Therapists in Clayton, MO

Photo of Shannon Gartland, Licensed Professional Counselor in Clayton, MO
Shannon Gartland
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Clayton, MO 63105
I am a licensed professional counselor who works from a client-centered approach. My goal is to provide a warm and compassionate environment where you can feel safe to share and process your experiences. I think of counseling as a place to gain greater insight and self-awareness around core beliefs. I will work with you to identify patterns of maladaptive coping and learn healthier ways to cope with life's challenges.
I am a licensed professional counselor who works from a client-centered approach. My goal is to provide a warm and compassionate environment where you can feel safe to share and process your experiences. I think of counseling as a place to gain greater insight and self-awareness around core beliefs. I will work with you to identify patterns of maladaptive coping and learn healthier ways to cope with life's challenges.
(314) 549-1055 View (314) 549-1055
Photo of Beth Vaccaro, Licensed Professional Counselor in Clayton, MO
Beth Vaccaro
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Clayton, MO 63105
I am an experienced therapist working from a psychodynamic perspective. That means I want to not only understand what issue or problem brings you to my office, but understand its origin and history. I also believe the greatest healing in therapy occurs in the connection and relationship between you and me.
I am an experienced therapist working from a psychodynamic perspective. That means I want to not only understand what issue or problem brings you to my office, but understand its origin and history. I also believe the greatest healing in therapy occurs in the connection and relationship between you and me.
(314) 936-4590 View (314) 936-4590
Photo of Angela Adamson Springer, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Clayton, MO
Angela Adamson Springer
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW, ACT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Clayton, MO 63124
If you or your child/teen is struggling with anxiety-related problems or OCD- we've got you! My name is Angela Springer; I am the owner of Calm Mind CBT. All five therapists at Calm Mind have advanced training in evidence-based treatment for anxiety and OCD. Treatment that works! We work with kids, teens, adults, and parents (so everyone!). Our PASSION is to make therapy fun and engaging for kids. Check out our Instagram to see lots of fun video (CalmMindCBT). We can't wait to show you how we can help as you take the first (or maybe the millionth) step toward reducing your/your child's anxiety. You are no longer alone in this!
If you or your child/teen is struggling with anxiety-related problems or OCD- we've got you! My name is Angela Springer; I am the owner of Calm Mind CBT. All five therapists at Calm Mind have advanced training in evidence-based treatment for anxiety and OCD. Treatment that works! We work with kids, teens, adults, and parents (so everyone!). Our PASSION is to make therapy fun and engaging for kids. Check out our Instagram to see lots of fun video (CalmMindCBT). We can't wait to show you how we can help as you take the first (or maybe the millionth) step toward reducing your/your child's anxiety. You are no longer alone in this!
(314) 309-3374 View (314) 309-3374
Photo of Chelsea Crofford, Pre-Licensed Professional in Clayton, MO
Chelsea Crofford
Pre-Licensed Professional, PLPC
Verified Verified
Clayton, MO 63105
Are you looking for a safe place to disclose your struggles that no one else seems to understand? I can provide a safe place and help navigate difficulties blocking you from becoming your best version of yourself. I have experience working in an inpatient behavioral health setting. I have worked with adults suffering from addiction to adolescents suffering with suicidal ideations. I have worked with depression, anxiety, and building self-esteem. I believe that each individual is unique, and we will find unique approaches to help walk through different phases of life.
Are you looking for a safe place to disclose your struggles that no one else seems to understand? I can provide a safe place and help navigate difficulties blocking you from becoming your best version of yourself. I have experience working in an inpatient behavioral health setting. I have worked with adults suffering from addiction to adolescents suffering with suicidal ideations. I have worked with depression, anxiety, and building self-esteem. I believe that each individual is unique, and we will find unique approaches to help walk through different phases of life.
(314) 675-7512 View (314) 675-7512
Photo of Betsy Douglass, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Clayton, MO
Betsy Douglass
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Clayton, MO 63105
If you are experiencing the pain of difficult personal circumstances or troubled relationships, I can offer you and/or your significant other support, guidance, and professional expertise. I help clients discover their own strengths, see their problems in a new way, and offer them practical support in their efforts to change. We look at past relationships and families of origin as a means to understanding or changing behaviors in the present. I work with individuals, couples and families, from pre-adolescence on.
If you are experiencing the pain of difficult personal circumstances or troubled relationships, I can offer you and/or your significant other support, guidance, and professional expertise. I help clients discover their own strengths, see their problems in a new way, and offer them practical support in their efforts to change. We look at past relationships and families of origin as a means to understanding or changing behaviors in the present. I work with individuals, couples and families, from pre-adolescence on.
(314) 527-3090 View (314) 527-3090
Photo of Rebecca A Mowen, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Clayton, MO
Rebecca A Mowen
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CADC, CIP
Verified Verified
Clayton, MO 63105
I believe that in order to effectively navigate relationships, whether at home, in the workplace, or within the community, it is essential to understand and address the dynamics of the larger systems at play. By taking a holistic and systemic approach to therapy, I work collaboratively with clients to empower them to put their 'oxygen mask' on first and foster healthier relationships within the context of their unique systems.
I believe that in order to effectively navigate relationships, whether at home, in the workplace, or within the community, it is essential to understand and address the dynamics of the larger systems at play. By taking a holistic and systemic approach to therapy, I work collaboratively with clients to empower them to put their 'oxygen mask' on first and foster healthier relationships within the context of their unique systems.
(314) 254-9249 View (314) 254-9249
Photo of Gladys Smith, Licensed Professional Counselor in Clayton, MO
Gladys Smith
Licensed Professional Counselor, PsyD, LPC, NCC, MAC, CCMHC
Verified Verified
Clayton, MO 63105  (Online Only)
I have extensive training in trauma, addiction, depression and anxiety, as well as stress and adjustment. I address the whole person in treatment planning. Individuals that work with me are empowered and encourages to meet their selected goal to achieve balance in their lives. We work together to form goals and I help you navigate the journey to wellness. We will use the body as a resource, as well as art, movement and poetry if a person chooses.This is a veteran owned business. I served 27 years in the United States Navy as a Hospital Corpsman (Medic), I work with first Responders and thrir families, veterans and MST.
I have extensive training in trauma, addiction, depression and anxiety, as well as stress and adjustment. I address the whole person in treatment planning. Individuals that work with me are empowered and encourages to meet their selected goal to achieve balance in their lives. We work together to form goals and I help you navigate the journey to wellness. We will use the body as a resource, as well as art, movement and poetry if a person chooses.This is a veteran owned business. I served 27 years in the United States Navy as a Hospital Corpsman (Medic), I work with first Responders and thrir families, veterans and MST.
(314) 300-0370 View (314) 300-0370
Photo of Laura M Kaplan, Psychologist in Clayton, MO
Laura M Kaplan
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Clayton, MO 63105
I am a licensed psychologist with over twenty-five years of experience working with adolescents and adults. While I see a diverse group of clients, I do work with many members of St. Louis' academic community, including professors, graduate students, administrators, and physicians. I also see undergraduates and older high school students. A second area of my focus is our city's creative community; I work with many musicians, artists, performers and writers. My treatment style is warm, thoughtful and natural, and I draw from many different treatment approaches to provide the best possible care. I look forward to hearing from you.
I am a licensed psychologist with over twenty-five years of experience working with adolescents and adults. While I see a diverse group of clients, I do work with many members of St. Louis' academic community, including professors, graduate students, administrators, and physicians. I also see undergraduates and older high school students. A second area of my focus is our city's creative community; I work with many musicians, artists, performers and writers. My treatment style is warm, thoughtful and natural, and I draw from many different treatment approaches to provide the best possible care. I look forward to hearing from you.
(314) 560-0470 View (314) 560-0470
Photo of Susan Gartenberg, Licensed Professional Counselor in Clayton, MO
Susan Gartenberg
Licensed Professional Counselor, M Ed, LPC, RPT, NCC
Verified Verified
Clayton, MO 63105
A cornerstone of my belief system is that behavior is an expression of what we need. And this is no more truer than for children. The difficulty lies, however, in parenting a child with behaviors we don't quite understand. It can be frightening that, as a parent or caregiver, we don't know what to do. And, it can feel isolating. What I want to share is that it doesn't have to be overwhelming. And, you don't have to do it alone. What I hold to be true is that therapy for children is absolutely a collaborative process where children, and the adults in their lives, learn and grow together.
A cornerstone of my belief system is that behavior is an expression of what we need. And this is no more truer than for children. The difficulty lies, however, in parenting a child with behaviors we don't quite understand. It can be frightening that, as a parent or caregiver, we don't know what to do. And, it can feel isolating. What I want to share is that it doesn't have to be overwhelming. And, you don't have to do it alone. What I hold to be true is that therapy for children is absolutely a collaborative process where children, and the adults in their lives, learn and grow together.
(314) 310-7390 View (314) 310-7390
Photo of Braden Tobin, Pre-Licensed Professional in Clayton, MO
Braden Tobin
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
Clayton, MO 63105
Not accepting new clients
You're on a deeply personal journey and you're not seeking just any therapist, but someone who understands your world, your uniqueness, and your challenges. You're tired of feeling the weight of systemic oppression, the constant whisper that something is wrong with you, and you're eager to shed that burden. It's not just about combating isolation; you're here to reconnect with yourself and the world around you. You're seeking a deeper, more authentic engagement with life. You are ready for a partnership, a collaboration where together, we'll navigate life's challenges, and overcome negative feelings
You're on a deeply personal journey and you're not seeking just any therapist, but someone who understands your world, your uniqueness, and your challenges. You're tired of feeling the weight of systemic oppression, the constant whisper that something is wrong with you, and you're eager to shed that burden. It's not just about combating isolation; you're here to reconnect with yourself and the world around you. You're seeking a deeper, more authentic engagement with life. You are ready for a partnership, a collaboration where together, we'll navigate life's challenges, and overcome negative feelings
(314) 697-2411 View (314) 697-2411
Photo of Aby Malley, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Clayton, MO
Aby Malley
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Clayton, MO 63124
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker who approaches work with adults through a Psychodynamic, Trauma- Informed lens. I view symptoms as expressions of unconscious conflicts and painful core beliefs that need to be compassionately understood and metabolized in order to achieve therapy goals. When we understand and learn to love ourselves, we gain access to choices about who we are and how we want to live that we never thought possible. It is an honor for me to accompany people on this journey.
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker who approaches work with adults through a Psychodynamic, Trauma- Informed lens. I view symptoms as expressions of unconscious conflicts and painful core beliefs that need to be compassionately understood and metabolized in order to achieve therapy goals. When we understand and learn to love ourselves, we gain access to choices about who we are and how we want to live that we never thought possible. It is an honor for me to accompany people on this journey.
(314) 887-4839 View (314) 887-4839
Photo of Benjamin Justin Cleveland, Pre-Licensed Professional in Clayton, MO
Benjamin Justin Cleveland
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
Clayton, MO 63105
Many of our struggles in life come from not being clear about what's really important to us; instead we spend an enormous amount of energy just trying to avoid painful experiences of all kinds. I try to help people clarify their own values and integrate their experiences in accordance with them, even in the presence of painful feelings and situations. Much of my experience is with people on the LGBTQ spectrum (as well as poly and kinky people) and people on the autism spectrum, and I welcome clients of any kind.
Many of our struggles in life come from not being clear about what's really important to us; instead we spend an enormous amount of energy just trying to avoid painful experiences of all kinds. I try to help people clarify their own values and integrate their experiences in accordance with them, even in the presence of painful feelings and situations. Much of my experience is with people on the LGBTQ spectrum (as well as poly and kinky people) and people on the autism spectrum, and I welcome clients of any kind.
(314) 350-6367 View (314) 350-6367
Photo of Jordan Easter, Pre-Licensed Professional in Clayton, MO
Jordan Easter
Pre-Licensed Professional, PLPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Clayton, MO 63105
I believe that everything we are is a result of the relationships we’ve experienced, and that while some may hurt us, they can also heal. In our sessions I will gently support and encourage as you begin to unravel the pains and triumphs that have brought you here to this moment. Choosing to face our fears, big emotions, and missteps can be overwhelming alone, but empowering in the right space. I hope to provide you with a welcoming environment where you can begin to look at some of the more difficult aspects of life and find your own source of empowerment to move forward in life.
I believe that everything we are is a result of the relationships we’ve experienced, and that while some may hurt us, they can also heal. In our sessions I will gently support and encourage as you begin to unravel the pains and triumphs that have brought you here to this moment. Choosing to face our fears, big emotions, and missteps can be overwhelming alone, but empowering in the right space. I hope to provide you with a welcoming environment where you can begin to look at some of the more difficult aspects of life and find your own source of empowerment to move forward in life.
(314) 207-0331 View (314) 207-0331
Photo of Ally Leavitt, Licensed Professional Counselor in Clayton, MO
Ally Leavitt
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Clayton, MO 63105  (Online Only)
I believe that the mind, body, and spirit are naturally inclined to healing if given the right space and support. I find a particular interest in working with victims of narcissistic abuse and betrayals and incorporate DBT, somatic counseling, mindfulness, emotionally focused therapy and narrative therapy into my work with these individuals. I also offer couples counseling services and utilize the Gottman Method to address the real work and change needed for couples to heal. LGTBQIA+ affirming.
I believe that the mind, body, and spirit are naturally inclined to healing if given the right space and support. I find a particular interest in working with victims of narcissistic abuse and betrayals and incorporate DBT, somatic counseling, mindfulness, emotionally focused therapy and narrative therapy into my work with these individuals. I also offer couples counseling services and utilize the Gottman Method to address the real work and change needed for couples to heal. LGTBQIA+ affirming.
(314) 293-4904 View (314) 293-4904
Photo of Meg Meyers, Licensed Professional Counselor in Clayton, MO
Meg Meyers
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Clayton, MO 63105
Sexual Assault, Childhood Trauma, Intimate Partner Violence are as traumatic as warfare. Those who have experienced these things often battle through life, struggling to make sense of wounds that don't seem to heal even with time. There is hope! Trauma is treatable. Getting treatment can lead to a better quality of life. Many clients with PTSD no longer meet criteria for Post Traumatic Stress Disorder after two years of treatment.
Sexual Assault, Childhood Trauma, Intimate Partner Violence are as traumatic as warfare. Those who have experienced these things often battle through life, struggling to make sense of wounds that don't seem to heal even with time. There is hope! Trauma is treatable. Getting treatment can lead to a better quality of life. Many clients with PTSD no longer meet criteria for Post Traumatic Stress Disorder after two years of treatment.
(314) 310-5723 View (314) 310-5723
Photo of Shelby Arsenault, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Clayton, MO
Shelby Arsenault
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Clayton, MO 63105  (Online Only)
Life has a lot of challenges. I want to help you work through your struggles and find more hope. I offer a safe and supportive environment where together we can process your feelings and frustrations. I think in order to create real, lasting change that you not only have to challenge your thoughts and behaviors, but also address the underlying feelings and emotions that contribute to them. If you are tired of feeling stuck I will work with you to identify and change your unhealthy patterns so that you can move forward.
Life has a lot of challenges. I want to help you work through your struggles and find more hope. I offer a safe and supportive environment where together we can process your feelings and frustrations. I think in order to create real, lasting change that you not only have to challenge your thoughts and behaviors, but also address the underlying feelings and emotions that contribute to them. If you are tired of feeling stuck I will work with you to identify and change your unhealthy patterns so that you can move forward.
(314) 936-2124 View (314) 936-2124
Photo of Tabor Burke, Pre-Licensed Professional in Clayton, MO
Tabor Burke
Pre-Licensed Professional, MEd, PLPC, NCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Clayton, MO 63105
Relationships are hard, whether that relationship is with you, the people who matter to you or a co-parent or an ex. I serve adults with a variety of relationship issues, including co-parenting, divorce, family reunification, or parenting. I help couples and family members reconnect. I work with co-parents to help them reduce conflict and put their children first. I help parents with children of higher needs reconnect with themselves and their children. Or I can just help you on your own journey to repairing or establishing relationships. Whatever your goal, I hope you will invest in you and your path to feeling better.
Relationships are hard, whether that relationship is with you, the people who matter to you or a co-parent or an ex. I serve adults with a variety of relationship issues, including co-parenting, divorce, family reunification, or parenting. I help couples and family members reconnect. I work with co-parents to help them reduce conflict and put their children first. I help parents with children of higher needs reconnect with themselves and their children. Or I can just help you on your own journey to repairing or establishing relationships. Whatever your goal, I hope you will invest in you and your path to feeling better.
(314) 375-4812 View (314) 375-4812
Photo of Fred Williams in Clayton, MO
Fred Williams
MA, NCC, PLPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Clayton, MO 63105
Understanding that we all approach turbulent waters at some point, it can seem impossible to ride out those waves on our own. How do I get back to feeling like my old self? Why do I feel stuck? How can I get through this? Can I do this on my own? Sometimes that answer is no, sometimes we need that push. Let's work together to build stability, understanding, and calmness. Let's create a place for you to grow. I approach clients with genuine curiosity and respect. I want you to take your journey as I help illuminate the path.
Understanding that we all approach turbulent waters at some point, it can seem impossible to ride out those waves on our own. How do I get back to feeling like my old self? Why do I feel stuck? How can I get through this? Can I do this on my own? Sometimes that answer is no, sometimes we need that push. Let's work together to build stability, understanding, and calmness. Let's create a place for you to grow. I approach clients with genuine curiosity and respect. I want you to take your journey as I help illuminate the path.
(618) 960-8700 View (618) 960-8700
Photo of Lindsay C Nichols, Licensed Professional Counselor in Clayton, MO
Lindsay C Nichols
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Clayton, MO 63124
Hello! Are you tired of suffering from emotional and/or physical pain? I can help you in a way that is truly unique and you can see results very quickly. Through my experience I have developed an innate ability to help clients step out of their comfort zone through examination of their external environment from different points of view. I understand that the cornerstone of change is assisting each client with breaking down the walls that surround them to find deeper meaning. My sessions focus on engagement and the therapeutic alliance which leads to effective change. I promise that you will begin noticing changes immediately.
Hello! Are you tired of suffering from emotional and/or physical pain? I can help you in a way that is truly unique and you can see results very quickly. Through my experience I have developed an innate ability to help clients step out of their comfort zone through examination of their external environment from different points of view. I understand that the cornerstone of change is assisting each client with breaking down the walls that surround them to find deeper meaning. My sessions focus on engagement and the therapeutic alliance which leads to effective change. I promise that you will begin noticing changes immediately.
(314) 697-2439 View (314) 697-2439
Photo of Wellness Alley, LLC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Clayton, MO
Wellness Alley, LLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, ACSW, LCSW, CCDP-D
Verified Verified
Clayton, MO 63105
Do you have long periods of low mood, sadness or anxiety that makes it difficult to face life challenges? Do you have trouble getting motivated? Do you have a history of adverse life experiences or trauma that makes it difficult to cope? There are reasons why you feel the way you do and together, we can discover what is keeping you feeling "stuck." I use a mind-body approach to help resolve issues so you can increase the quality of your life.
Do you have long periods of low mood, sadness or anxiety that makes it difficult to face life challenges? Do you have trouble getting motivated? Do you have a history of adverse life experiences or trauma that makes it difficult to cope? There are reasons why you feel the way you do and together, we can discover what is keeping you feeling "stuck." I use a mind-body approach to help resolve issues so you can increase the quality of your life.
(314) 329-4705 View (314) 329-4705

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Clayton, MO

200+

Average cost per session

$140

Therapists in Clayton, MO who prioritize treating:

91% Anxiety
86% Depression
85% Relationship Issues
73% Self Esteem
68% Trauma and PTSD
66% Grief
65% Stress

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

71% Aetna
69% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
66% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in Clayton, MO see their clients

85% In Person and Online
15% Online Only

Gender breakdown

81% Female
18% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Clayton?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.