mindfulness, Trauma-focused, and more.
When confronted with unforeseen challenges, we often do not know how to approach them and feel overwhelmed in the process. These challenges or experiences could be internal, interpersonal, environmental, or all the above. At NCS, we provide counseling services to help our clients process difficult emotions, provide coping skills, and collaborate to create the life path they desire.
Each of our therapists are trained in a range of modalities, as: Attachment-based, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT), Psychodynamic, Mindfulness, Trauma-focused, and more.
When confronted with unforeseen challenges, we often do not know how to approach them and feel overwhelmed in the process. These challenges or experiences could be internal, interpersonal, environmental, or all the above. At NCS, we provide counseling services to help our clients process difficult emotions, provide coping skills, and collaborate to create the life path they desire.
(516) 289-9850 View (516) 289-9850
Photo of Kaori Stram, Counselor in New York
Kaori Stram
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Eastchester, NY 10709  (Online Only)
​ My therapy style is collaborative and experiential, and is informed by a healing-oriented, emotion-focused, attachment-based psychotherapy model called AEDP psychotherapy.
I am trauma therapist and provide individual counseling sessions for those who struggle with emotional regulation, low self-esteem and relational issues. If you are super self-critical or feeling worthless, I am here to help you restore your capacity to heal, grow and thrive and become a person who you truly are. Therapy may sound daunting, but together we can create a space to practice emotional regulation and/or change your old patterns to live life fully.
​ My therapy style is collaborative and experiential, and is informed by a healing-oriented, emotion-focused, attachment-based psychotherapy model called AEDP psychotherapy.
I am trauma therapist and provide individual counseling sessions for those who struggle with emotional regulation, low self-esteem and relational issues. If you are super self-critical or feeling worthless, I am here to help you restore your capacity to heal, grow and thrive and become a person who you truly are. Therapy may sound daunting, but together we can create a space to practice emotional regulation and/or change your old patterns to live life fully.
(929) 205-3801 View (929) 205-3801
Photo of Merav Segal, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York
Merav Segal
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LLB
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
New York, NY 10001
My goal is to help you find your inner resources and strengths so that you can heal, grow, thrive and create the best life you envision for yourself. As a therapist I bring empathy, safety and compassion to my sessions with you, as well as an active, no-nonsense approach that cuts through to the real issues.
My goal is to help you find your inner resources and strengths so that you can heal, grow, thrive and create the best life you envision for yourself. As a therapist I bring empathy, safety and compassion to my sessions with you, as well as an active, no-nonsense approach that cuts through to the real issues.
(646) 759-0698 View (646) 759-0698
Photo of Margarita Prensa, Marriage & Family Therapist in New York
Margarita Prensa
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Woodside, NY 11377  (Online Only)
Do you struggle with anxiety, self-doubt and self-esteem? Perhaps you have a deep fear of making mistakes and have a harsh inner critic? You may find yourself having trouble making decisions or putting other people's needs ahead of your own. Together we will explore the root causes of your current emotional and relationship challenges so you can have greater joy and freedom.
Do you struggle with anxiety, self-doubt and self-esteem? Perhaps you have a deep fear of making mistakes and have a harsh inner critic? You may find yourself having trouble making decisions or putting other people's needs ahead of your own. Together we will explore the root causes of your current emotional and relationship challenges so you can have greater joy and freedom.
(929) 822-6384 View (929) 822-6384
Attachment-based Therapists

Is attachment-based therapy the same as attachment therapy?

Attachment-based therapy may be confused with what is called “attachment therapy” (sometimes called “holding therapy”), a discredited and dangerous approach to treating children with attachment disorders, autism, or other mental health concerns. Attachment therapy—not attachment-based therapy—may involve restraining a child, forcing eye contact, and other coercive or abusive techniques. None of these practices are used in attachment-based therapy and the two modalities are in no way related.

What should I expect from attachment-based therapy?

Attachment-based therapy is based on attachment theory, which posits that children’s early relationships with their caregivers strongly influence their ability to navigate the world later in life. Thus, adults who seek attachment-based therapy should expect to deeply explore their childhood, identifying the dynamics or experiences that disrupted their attachment and the steps necessary to overcome challenges that arose as a result. Parents and children should expect to explore the possible factors that disrupted the parent-child relationship and work toward restoring trust and connection.

How long does attachment-based therapy last?

Certain forms of attachment-based therapy, especially those designed for parents and children, last for a set number of sessions; for example, Attachment and Biobehavioral Catch-Up, a specific attachment-based approach for young children who have undergone early adversity, unfolds over 10 one-hour sessions. When attachment-based therapy is practiced on adults or combined with other modalities, it may not last a specific length of time; clients may wish to ask prospective therapists how long they expect treatment to take.

Does attachment-based therapy work?

Most of the research on attachment-based therapy focuses on children and adolescents. Some of this research shows a positive effect, especially for attachment-based family therapy (ABFT). Other studies, however, have found that attachment-based therapy is no more effective than other approaches to childhood depression, anxiety, or suicidality. Less is known about the therapy’s efficacy on adult populations.