Therapists in Saint Louis, MO

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Photo of Jen Volpitto, Licensed Professional Counselor in Saint Louis, MO
Jen Volpitto
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Saint Louis, MO 63114  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
Just as physical therapy retrains and strengthens one’s body, mental health therapy retrains and strengthens one’s mind, emotions, and relationships. It has the potential to empower, enlighten, and encourage. Whether facing depression or a relational concern, or if you’re looking for balance and peace or need to deal with the effects of trauma or abuse, including spiritual/religious abuse, the first step is to know that you matter enough to take care of YOU. As a therapist, I come alongside. I walk with. I reframe. I do not judge or shame. You are enough. You are whole. You are worth it.
Just as physical therapy retrains and strengthens one’s body, mental health therapy retrains and strengthens one’s mind, emotions, and relationships. It has the potential to empower, enlighten, and encourage. Whether facing depression or a relational concern, or if you’re looking for balance and peace or need to deal with the effects of trauma or abuse, including spiritual/religious abuse, the first step is to know that you matter enough to take care of YOU. As a therapist, I come alongside. I walk with. I reframe. I do not judge or shame. You are enough. You are whole. You are worth it.
Photo of Marvin Steven Miller, Licensed Professional Counselor in Saint Louis, MO
Marvin Steven Miller
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Saint Louis, MO 63136
I am a Licensed Professional Counselor in full-time private practice. I have experience working with patients from adolescence onward in individual psychotherapy, family therapy, and group therapy. In addition, I have experience with clients that are perpetrators of domestic abuse, incarcerated males and the elderly.
I am a Licensed Professional Counselor in full-time private practice. I have experience working with patients from adolescence onward in individual psychotherapy, family therapy, and group therapy. In addition, I have experience with clients that are perpetrators of domestic abuse, incarcerated males and the elderly.
(314) 382-9318 View (314) 382-9318
Photo of Melissa V Taylor, Licensed Professional Counselor in Saint Louis, MO
Melissa V Taylor
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Saint Louis, MO 63108  (Online Only)
We all need help sometimes. Are you struggling with anxiety, trauma, life changes, issues around gender and/or sexual orientation, or relationships with unhealthy dynamics? I help people to work through things that may be getting in the way of what they want for their life. My hope for everyone is that they find more peace, strength, and joy in life. I specialize in working with lesbian, gay, queer, and transgender populations.
We all need help sometimes. Are you struggling with anxiety, trauma, life changes, issues around gender and/or sexual orientation, or relationships with unhealthy dynamics? I help people to work through things that may be getting in the way of what they want for their life. My hope for everyone is that they find more peace, strength, and joy in life. I specialize in working with lesbian, gay, queer, and transgender populations.
(314) 485-4767 View (314) 485-4767
Photo of Susan S Wolfe, Counselor in Saint Louis, MO
Susan S Wolfe
Counselor, MA, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Saint Louis, MO 63105
Not accepting new clients
I consider it a privilege to come alongside courageous clients in the areas of depression, anxiety, abuse, PTSD, as well as strained & broken relationships. I integrate Christian spirituality with IFS (Internal Family Systems), DBT (Dialectical Behavior Therapy), EMDR, and attachment-based models of psychotherapy. I help clients connect what they "know" about God and living that knowledge out with the goal of a "head-heart" connection. Through this process, clients experience long-lasting healing as they learn to live in the freedom of authenticity.
I consider it a privilege to come alongside courageous clients in the areas of depression, anxiety, abuse, PTSD, as well as strained & broken relationships. I integrate Christian spirituality with IFS (Internal Family Systems), DBT (Dialectical Behavior Therapy), EMDR, and attachment-based models of psychotherapy. I help clients connect what they "know" about God and living that knowledge out with the goal of a "head-heart" connection. Through this process, clients experience long-lasting healing as they learn to live in the freedom of authenticity.
(314) 717-1727 View (314) 717-1727
Photo of Shannon Clark, Psychologist in Saint Louis, MO
Shannon Clark
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Saint Louis, MO 63117
What's not working with your health and life goals? Do you suffer from pain and can't get a clear answer why? Do you find the motivation to stay healthy an impossible task with your busy schedule? Do difficult relationships or trauma make it hard to manage stress? It's time to do the deeper work.
What's not working with your health and life goals? Do you suffer from pain and can't get a clear answer why? Do you find the motivation to stay healthy an impossible task with your busy schedule? Do difficult relationships or trauma make it hard to manage stress? It's time to do the deeper work.
(314) 866-3957 View (314) 866-3957
Photo of Brandon Noel, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Saint Louis, MO
Brandon Noel
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LMSW
Verified Verified
Saint Louis, MO 63139
Each day brings new challenges. Some involve our families or our jobs or our relationships, but all involve our minds. Healing begins with the recognition that these battles are not obstacles, but doorways, to a better life — opportunities to develop ourselves in ways we couldn’t previously imagine. You possess the capacity for greatness. You have a purpose! Awareness and the vulnerability to trust another human are keys to unlocking your potential in these ways. Therapy provides an outlet to experience yourself as such, and to work toward the harmony and inner peace you’ve longed for.
Each day brings new challenges. Some involve our families or our jobs or our relationships, but all involve our minds. Healing begins with the recognition that these battles are not obstacles, but doorways, to a better life — opportunities to develop ourselves in ways we couldn’t previously imagine. You possess the capacity for greatness. You have a purpose! Awareness and the vulnerability to trust another human are keys to unlocking your potential in these ways. Therapy provides an outlet to experience yourself as such, and to work toward the harmony and inner peace you’ve longed for.
(314) 582-3574 View (314) 582-3574
Photo of Lilian M Werner, Licensed Professional Counselor in Saint Louis, MO
Lilian M Werner
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Saint Louis, MO 63133
People have always depended on you. You have responsibilities and goals and you don't have time to feel bad. Yet you wake up asking yourself, "Why does life feel so hard now?" You're overwhelmed, depressed and anxious or worn out. You push through your day, often coping in ways you know aren't healthy. You carry pain from your past and think, "I should be over this, why can't I just move on?" Some important relationships have grown very difficult and you'd love to fix them. You're tired of worrying about what other people think.
People have always depended on you. You have responsibilities and goals and you don't have time to feel bad. Yet you wake up asking yourself, "Why does life feel so hard now?" You're overwhelmed, depressed and anxious or worn out. You push through your day, often coping in ways you know aren't healthy. You carry pain from your past and think, "I should be over this, why can't I just move on?" Some important relationships have grown very difficult and you'd love to fix them. You're tired of worrying about what other people think.
(314) 222-2099 View (314) 222-2099
Photo of Laura Adamgbo, Licensed Professional Counselor in Saint Louis, MO
Laura Adamgbo
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, NCC, RPT-S
Verified Verified
6 Endorsed
Saint Louis, MO 63117
Are you going through a major change in your life? Divorce, remarriage, blending a family, new job, new baby? Have you hit a road block in your career? Is anxiety keeping you from living an enriching lifestyle? Do you have unresolved trauma? Do you have a difficult to manage child? I can help you with these sudden roadblocks. During these transitional phases of life, we need a support system to help us gain strength, resilience and maintain a healthy living. I use EMDR, Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) in working with adult clients and play therapy with my child clients. I act as an advocate, sounding board and gentle challenger.
Are you going through a major change in your life? Divorce, remarriage, blending a family, new job, new baby? Have you hit a road block in your career? Is anxiety keeping you from living an enriching lifestyle? Do you have unresolved trauma? Do you have a difficult to manage child? I can help you with these sudden roadblocks. During these transitional phases of life, we need a support system to help us gain strength, resilience and maintain a healthy living. I use EMDR, Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) in working with adult clients and play therapy with my child clients. I act as an advocate, sounding board and gentle challenger.
(314) 925-1850 View (314) 925-1850
Photo of Austin E Wilmot, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Saint Louis, MO
Austin E Wilmot
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Saint Louis, MO 63124
I have experience treating all ages with an in-depth approach, beginning with meeting you and working to understand the difficulties you are facing. I offer a space that fosters fuller experiencing and understanding of your inner emotional life, including feelings, thoughts, dreams and fantasies. In connection with me, your symptoms and problematic patterns can become understood in new ways, leading to emotional growth and a greater capacity to make meaningful changes in your life. I provide dynamic therapy in-office and by videoconference to people whose location or commitments make it difficult to attend in-person meetings.
I have experience treating all ages with an in-depth approach, beginning with meeting you and working to understand the difficulties you are facing. I offer a space that fosters fuller experiencing and understanding of your inner emotional life, including feelings, thoughts, dreams and fantasies. In connection with me, your symptoms and problematic patterns can become understood in new ways, leading to emotional growth and a greater capacity to make meaningful changes in your life. I provide dynamic therapy in-office and by videoconference to people whose location or commitments make it difficult to attend in-person meetings.
(314) 907-3197 View (314) 907-3197
Photo of Jean Ricks-Ayer, Licensed Professional Counselor in Saint Louis, MO
Jean Ricks-Ayer
Licensed Professional Counselor, MEd, LPC
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Saint Louis, MO 63141
If you are interested in deepening and expanding your awareness and understanding of Self, as a means of finding a more confident pathway to your most authentic life, you're in the right place. I have a special interest and knack for working with individuals in leadership and helping positions find grounding, balance, and most importantly, self acceptance. My approach will be tailored just for you, utilizing a blend of holistic, integrative, trauma-informed approaches including Internal Family Systems (or "parts work"), somatic work, and mindfulness. You are way more than your brain-all of you should be acknowledged in therapy!
If you are interested in deepening and expanding your awareness and understanding of Self, as a means of finding a more confident pathway to your most authentic life, you're in the right place. I have a special interest and knack for working with individuals in leadership and helping positions find grounding, balance, and most importantly, self acceptance. My approach will be tailored just for you, utilizing a blend of holistic, integrative, trauma-informed approaches including Internal Family Systems (or "parts work"), somatic work, and mindfulness. You are way more than your brain-all of you should be acknowledged in therapy!
(314) 208-3326 View (314) 208-3326
Photo of Alternative Access Counseling, Licensed Professional Counselor in Saint Louis, MO
Alternative Access Counseling
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, LCPC
Verified Verified
Saint Louis, MO 63116  (Online Only)
Our clients often identify as LGBTQIAs2+ / Queer, Non-monogamous, sex positive or sex neutral, neurodivergence, and or disabled and living within Missouri or Kansas. However, identifying in these communities is not a requirement for services through AAC. Clients often start therapy to work on goals to learn more about identities, setting boundaries with others in their lives, opening up their relationship, learning more about themselves or others gender or sexual expression. Through individual, relationship, or family counseling we work to increase healthy communication based on our values, instead of assumed social norms.
Our clients often identify as LGBTQIAs2+ / Queer, Non-monogamous, sex positive or sex neutral, neurodivergence, and or disabled and living within Missouri or Kansas. However, identifying in these communities is not a requirement for services through AAC. Clients often start therapy to work on goals to learn more about identities, setting boundaries with others in their lives, opening up their relationship, learning more about themselves or others gender or sexual expression. Through individual, relationship, or family counseling we work to increase healthy communication based on our values, instead of assumed social norms.
(573) 577-3368 View (573) 577-3368
Photo of Mallory Cohn, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Saint Louis, MO
Mallory Cohn
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
Saint Louis, MO 63128
I'm passionate about helping adults and couples find healing, empowerment, growth, and meaning in their lives. I have experience working with anxiety, depression, trauma, identity development, relationship and attachment issues, life transitions, and grief. I'm especially dedicated to working with LGBTQIA+ and nonmonogamous clients. I practice from a humanistic standpoint, integrating psychodynamic, behavioral, and mindfulness-based strategies drawn from a variety of approaches in order to personalize therapy to the individual client’s values, goals, and strengths.
I'm passionate about helping adults and couples find healing, empowerment, growth, and meaning in their lives. I have experience working with anxiety, depression, trauma, identity development, relationship and attachment issues, life transitions, and grief. I'm especially dedicated to working with LGBTQIA+ and nonmonogamous clients. I practice from a humanistic standpoint, integrating psychodynamic, behavioral, and mindfulness-based strategies drawn from a variety of approaches in order to personalize therapy to the individual client’s values, goals, and strengths.
(314) 886-8640 View (314) 886-8640
Photo of William Mattingly, Licensed Professional Counselor in Saint Louis, MO
William Mattingly
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Saint Louis, MO 63122
Life is difficult. You can be coasting along, only to wake up and find you just don’t have the same kind of joy and excitement that you used to. Activities and being with people you used to enjoy now just feel dull and lifeless or fill you with anxiety and, no matter what you do, nothing changes. You have difficulty falling asleep and, when you finally do, you wake up feeling exhausted and unrested. Your relationships may often be defined by constant fighting, insecurity, or lack of connection and excitement. Issues of sexual integrity fill you with shame, and, no matter what you do, you continue to struggle.
Life is difficult. You can be coasting along, only to wake up and find you just don’t have the same kind of joy and excitement that you used to. Activities and being with people you used to enjoy now just feel dull and lifeless or fill you with anxiety and, no matter what you do, nothing changes. You have difficulty falling asleep and, when you finally do, you wake up feeling exhausted and unrested. Your relationships may often be defined by constant fighting, insecurity, or lack of connection and excitement. Issues of sexual integrity fill you with shame, and, no matter what you do, you continue to struggle.
(314) 310-2279 View (314) 310-2279
Photo of Paige Lynch, Licensed Professional Counselor in Saint Louis, MO
Paige Lynch
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Saint Louis, MO 63139
I work with those who struggle with trauma, relationship problems, and not taking care of oneself first. I have experience working with those who have sexual abuse or assault histories, trauma within problematic relationships, and compassion fatigue. Trauma comes in all sizes and from a variety of experiences, so do not discount what you have lived through. No matter the circumstances that bring you into therapy, we will spend time healing your wounds to help you grow into the person you wish to be, with a stronger sense of safety.
I work with those who struggle with trauma, relationship problems, and not taking care of oneself first. I have experience working with those who have sexual abuse or assault histories, trauma within problematic relationships, and compassion fatigue. Trauma comes in all sizes and from a variety of experiences, so do not discount what you have lived through. No matter the circumstances that bring you into therapy, we will spend time healing your wounds to help you grow into the person you wish to be, with a stronger sense of safety.
(314) 328-7597 View (314) 328-7597
Photo of Rachel Smith, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Saint Louis, MO
Rachel Smith
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Saint Louis, MO 63139  (Online Only)
Hello! I'm so glad you're looking into therapy, and I know starting therapy can be very overwhelming. If you're feeling lost in your life, career, or relationships, therapy can assist you in finding what makes your life worth living. I can help you create a life that is intentional and full of things that bring you genuine happiness. You deserve a life that is full of joy and fulfillment. I enjoy working with queer folk, college students, young women, and people who want to become an active participant in their lives. Website: www.learntolovetherapy.com
Hello! I'm so glad you're looking into therapy, and I know starting therapy can be very overwhelming. If you're feeling lost in your life, career, or relationships, therapy can assist you in finding what makes your life worth living. I can help you create a life that is intentional and full of things that bring you genuine happiness. You deserve a life that is full of joy and fulfillment. I enjoy working with queer folk, college students, young women, and people who want to become an active participant in their lives. Website: www.learntolovetherapy.com
(314) 408-6137 View (314) 408-6137
Photo of Jill Storm - Sandhill Counseling, Pre-Licensed Professional in Saint Louis, MO
Jill Storm - Sandhill Counseling
Pre-Licensed Professional, MEd, PLPC
Verified Verified
Saint Louis, MO 63128
We spend a lot of our lives trying to be who others want us to be or who we imagine ourselves to be. But if we put aside those expectations, who are we? Who can we become? I consider it a great privilege to sit with clients and help them peel back the layers of themselves. This can be a painful process. It can also lead to a more enriching present and future.
We spend a lot of our lives trying to be who others want us to be or who we imagine ourselves to be. But if we put aside those expectations, who are we? Who can we become? I consider it a great privilege to sit with clients and help them peel back the layers of themselves. This can be a painful process. It can also lead to a more enriching present and future.
(636) 242-6301 View (636) 242-6301
Photo of Heather Barker, Licensed Professional Counselor in Saint Louis, MO
Heather Barker
Licensed Professional Counselor, MEd, LPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Saint Louis, MO 63105
As a licensed professional counselor, I bring 14 years of clinical experience to my private practice and use a variety of treatment modalities to help clients navigate a wide range of issues including stress, anxiety, depression, grief, trauma and relationship problems. I believe that relationships are central to our well-being and am passionate about working with all of the individual pieces of a family – children, teens, parents, couples – and the family unit itself. On a personal level, I bring unconditional acceptance, an emphasis on grace for self and others, and genuine compassion to each one of my clients.
As a licensed professional counselor, I bring 14 years of clinical experience to my private practice and use a variety of treatment modalities to help clients navigate a wide range of issues including stress, anxiety, depression, grief, trauma and relationship problems. I believe that relationships are central to our well-being and am passionate about working with all of the individual pieces of a family – children, teens, parents, couples – and the family unit itself. On a personal level, I bring unconditional acceptance, an emphasis on grace for self and others, and genuine compassion to each one of my clients.
(314) 858-5163 View (314) 858-5163
Photo of Marty C Lintvedt, Licensed Professional Counselor in Saint Louis, MO
Marty C Lintvedt
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, NCC, ACS
Verified Verified
Saint Louis, MO 63119
Waitlist for new clients
I have enjoyed working as a partner in mental health and wellness for over 20 years. It is my hope that as I walk alongside the client he or she will recognize strengths, develop skills, and embrace healing. While I have specialized training in some complex issues, much of the work of a counselor is helping people deal with the everyday struggles most of us face on a daily basis.
I have enjoyed working as a partner in mental health and wellness for over 20 years. It is my hope that as I walk alongside the client he or she will recognize strengths, develop skills, and embrace healing. While I have specialized training in some complex issues, much of the work of a counselor is helping people deal with the everyday struggles most of us face on a daily basis.
(618) 704-7470 View (618) 704-7470
Photo of Leslie Hargus, Pre-Licensed Professional in Saint Louis, MO
Leslie Hargus
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA, PLPC
Verified Verified
Saint Louis, MO 63124
My ideal clients are ages 13 and up. I thoroughly enjoy working with pre-teens and teenagers, as well as members of the LGBTQIA+ community. The life-changing events associated with growing up in today's world are often stressful, and my purpose is to bring peace and clarity to those otherwise troubling moments.
My ideal clients are ages 13 and up. I thoroughly enjoy working with pre-teens and teenagers, as well as members of the LGBTQIA+ community. The life-changing events associated with growing up in today's world are often stressful, and my purpose is to bring peace and clarity to those otherwise troubling moments.
(314) 786-3882 View (314) 786-3882
Photo of Elizabeth Von, Pre-Licensed Professional in Saint Louis, MO
Elizabeth Von
Pre-Licensed Professional, MEd, PLPC
Verified Verified
Saint Louis, MO 63104
Hello! I’m so grateful you’ve chosen to be here. I see the human experience as being similar to a cup of coffee; both complex and nuanced. Much like coffee, some experiences can leave us feeling bitter while others leave us feeling fulfilled. As your therapist, I will meet you wherever you are in your process and we’ll work collaboratively to navigate these lived experiences. Together we will build a therapeutic relationship that fosters self-exploration, curiosity, self-acceptance, and empowerment.
Hello! I’m so grateful you’ve chosen to be here. I see the human experience as being similar to a cup of coffee; both complex and nuanced. Much like coffee, some experiences can leave us feeling bitter while others leave us feeling fulfilled. As your therapist, I will meet you wherever you are in your process and we’ll work collaboratively to navigate these lived experiences. Together we will build a therapeutic relationship that fosters self-exploration, curiosity, self-acceptance, and empowerment.
(314) 230-9698 View (314) 230-9698

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Saint Louis, MO

1,000+

Average cost per session

$125

Therapists in Saint Louis, MO who prioritize treating:

91% Anxiety
86% Depression
77% Relationship Issues
74% Self Esteem
70% Trauma and PTSD
67% Stress
66% Coping Skills

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

74% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
71% Aetna
71% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in Saint Louis, MO see their clients

75% In Person and Online
25% Online Only

Gender breakdown

78% Female
20% Male
2% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Saint Louis?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.