Therapists in Kirkwood, MO

Photo of Angie Narsh, Licensed Professional Counselor in Kirkwood, MO
Angie Narsh
Licensed Professional Counselor, MAC
Verified Verified
Kirkwood, MO 63122
Using gentleness mixed with honesty, I will call you forward to better.Not to shame, but to healing.Freedom, passion, vibrance, thriving and not simply surviving. It's possible.There's hope.I believe we hold power over our own healing.I merely come alongside those who have decided to make that brave journey.From the very beginning, the most consistent feedback is of feeling safe and truly understood.I believe in "working myself out of a job", achieved by doing good work and encouraging clients to test and stretch their growth.They do this out on their own, knowing they can return for new layers of work.
Using gentleness mixed with honesty, I will call you forward to better.Not to shame, but to healing.Freedom, passion, vibrance, thriving and not simply surviving. It's possible.There's hope.I believe we hold power over our own healing.I merely come alongside those who have decided to make that brave journey.From the very beginning, the most consistent feedback is of feeling safe and truly understood.I believe in "working myself out of a job", achieved by doing good work and encouraging clients to test and stretch their growth.They do this out on their own, knowing they can return for new layers of work.
(314) 742-8947 View (314) 742-8947
Heather Wood
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA, PLPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Kirkwood, MO 63122
Do you feel stuck? Do you feel like there is no light at the end of the tunnel? Let’s talk. Let’s work together to discard old metaphors and threadbare narratives that leave you depressed and ruminating. Life abounds with footholds to escape ruts. And that dark tunnel never existed in the first place. Life is filled with light. All you have to do is find your space, evaluate the many options before you, and have the strength to accept what makes you shine.
Do you feel stuck? Do you feel like there is no light at the end of the tunnel? Let’s talk. Let’s work together to discard old metaphors and threadbare narratives that leave you depressed and ruminating. Life abounds with footholds to escape ruts. And that dark tunnel never existed in the first place. Life is filled with light. All you have to do is find your space, evaluate the many options before you, and have the strength to accept what makes you shine.
(314) 860-7360 View (314) 860-7360
Photo of Rachel Sanderson, Licensed Professional Counselor in Kirkwood, MO
Rachel Sanderson
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, ATR
Verified Verified
Kirkwood, MO 63122
Not accepting new clients
Have you been struggling to feel like yourself lately? Are you having a hard time enjoying life or find it overwhelming to take steps towards the life you want? Did you experience difficult events now or in the past? As a licensed professional counselor and art therapist, I am confident that each and every one of us comes from a place of intrinsic goodness. Within each of us, are the resources and resilience we need to navigate life. It is my goal to hold a space for you to reconnect with your natural abilities and turn difficult social and emotional situations into opportunities for empowerment, compassion, and independence.
Have you been struggling to feel like yourself lately? Are you having a hard time enjoying life or find it overwhelming to take steps towards the life you want? Did you experience difficult events now or in the past? As a licensed professional counselor and art therapist, I am confident that each and every one of us comes from a place of intrinsic goodness. Within each of us, are the resources and resilience we need to navigate life. It is my goal to hold a space for you to reconnect with your natural abilities and turn difficult social and emotional situations into opportunities for empowerment, compassion, and independence.
(314) 866-9314 View (314) 866-9314
Photo of Lindsay Davis, Licensed Professional Counselor in Kirkwood, MO
Lindsay Davis
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, C-DBT
Verified Verified
Kirkwood, MO 63122
Personal philosophy: "Seek to understand, empower to grow". I believe effective therapy must occur in an environment of safety, trust, collaboration and a true connection between the therapist and the client. You deserve to feel understood, respected and supported. My work is to help you minimize the gap between where you are today and where you want to be.
Personal philosophy: "Seek to understand, empower to grow". I believe effective therapy must occur in an environment of safety, trust, collaboration and a true connection between the therapist and the client. You deserve to feel understood, respected and supported. My work is to help you minimize the gap between where you are today and where you want to be.
(314) 697-2098 View (314) 697-2098
Photo of David N Wilde, Licensed Professional Counselor in Kirkwood, MO
David N Wilde
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
6 Endorsed
Kirkwood, MO 63122
Life is hard. But that doesn't mean that enjoyment and freedom are distant, idealistic concepts. Whether you are experiencing difficulties in relationships or individually, therapy can be an empowering and life-changing tool. Within my practice, I seek to understand you, first and foremost. I also approach counseling with a goal to modify current thoughts and behaviors, as well as understand why those thoughts and behaviors exist. Through this, you gain the tools and insight to create lasting change.
Life is hard. But that doesn't mean that enjoyment and freedom are distant, idealistic concepts. Whether you are experiencing difficulties in relationships or individually, therapy can be an empowering and life-changing tool. Within my practice, I seek to understand you, first and foremost. I also approach counseling with a goal to modify current thoughts and behaviors, as well as understand why those thoughts and behaviors exist. Through this, you gain the tools and insight to create lasting change.
(314) 561-7157 View (314) 561-7157
Photo of Brigid A. McGuire, Pre-Licensed Professional in Kirkwood, MO
Brigid A. McGuire
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA, CRC
Verified Verified
Kirkwood, MO 63122
I am passionate about and have significant experience working with older adults and their caregivers, as well as lived experience with disability and caregivers of individuals with disabilities, who are facing a variety of issues including memory loss, depression, anxiety, grief, isolation, and end of life planning. I also provide therapy for frontline/essential workers who worked through the COVID-19 pandemic in a variety of healthcare settings.
I am passionate about and have significant experience working with older adults and their caregivers, as well as lived experience with disability and caregivers of individuals with disabilities, who are facing a variety of issues including memory loss, depression, anxiety, grief, isolation, and end of life planning. I also provide therapy for frontline/essential workers who worked through the COVID-19 pandemic in a variety of healthcare settings.
(314) 907-2503 View (314) 907-2503
Photo of Joy Gillespie, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Kirkwood, MO
Joy Gillespie
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Kirkwood, MO 63122  (Online Only)
My clients describe me as someone they feel safe and comfortable with, someone they feel they can trust, and someone that genuinely cares for them. Some of my clients describe themselves as perfectionists or high achievers; others identify as "people pleasers" struggling with setting healthy boundaries. Many of my clients have unhealed childhood wounds, and struggle with anxiety, depression or interpersonal relationship issues. It is my passion to help my clients figure out why they feel or react the way they do so that they can feel "good enough" about themselves on the inside and build healthier relationship with others.
My clients describe me as someone they feel safe and comfortable with, someone they feel they can trust, and someone that genuinely cares for them. Some of my clients describe themselves as perfectionists or high achievers; others identify as "people pleasers" struggling with setting healthy boundaries. Many of my clients have unhealed childhood wounds, and struggle with anxiety, depression or interpersonal relationship issues. It is my passion to help my clients figure out why they feel or react the way they do so that they can feel "good enough" about themselves on the inside and build healthier relationship with others.
(314) 501-7828 View (314) 501-7828
Photo of Christina A. Indriolo, Counselor in Kirkwood, MO
Christina A. Indriolo
Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
6 Endorsed
Kirkwood, MO 63122
Welcome! I’m so grateful you’re here. I believe deeply in the inherent worth and healing capacity of all human beings. I view the therapeutic relationship as a sacred, expansive, and co-created space that allows us to show up authentically, get curious, engage vulnerably, and step into our power. I believe that within therapy, we work to expand our capacity to be in relationship with ourselves and the world around us. As your trauma-informed therapist, you can expect me to show up authentically as a human first and foremost.
Welcome! I’m so grateful you’re here. I believe deeply in the inherent worth and healing capacity of all human beings. I view the therapeutic relationship as a sacred, expansive, and co-created space that allows us to show up authentically, get curious, engage vulnerably, and step into our power. I believe that within therapy, we work to expand our capacity to be in relationship with ourselves and the world around us. As your trauma-informed therapist, you can expect me to show up authentically as a human first and foremost.
(314) 804-0728 View (314) 804-0728
Photo of Angela Lovett, Licensed Professional Counselor in Kirkwood, MO
Angela Lovett
Licensed Professional Counselor, MEd, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Kirkwood, MO 63122
Hi there, I am here to help you. I work with individuals, couples, and families with struggles ranging from current life issues, relationship struggles, and issues that have been a lifelong battle. Clients often come to me because they have hit the lowest point and have never felt more alone, even after trying therapy countless times before. Many clients have left counseling finding resolution and a drive to live their life to the fullest. My clients have expressed finding healing, feeling equipped to manage life, and having healthier relationships and connections with others that they previously thought weren't possible.
Hi there, I am here to help you. I work with individuals, couples, and families with struggles ranging from current life issues, relationship struggles, and issues that have been a lifelong battle. Clients often come to me because they have hit the lowest point and have never felt more alone, even after trying therapy countless times before. Many clients have left counseling finding resolution and a drive to live their life to the fullest. My clients have expressed finding healing, feeling equipped to manage life, and having healthier relationships and connections with others that they previously thought weren't possible.
(314) 207-0749 View (314) 207-0749
Photo of Natalie Lanning, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Kirkwood, MO
Natalie Lanning
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Kirkwood, MO 63122
Many women experience life changes, whether expected or unexpected, that result in feelings of restlessness, confusion and anxiety. Perhaps you feel stuck, consumed by negative thoughts or concerns, unable to complete goals and/or are looking for a change within yourself. Often we find ourselves at crossroads struggling for clarity or ways to find joy. Let me help you find a path of hope and confidence again.
Many women experience life changes, whether expected or unexpected, that result in feelings of restlessness, confusion and anxiety. Perhaps you feel stuck, consumed by negative thoughts or concerns, unable to complete goals and/or are looking for a change within yourself. Often we find ourselves at crossroads struggling for clarity or ways to find joy. Let me help you find a path of hope and confidence again.
(314) 310-7166 View (314) 310-7166
Photo of Paul Joseph Dohearty, Pre-Licensed Professional in Kirkwood, MO
Paul Joseph Dohearty
Pre-Licensed Professional, PLPC, MA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Kirkwood, MO 63122
Throughout my career, I've worked with many people in difficult or painful situations. Many clients have dealt with issues like grief, anxiety, stress, relationship issues, job problems, life decisions, suicidal thoughts, and recovering from trauma. I have experience with folks who are curious or working through their gender identity, sexual orientation, fetishes, kinks, swinging, alternative sexuality, polyamory, ethical non monogamy, and lifestyle situations. I've also helped clients with out of control sexual behavior issues. I have worked with individual clients, couples clients, and polycules.
Throughout my career, I've worked with many people in difficult or painful situations. Many clients have dealt with issues like grief, anxiety, stress, relationship issues, job problems, life decisions, suicidal thoughts, and recovering from trauma. I have experience with folks who are curious or working through their gender identity, sexual orientation, fetishes, kinks, swinging, alternative sexuality, polyamory, ethical non monogamy, and lifestyle situations. I've also helped clients with out of control sexual behavior issues. I have worked with individual clients, couples clients, and polycules.
(314) 936-2791 View (314) 936-2791
Photo of Beth Brawley, Licensed Professional Counselor in Kirkwood, MO
Beth Brawley
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
6 Endorsed
Kirkwood, MO 63122
Waitlist for new clients
If you've learned anything about your anxiety, it's that it is absolutely, unrelentingly ruthless. You wonder why you can't just go about your day and not think so much. Your worries seem to pop up out of nowhere, but no matter what you do, nothing helps. They just keep coming back, over and over, even stronger and more persistent. You're worried that it's totally out of control at this point, because you're so sick of worrying, and yet it also feels like you HAVE to worry. It’s exhausting. You're exhausted.
If you've learned anything about your anxiety, it's that it is absolutely, unrelentingly ruthless. You wonder why you can't just go about your day and not think so much. Your worries seem to pop up out of nowhere, but no matter what you do, nothing helps. They just keep coming back, over and over, even stronger and more persistent. You're worried that it's totally out of control at this point, because you're so sick of worrying, and yet it also feels like you HAVE to worry. It’s exhausting. You're exhausted.
(314) 736-3272 View (314) 736-3272
Photo of Caitie DuMontier Fahrner, Licensed Professional Counselor in Kirkwood, MO
Caitie DuMontier Fahrner
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Kirkwood, MO 63122
You are here for a reason, and I am here to support you in your journey. I provide a welcoming therapeutic environment that offers a safe place to facilitate change, promote personal growth, and learn new strategies and coping skills to manage distress. I value each individual that I work with and tailor my therapy practice to meet you at your level of comfort during our sessions. My goal is to collaborate with you to understand your current concerns and work together to find your path to peace and healing.
You are here for a reason, and I am here to support you in your journey. I provide a welcoming therapeutic environment that offers a safe place to facilitate change, promote personal growth, and learn new strategies and coping skills to manage distress. I value each individual that I work with and tailor my therapy practice to meet you at your level of comfort during our sessions. My goal is to collaborate with you to understand your current concerns and work together to find your path to peace and healing.
(844) 280-0038 View (844) 280-0038
Photo of Kaitlyn Brown, Licensed Professional Counselor in Kirkwood, MO
Kaitlyn Brown
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Kirkwood, MO 63122
Some of us have been taught to fear or push away certain emotions and parts of who we really are. We’ve been taught to disregard what our body and feelings are telling us in order to make others comfortable. While this might seem like the path to approval, it often leads to shame and disconnection. A way to combat these messages are to move towards authenticity and acceptance of all our parts. To learn to advocate for ourselves, heal from our wounds, and stand firm in who we are. I would be honored to work alongside you in the journey.
Some of us have been taught to fear or push away certain emotions and parts of who we really are. We’ve been taught to disregard what our body and feelings are telling us in order to make others comfortable. While this might seem like the path to approval, it often leads to shame and disconnection. A way to combat these messages are to move towards authenticity and acceptance of all our parts. To learn to advocate for ourselves, heal from our wounds, and stand firm in who we are. I would be honored to work alongside you in the journey.
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Photo of Peter Bogart, Licensed Professional Counselor in Kirkwood, MO
Peter Bogart
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, NCC, CCMHC, BC-TMH
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Kirkwood, MO 63122
Specializing in adolescent, adult, and family therapy, my mission is to help you and your family live your best lives—to close the gap between your "real self" and your "ideal self". To reduce conflict. To overcome negative behavioral patterns. To gain self-awareness, emotional insights, and regulation. To help you live in alignment with your values. Whatever your goals, I'm here to help you reach them—fully, presently, and with 100% commitment to you and this process.
Specializing in adolescent, adult, and family therapy, my mission is to help you and your family live your best lives—to close the gap between your "real self" and your "ideal self". To reduce conflict. To overcome negative behavioral patterns. To gain self-awareness, emotional insights, and regulation. To help you live in alignment with your values. Whatever your goals, I'm here to help you reach them—fully, presently, and with 100% commitment to you and this process.
(314) 926-9063 View (314) 926-9063
Photo of Joan Sievert, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Kirkwood, MO
Joan Sievert
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Kirkwood, MO 63122
*Accepting New Clients* Often life events and personal stress can lead us to a point of pain, feeling that we have no control over the course of our lives or meaningful ways to cope. I would love to assist you with identifying personal strengths that will increase your ability to negotiate difficult emotions, stressors and life events. I will encourage you to grow, develop resilience and explore new ways of experiencing the world with a curious, thoughtful mindset. This curiosity leads to an increasing awareness of yourself, your needs and solutions for challenging issues.
*Accepting New Clients* Often life events and personal stress can lead us to a point of pain, feeling that we have no control over the course of our lives or meaningful ways to cope. I would love to assist you with identifying personal strengths that will increase your ability to negotiate difficult emotions, stressors and life events. I will encourage you to grow, develop resilience and explore new ways of experiencing the world with a curious, thoughtful mindset. This curiosity leads to an increasing awareness of yourself, your needs and solutions for challenging issues.
(314) 370-1763 View (314) 370-1763
Photo of Nicole M. Stewart, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Kirkwood, MO
Nicole M. Stewart
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW, RYT, Reiki
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Kirkwood, MO 63122
Are you experiencing a difficult transition? Or maybe haven't felt like yourself in a while? If you're looking for somewhere to be heard without judgement, I have experience helping people from diverse backgrounds going through a variety of issues relating to health, relationships, work, crisis, and life transitions. I use several somatic/body-based and mindfulness strategies, drawing from my background as a psychotherapist, Registered Yoga teacher and Reiki Master. I strive to create a safe and open environment where people can reconnect with themselves and those relationships that matter most to them.
Are you experiencing a difficult transition? Or maybe haven't felt like yourself in a while? If you're looking for somewhere to be heard without judgement, I have experience helping people from diverse backgrounds going through a variety of issues relating to health, relationships, work, crisis, and life transitions. I use several somatic/body-based and mindfulness strategies, drawing from my background as a psychotherapist, Registered Yoga teacher and Reiki Master. I strive to create a safe and open environment where people can reconnect with themselves and those relationships that matter most to them.
(314) 230-9530 View (314) 230-9530
Photo of Dr. Christine Powell, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Kirkwood, MO
Dr. Christine Powell
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, PsyD, LCSW
Verified Verified
Kirkwood, MO 63122
If you are struggling with relationship challenges, stress and anxiety, depression and grief, trauma and PTSD, or other life challenges, I would like to help. Humans have an amazing capacity to heal, but we are not meant to do it alone. I provide support, education, short-term and long-term therapies, and other techniques that are customized to fit your needs and preferences. I have special expertise in the art and science of recovering from trauma, abuse, narcissistic abuse, and complex PTSD. I also have advanced training in attachment theory and therapy, expressive arts therapies, communication, CBT, mindfulness, yoga, etc.
If you are struggling with relationship challenges, stress and anxiety, depression and grief, trauma and PTSD, or other life challenges, I would like to help. Humans have an amazing capacity to heal, but we are not meant to do it alone. I provide support, education, short-term and long-term therapies, and other techniques that are customized to fit your needs and preferences. I have special expertise in the art and science of recovering from trauma, abuse, narcissistic abuse, and complex PTSD. I also have advanced training in attachment theory and therapy, expressive arts therapies, communication, CBT, mindfulness, yoga, etc.
(314) 970-5694 View (314) 970-5694
Photo of Ashley Menard, Licensed Professional Counselor in Kirkwood, MO
Ashley Menard
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Kirkwood, MO 63122
Not accepting new clients at this time. Abundant Minds is here to help you restore a sense of empowerment in your life. In our therapeutic healing approach of connecting the mind and body, you can establish a warrior mindset that allows you to feel a greater sense of balance, strength, and flexibility through life. ​
Not accepting new clients at this time. Abundant Minds is here to help you restore a sense of empowerment in your life. In our therapeutic healing approach of connecting the mind and body, you can establish a warrior mindset that allows you to feel a greater sense of balance, strength, and flexibility through life. ​
(314) 626-9023 View (314) 626-9023
Photo of Nancy Albus, Licensed Professional Counselor in Kirkwood, MO
Nancy Albus
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC , NCC, CEDS-S
Verified Verified
Kirkwood, MO 63122
My general approach with working with clients for over 20 years is highly individualized, relational and strengthen based. I believe most clients simply need an environment to communicate, process feelings and gain insight in order to create a more fulfilling and meaningful life. I offer individual therapy for adolescents, adults and family therapy. My passion has always been treating eating disorders and the underlying causes such as depression and anxiety. Another clinical passion and area of focus has been assisting women and mothers with identity development and navigating life transitions.
My general approach with working with clients for over 20 years is highly individualized, relational and strengthen based. I believe most clients simply need an environment to communicate, process feelings and gain insight in order to create a more fulfilling and meaningful life. I offer individual therapy for adolescents, adults and family therapy. My passion has always been treating eating disorders and the underlying causes such as depression and anxiety. Another clinical passion and area of focus has been assisting women and mothers with identity development and navigating life transitions.
(314) 526-2550 View (314) 526-2550

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Kirkwood, MO

200+

Average cost per session

$130

Therapists in Kirkwood, MO who prioritize treating:

95% Anxiety
90% Depression
80% Relationship Issues
80% Self Esteem
69% Stress
68% Coping Skills
67% Trauma and PTSD

Average years in practice

12 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

75% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
64% Aetna
62% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in Kirkwood, MO see their clients

88% In Person and Online
12% Online Only

Gender breakdown

81% Female
18% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Kirkwood?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.